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Secular Change in Stature and Body Mass in Korea Over the Last Two Millennia

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Secular Change in Stature and Body Mass in Korea Over the Last Two Millennia University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2014 Secular change in stature and body mass in Korea over the last two millennia Yangseung Jeong University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Biological and Physical Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation Jeong, Yangseung, "Secular change in stature and body mass in Korea over the last two millennia. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2014. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3140 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Yangseung Jeong entitled "Secular change in stature and body mass in Korea over the last two millennia." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. Lee Meadows Jantz, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Walter E. Klippel, Benjamin M. Auerbach, William Seaver Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Secular change in stature and body mass in Korea over the last two millennia A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Yangseung Jeong December 2014 ii Copyright © 2014 by Yangseung Jeong All rights reserved. iii Dedication This dissertation is dedicated to my respectable parents, Jung, Chan-Gyu, and Shin, Hyo-Soon, my wonderful wife, Lee, Jieun, and my precious kids, Felix and Asher, without whom I could not have even imagined today. iv Acknowledgements I hesitate to fill in this page because I really do not want what I feel to be confined to what is just written and I know that, whatever I say, I would not be able to express my sincere gratitude for the help I have received as much as I actually feel. However, I realize that my sense of gratitude is too big to skip this page. Thus, I would like to thank those wonderful people without whom I could not have finished my dissertation or even imagined it. First of all, I want to thank my advisor, Dr. Lee Meadows Jantz, for her great patience and encouragement regarding my work. Everything I have achieved during my Ph.D. program was possible thanks to her help. It is my honor for me to be her first student who receives a Ph.D. degree. I also thank my committee members, Dr. Walter Klippel, Dr. Benjamin Auerbach, and Dr. William Seaver for their gracious guidance in the process of conducting my research as well as writing this draft. Due to their advice and comments, my ideas could be improved and elaborated in every aspect of my dissertation. I appreciate all the care and support of the director of the Forensic Anthropology Center, Dr. Dawnie Steadman. I will never forget all the valuable opportunities with which she provided me. I thank Dr. Rebecca Taylor and Dr. Heli Maijanen for their great help during my Ph.D. program. They helped me successfully adapt to so unfamiliar and sometimes scary-looking Ph.D. life and I truly appreciate their patience with me. In the process of data collection, I visited eight institutes in Korea. I would like to thank the persons in charge of the institutes for graciously allowing me to use their specimens: Dr. Sunyoung Pak in Department of Anthropology, Seoul National University, Dr. Sun Joo Park in Department of Archaeology and Art History, Chungbuk National University, Dr. Dong Hoon Shin in Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University, Dr. Jaehyun Kim in Department of Archaeology and Art History, Dong-A University, Dr. U-Young Lee in Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Korea, Dr. June-Jeong Lee in Department of Archaeology and Art History, Seoul National University, Dr. Wu-Chul Song in Department of Anatomy, Konkuk University, and Mr. Shin Han Park in MND Agency for KIA Recovery and ID (MAKRI). I also love and respect my parents, Mr. Chan-Gyu Jung and Ms. Hyo-Soon Shin, and my mother in law, Ms. Okim Jang. They always encouraged what I have done and prayed for me. I am really glad that my achievement can make them happy. Lastly, I would like to express my biggest love and thanks to my wonderful wife, Ms. Jieun Lee, and my lovely sons, Felix and Asher. Indeed, my family has made what I am today. I know I am just at the start line of a long track. Once again, I really appreciate all your help by which I can be at this right point. Now I am ready to run and jump, and wish all of you keep watching and encouraging me with affection. v Abstract Body size of a population is influenced by its environmental conditions and thus reflects the standards of living experienced by individuals within a population. In this research, for the purpose of investigating the standards of living in the Korean societies for the past two millennia, the pattern of secular changes in stature and body mass of the Korean populations were examined using both anthropometric and osteometric data. In addition, because of the necessity of reconstructing body sizes from the skeletal remains, new Korean- specific equations for stature and body mass estimation were developed using the hybrid method. The newly developed equations presented here provide a better performance in accuracy and precision compared to the previous equations that have been used to estimate stature and body mass in Korea. In regards to stature, a U-shaped secular change pattern was found for both females and males: the average stature decreased after the Three Kingdom period and increased again in the 20th century. The average body mass also increased in the 20th century for both sexes but its pattern of secular change did not exactly follow patterns identified with stature. Sexual difference in the pattern of secular changes were also identified in the 20th century. The pattern of secular changes in stature and body mass was discussed in terms of anthropometric history, occurrence of infectious diseases, quality of life, and cultural practices in Korea. Also, caveats to the newly provided equations are explained. This research is expected to have a positive impact not only on the Korean community but also on worldwide anthropological and anatomical research, both in regards to archaeological and forensic contexts. In archaeology, this research will provide a systematic and appropriate basis to assess standards of living of Korean societies in the past. Moreover, any anthropological research of which topic is related to human variation, anthropometry, and secular changes on a worldwide scale will benefit from the results of this research. Lastly, in forensics, the new equations in this research will produce more accurate body size estimates for Korean victims not only in Korea but also in other countries. vi Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction..................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2 Literature Review ........................................................................................... 4 Part 1 Estimation of stature and body mass .................................................................... 4 Estimation of stature ................................................................................................... 4 Estimation of body mass ........................................................................................... 37 Part 2 Secular changes in stature and body mass .......................................................... 46 Secular changes in general ........................................................................................ 46 Secular changes in stature ......................................................................................... 49 Secular changes in body mass................................................................................... 58 Chapter 3 Materials and Methods................................................................................. 61 Materials ....................................................................................................................... 61 Dataset 1: Korean osteometric data measured by the author .................................... 61 Dataset 2: American osteometric data measured by the author ................................ 67 Dataset 3: Korean osteometric data from the literature ............................................ 67 Dataset 4: Korean anthropometric data from the literature ...................................... 73 Methods......................................................................................................................... 78 Bone measurements .................................................................................................. 78 Measurement error .................................................................................................... 79 Stature estimation ....................................................................................................
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