Nilson Cezar Mariano Montoneros No Brasil

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Nilson Cezar Mariano Montoneros No Brasil NILSON CEZAR MARIANO MONTONEROS NO BRASIL Terrorismo de Estado no seqüestro-desaparecimento de seis guerrilheiros argentinos Porto Alegre 2006 1 NILSON CEZAR MARIANO MONTONEROS NO BRASIL Terrorismo de Estado no seqüestro-desaparecimento de seis guerrilheiros argentinos Dissertação de mestrado apresentada à Banca Examinadora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Orientador: Prof. Dr. Helder Gordim da Silveira Porto Alegre 2006 2 DEDICATÓRIA À memória dos familiares das vítimas do Terrorismo de Estado no Cone Sul, que não esquecem, 'no olvidan'. 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Ao Prof. Dr. Helder Gordim da Silveira, o Orientador desta pesquisa, pela paciência com as limitações do aluno, pelos ensinamentos, pelas correções precisas, pela memória de elefante que não 'olvida'. A Claudia Allegrini, de Buenos Aires, pela confiança em revelar segredos dos guerrilheiros Montoneros e facilitar o acesso a documentos. A Jair Krischke, do Movimento de Justiça e Direitos Humanos de Porto Alegre (MJDH), pelas sugestões e pelo acesso ao acervo da entidade. A Felipe Mariano, pela ajuda em informática. A Susana Faller, pela compreensão. 4 RESUMO O Brasil se envolveu no seqüestro de seis argentinos do grupo Montoneros, entre 1974 e 1980, quando vigorou o pacto secreto entre as ditaduras militares do Cone Sul para perseguir adversários políticos. Os guerrilheiros ligados ao Peronismo foram capturados no Paraná, no Rio de Janeiro e na fronteira do Rio Grande do Sul. Removidos para a Argentina, foram torturados e mortos em prisões clandestinas, os corpos desapareceram. O episódio é um dos mais reveladores da Operação Condor, como foi chamada a articulação entre os aparatos repressivos da Argentina, do Brasil, do Chile, da Bolívia, do Paraguai e do Uruguai. Também evidencia como o Terrorismo de Estado praticado pelos regimes autoritários ultrapassou as fronteiras entre os países. Palavras-chave: Ditaduras militares do Cone Sul, guerrilheiros Montoneros, Operação Condor, Terrorismo de Estado, Brasil e Argentina. 5 ABSTRACT Brazil took part in the kidnapping of six Argentinians from the Montonero movement between 1974 and 1980, when the secret pact among the South Cone military dictatorships to persecute political adversaries was operative. The guerrillas connected to Peronism were captured in Paraná, Rio de Janeiro and in the border of Rio Grande do Sul. They were taken to Argentina where they were tortured and killed in secret detention centers and the bodies disappeared. This is one of the most revealing episodes under Operation Condor, as was called the coordination among the repressive apparatuses from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay. It also makes apparent the cross-border State Terrorism practiced by the authoritarian regimes. Keywords: South Cone military dictatorships, Montonero guerrillas, Operation Condor, Brazil, Argentina. 6 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................ 07 1 AS DITADURAS MILITARES DO CONE SUL ......................................................13 1.1 O bloco autoritário ...........................................................................................13 1.2 A Operação Condor ..........................................................................................17 1.3 A articulação das esquerdas .......................................................................... 21 1.4 Os crimes além-fronteiras ............................................................................... 23 1.5 Brasil agiu na região ........................................................................................ 28 1.6 Brasileiros em perigo....................................................................................... 31 1.7 As faces da barbárie ........................................................................................ 34 2 OS GUERRILHEIROS ARGENTINOS ................................................................. 36 2.1 Os soldados de Santa Evita .............................................................................36 2.2 Os cordéis de Perón ........................................................................................ 40 2.3 O sumiço de Ernesto........................................................................................ 44 2.4 O ciclo seqüestro-tortura-seqüestro .............................................................. 47 2.5 Os morcegos do B. 601.................................................................................... 49 2.6 O bispo e o 'cabezón' Norberto....................................................................... 54 2.7 O último "Trem da Vitória" .............................................................................. 57 2.8 O sol do Rio de Janeiro ................................................................................... 60 2.9 "¡Mon-to-ne-ros, Carajo!..." ........................................................................... 63 2.10 "¡Compañeros, rompan fila!" ........................................................................ 66 2.11 Entre culpas e remorsos................................................................................ 69 2.12 O regozijo do general..................................................................................... 71 3 O RIO GRANDE DO SUL NA REDE CONDOR.................................................... 74 3.1 O capelão dos Montos .................................................................................... 74 3.2 A caçada a religiosos...................................................................................... 79 3.3 Marcadores ficavam na janela ........................................................................ 82 3.4 Dois valentes 'muchachos'.............................................................................. 88 3.5 A estância La Polaca........................................................................................ 92 3.6 Revelações do 'chupadero' ............................................................................. 95 3.7 Cadáveres na praia .......................................................................................... 98 CONCLUSÃO .........................................................................................................106 BIBLIOGRAFIA ......................................................................................................109 ANEXOS .................................................................................................................115 7 INTRODUÇÃO Esta dissertação aborda como as ditaduras militares do Cone Sul cooperaram entre si para capturar ativistas de esquerda, na década de 1970 e início dos anos 1980. O foco da pesquisa é o seqüestro de seis argentinos Montoneros, o grupo guerrilheiro ligado ao Peronismo. Eles foram apanhados no Rio de Janeiro, no Paraná e no Rio Grande do Sul, em diferentes datas, quando tentavam entrar ou sair do território brasileiro. Enviados para campos de concentração na Argentina, desapareceram. Os corpos jamais foram localizados. O objetivo central é examinar como o episódio revela o pacto secreto – a chamada Operação Condor – para combater o que os regimes autoritários acreditavam ser a ameaça internacional do comunismo. De forma clandestina e transnacional, as ditaduras interligaram os aparatos repressivos para perseguir adversários políticos além das fronteiras entre os países. Unidas, levaram ao extremo a prática do Terrorismo de Estado, com seqüestros, prisões, torturas, assassinatos e ocultação de cadáveres. Este trabalho concentra-se no envolvimento do Brasil no seqüestro- desaparecimento dos Montoneros argentinos. Mas pretende analisar questões em torno do objetivo acima referido. Primeiramente, a ditadura brasileira aderiu ao esquema de articulação no Cone Sul apesar de não estar no mesmo nível repressivo em relação à Argentina, ao Chile e ao Uruguai. Quando foi criada a Operação Condor, no final de 1975, o Brasil anunciava distensão “lenta e gradual”, havia desmantelado a guerrilha, começava a desinfetar seus porões. No entanto, o entendimento era de que a tarefa não estava concluída. Deveria auxiliar os países vizinhos, na época no auge da repressão. Sobretudo, precisava coibir o trânsito de subversivos estrangeiros pelo território. Esta pesquisa também trata da figura do Estado Delinqüente, quando age à margem da lei e se volta contra o próprio cidadão. Ao montarem a Operação 8 Condor, os governos militares desrespeitaram as fronteiras políticas e geográficas entre as nações, aboliram tratados de proteção a refugiados (mesmo os que estavam sob as asas da Organização das Nações Unidas, a ONU) e ignoraram leis de direito internacional. Na definição do juiz espanhol Baltasar Garzón1, a Condor foi uma “organização delitiva” com o propósito de subjugar populações pelo medo e impor o modelo político e econômico dos regimes fardados. A base teórica desta dissertação será construída a partir de pesquisas como a de Alain Touraine2, que esmiuçou a formação dos Estados autoritários na América do Sul. A escolha se deve ao fato de que Touraine investigou o nascimento das ditaduras (nos anos 1960) e depois (em 2002, aos 77 anos de idade) retornou ao Cone Sul para acompanhar a abertura dos arquivos que expunham a Operação Condor. Nessa visita, ele declarou: La recuperación de la palabra es algo fundamental. Por eso tanta gente está buscando en el pasado o en el presente, las palabras de los
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