CMPE 233: Human Factors Workplace Safety

Electrical Safety Medical & First Aid

Lockout/Tag-out Asbestos Control

Ergonomics Science Confined Space Fire Prevention

Personal Protective Equipment

1 Hazard Communication Chemical Safety

Ergonomics Musculoskeletal Disorders ►The science and practice of designing jobs or Total musculoskeletal disorders 487.9 9 (1,000’s) workplaces to match the capabilities and limitations of the human body Occupations Number Median Days AFW ►Benefits of ergonomics: Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 44.4 6 ƒ safer jobs, fewer injuries Truck drivers 36.8 12 ƒ increased efficiency & productivity Laborers, nonconstruction 24.9 8 ƒ improved quality and fewer errors Janitors and cleaners 15.2 7 ƒ improved morale Assemblers 15.2 14 ►Violations of ergonomics: Construction laborers 11.1 10 Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Registered nurses 10.8 6 Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations 9.9 7 ƒ a disorder of the muscles, Cashiers 9.3 8 nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, Stock handlers and baggers 8.8 5 cartilage, blood vessels or spinal discs Sales workers, other commodities 7.8 7

WMSD (Workplace MSD) Awkward Posture ►Exposure to “Caution Zone Job” ►More than 2 hours total per day with: ƒ Awkward postures ƒ Hands above head, hands bent ƒ High hand force ƒ Elbow above shoulder ƒ Highly repetitive motion (more ƒ Back bent forward more than 30 degrees than 4 hr/day intensive keying) ƒ Neck bent more than 30 degrees ƒ Repeated impact ƒ Squatting ƒ Heavy, frequent or awkward lifting ƒ Kneeling ƒ Moderate to high hand-arm vibration ►Requirements for caution zone job: ƒ Awareness education ƒ Evaluate caution zone jobs for hazard ƒ Reduce exposure below the hazard level or to the degree feasible Others Others ►High hand force: more than 2 hours a day of ►Lifting objects more than: ƒ Pinching 2+ lbs weight or 4+ lbs force ƒ 75 lbs once/day ƒ Gripping 10+ lbs weight or force ƒ 55 lbs more than 10x/day ►Repeated impact: using hands or ƒ 10 lbs more than twice/minute for more than 2 hr/day knees as hammer ƒ 25 lbs above shoulders, below knees, or at arms length for more than 25x/day ƒ more than 10 times per hour ►Hand/arm vibration ƒ more than 2 hours per day ƒ Moderate level more than 2hr/day ƒ High level more than 30 min/day

Risk Factors Æ Hazards Our body is pretty smart ►There is a longer duration of exposure than allowed Strong ►There is greater intensity (40o) Evidence Evidence Insufficient ►There is a combination of risk factors Force Back Neck, Elbow Shoulder CTS, Hand/wrist ►Minimizing hazards Æ use a systematic tendinitis method to look at: Posture Neck Shoulder, Elbow ƒ physical demands Hand/wrist CTS ƒ layout of work area tendinitis, Back ƒ size, shape, and weight of objects handled Repetition Neck, Shoulder Elbow ►Some solutions CTS, Hand/wrist ƒ Foot control combined with mouse control tendinitis, Back ƒ Lifting assistive devices ƒ Shoulder harness

Anthropometry Industrial Engineering •Work Methods ►A science that deals with the measurement of size, •Facility Layout Anthropometry •Work Flow weight, and proportions of the human body. It is Psychology empirical (experimentally derived) in nature and has Biomechanics Physiology developed quantitative methods to measure various physical dimensions ►Human variability: Occupational Ergonomics ƒ Size ƒ Range of motion ƒ Strength Methods Operator ƒ Endurance Analysis Machine & Assignments Workplace Tool ƒ Stress tolerance Equipment & Job Design Design Design Design ƒ Intelligence ƒ Dexterity ►Affected by environment as well as genetic History of Anthropometry How it’s used in history ►1883- Alphonse Bertillon: system of identification ►Identification of repeated criminals depending on the unchanging character of certain ƒ Cesare Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology (1895): measurements of parts of the human body “murderers have prominent jaws and pickpockets have long hands and scanty beards”. ►1884: 241 multiple offenders were identified ƒ Eugene Vidocq: identification of criminals by facial characteristics ►“Bertillonage”- first adapted by the French police ►Prevention of impersonation ►1887: introduced in the US by Major McClaughry, the ►Differentiation between the races translator of Bertillon's book, when he was the warden ƒ Eugenics in Europe of the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. ►Intelligence tests became associated with ►1888: Francis Galton starts research on “Finger Prints” anthropometry to further anthropometry ►General Problems with Anthropometry: ƒ Cost and error of the instruments used ►1892: Francis Galton publishes Finger Prints ƒ Education needed to be able to take the measurements ►1894: England adopted the system. ƒ Error in calculation and measurements

Measurement Measurement

►Static measurements ►Weight ►Skeletal Index = Sitting Height x 100/Stature ƒ Measurements taken when body in a fixed state ►Stature ►Cephalic Index = Head ƒ Skeletal dimensions (between the centers of joints, i.e.. ►Posture: Breadth x 100/Head Length between elbow and wrist) ƒ Standing ►Nasal Index = Nasal Breadth ƒ Contour dimensions (skin surface/head circumference) ƒ Frankfort x 100/Nasal Length ƒ Body measurements vary as a function of age, gender, ƒ Sitting ►Span/Stature Index = Arm ethnicity (and nutrition, but not as clear) ►Arm Span Span x 100/ Stature ƒ Data available – NASA Anthropometric Source Book ►Head Length ►Cranial Capacity ►Dynamic (Functional) Dimensions ►Head Breadth ƒ Taken when body is engaged some physical activity ►Ear-to-Head Height ƒ Body members function in concert ►Nasal Length ►No systematic procedure for translating static into ►Nasal Breadth dynamic measurements

Anthropometric Design Principles Anthropometric Design Guidelines

►Designing for the average ►Determine body dimensions important in design (sit height ƒ Typical/default (restaurant seating) as basic factor in seat-to-roof in automobiles) ƒ Cheapest but least preferred ►Define population to use the equipment/facilities ƒ ADA accommodations ►Determine what principle should be applied (extremes, average or adjustable ranges) ►Designing for the extremes ►When relevant, select % of users served (90%, 95%) ƒ Doorways: what dimension/factors? whatever is relevant to the problem ƒ Reach distances (controls) – what percentile? ►Use anthropometric tables appropriate for the population, & ►Designing for the range use data ►For special clothing, add appropriate allowances (winter ƒ Fit a wide range of individuals - ADJUSTABILITY jacket restricts reach by approximately by 2”) th th ►5 percentile female to 95 percentile male ►Build full-scale mock-up of equipment/facility & ►5’ female to 6’ 2” male use it w/user population ƒ Inclusive design principles ►All the anthropometric data in the world cannot ƒ Adaptability (most expensive but most preferred) substitute for a full-scale mock-up (Sanders, McCormick) Principles of Arranging Components Principles of Arranging Components ►General Guidelines ►Work surface ƒ Importance Principle - degree the component is vital to the ƒ Make it adjustable where possible (legs/feet, slant) achievement of the objectives of the system ƒ Forearm should be level of slightly down with shoulders ƒ Frequency-of-Use Principle - Frequently used components be place in convenient locations relaxed (not hunched) ƒ Functional Principle - Grouping of components according to ƒ Allow for a "straight" spine (posture) to reduce strain and function fatigue in the back muscles/spine ƒ Sequence-of-Use Principle - Sequences or patterns of ƒ Precision work: work level even with or slightly relationship frequently occur in the operation of equipment above elbow height or in performing some service or task ƒ Heavy work: work level should be below ►Work-Space Envelope elbow height ƒ Seated: effects of direction of reach ►Seating ƒ Standing: body equilibrium, reach range ƒ Back support should be used: lower ƒ Reasonable limits of space are determined by functional support most critical; lordotic (concave) arm reach, influenced by: direction of arm reach, task, use of restraints, clothing, backrest angle and preferred over kyphotic (convex) personal variables

ANSI Standard for Seating Anthropometric design of glove ►Seat Height and Slope: ►Seat Back: ►Project funded by UK Military ƒ fixed height: 18 - 19” ƒ angle: minimum 90 - ►Use of anthropometry to design o ƒ adjustable height: 16 - 20.5” 105 with respect to handwear with increased fit ƒ slope: 0 - 10o backward tilt the seat pan. Up to 120o prefered. ►Generation of CAD models using hand ►Seat Depth and Width: ƒ width: minimum 12” anthropometry ƒ depth: 15 - 17” in the lumbar region. ƒ Geometric shapes generated to represent different ƒ width: 18.2” ƒ height: minimum parts of the hand ►Contour and Cushioning: 19.5”. ►Use of CAD models to produce dip moulding ƒ contour: tradeoffs between ƒ lumbar support: 6 - 9” (non-woven manufacturing technique using a even weight distribution vs. high, 12” wide, former to produce the shape of the glove) restricting movement and positioned 6 - 10” postural fixity. above seat reference ►User trials to test finger dexterity & tactile ƒ cushion: 1.5 - 2” thick. point, and protrude ~ perception 2” from back rest.

Anthropometric design of glove Glove evaluation Grip Strength

Nut & Bolt Assembly ►8 male subjects used to evaluate prototype gloves, selected by matching to size data Keyboard Typing Test ►Compared against bare hands & standard glove ►Series of dexterity tests ƒ Peg Board Test ƒ Nut & Bolt Assembly ƒ Pin Pick Up Test (BS EN 420) ƒ Keyboard Typing Test ƒ Grip & Pinch Strength Modern anthropometry Biometrics ►Cranial Anthropometry/Craniometry ►the automatic identification of a person based on ƒ measurement of the skull and face his/her physiological or behavioral characteristics ƒ Mostly done to observe child’s development ►Verification vs. identification ƒ 3 ways to categorize the skull ƒ Verification: Am I whom I claim I am? involves confirming or ►dolichocephalic: long and thin denying a person's claimed identity ►brachycephalic: short and broad ƒ Identification: Who am I? ►mesocephalic: intermediate length and breadth ►Forensics: criminal identification and prison security ►3- D Anthropometry Prevention of unauthorized access to ATMs, cellular ƒ Cyberwar: DigiSize, CySlice, Ear Impression 3-D Scanner ► phones, smart cards, desktop PCs, workstations, and ƒ SizeUSA: 3D measurement system, a body scanner feeding data into measurement extraction software. computer networks ƒ CAESAR: generate a database of human physical dimensions ►Automobiles: replace keys with key-less entry and for men and women of various weights, between the ages of key-less ignition 18 and 65 ►Border control and national ID cards ƒ Virtual Models: virtually try on clothes, makeup etc.

Biometrics Authentication Process ►Biometrics Authentication Process ƒ Acquisition ƒ Creation of Master characteristics ƒ Storage of Master characteristics ƒ Data acquisition(s) ƒ Comparison ƒ Decision ►To improve reliability ƒ Timeliness/liveness testing ƒ Tamper resistance test ƒ Secure communication test ƒ Security threshold level test ƒ Fall back system test

Biometrics Programs Biometrics Standards ► Fingerprint Identification ►After 9-11, there is an increased emphasis ► Hand Geometry: geometric shape of the hand for on biometrics standards. authenticating a user's identity ►Critical Infrastructure protection and Homeland ► Face Location: an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the Defense/Security requested ITL (Information location and size of every human face Technology Laboratory) of NIST (National Institute of ► Multibiometrics: integrates face recognition, fingerprint Standards and Technology) for standards verification, and speaker verification in making a personal identification ►INCITS Biometric Technical Committee M1 was formed (2002) ƒ 42 members from private industry, government agencies and academia ƒ Data interchange format (finger, face, iris, signature, hand geometry) ƒ Applications: transport workers, border management, POS ƒ Standardization of biometric performance metric definitions Heathrow Airport- Iris and calculations, approaches to test performance and INSPASS: Hand FacePass: Face requirements for reporting the results of these tests Geometry Verification Usability Metrics Performance Failure to enroll (FTE) Failure to acquire (FTA) Metrics ƒ the technology is unable ƒ the technology is not to read the characteristics presented with sufficient of a given person. usable data to make a ƒ based upon the quality of decision the data obtained ƒ Smudged finger prints ƒ Hoarseness ƒ Retina alignment ƒ Sticky fingers ƒ Mumbling ƒ Cataract ƒ Hand positioning ►Plus: Threatens individuals right to anonymity ► False Acceptance Rate (FAR): The rate non authorized person ƒ Cultural concerns is accepted as authorized ƒ Religious concerns ► False Rejection Rate (FRR): The rate authorized person is ƒ Violates civil liberties rejected access ►Biometrics are not secrets and are therefore ► Equal Error Rate: where FAR and FRR crossover susceptible to modified or spoofed measurements

Useful Biometrics Issues with Biometrics

►Universality: Every person should possess this ► Is the biometric data like personal information (e.g. such as characteristic medical information) ? ►Uniqueness: No two individuals possess the same ► Can medical information be derived from the biometric data? characteristic. ► Does the biometric system store information enabling a ƒ Genotypical – Genetically linked (e.g. identical twins will person’s “identity” to be reconstructed or stolen? have same biometric) ƒ Phenotypical – Non-genetically linked, different perhaps ► Is permission received for any third party use of biometric even on same individual information? ►Permanence: The characteristic does not change in ► What happens to the biometric data after the intended use is time, that is, it is time invariant over? ƒ Degree of permanence has a major impact on the system ► Is the security of the biometric data assured during design and long term operation of biometrics. (e.g. transmission and storage? enrollment, adaptive matching design, etc.) ► How is a theft detected and “new” biometric accepted? ►Collectability: The characteristic can be ► Notice of biometric use. Is the public aware a biometric system quantitatively measured is being employed? ►Acceptability? Intrusiveness? Time? Reliability?