DOCSLIB.ORG

This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
This Thesis Has Been Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for a Postgraduate Degree (E.G This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. Visualising Ethnicity in the Southwest Borderlands: Gender and Representation in Late Imperial and Republican China Jing ZHU Advisors: Dr. Stephen McDowall and Prof. Francesca Bray Doctor of Philosophy, History School of HCA, University of Edinburgh 2018 Abstract This thesis explores the mutual constitutions of visuality and empire from the perspective of gender, probing how the lives of China’s ethnic minorities at the southwest frontiers were translated into images. Two sets of visual materials make up its core sources: the Miao album, a genre of ethnographic illustration depicting the daily lives of non-Han peoples in late imperial China, and the ethnographic photographs found in popular Republican-era periodicals. The study highlights gender ideals within images and aims to develop a set of “visual grammar” of depicting the non-Han. Casting new light on a spectrum of gendered themes, including femininity, masculinity, sexuality, love, body and clothing, the thesis examines how the power constructed through gender helped to define, order, popularise, celebrate and imagine possessions of empire. In order to examine the visual transformations of images of non-Han, this study places the Miao albums and modern photographs side-by-side for comparison, revealing the different ways of seeing ethnic minorities when Han Chinese gender norms were de/reconstructed. The insights into the visual codes of gender also aim to place Chinese imperial models in a cultural context, testing how well the case of China fits into theories of empire generated mainly from European models. This thesis asks how imported imperial tools, in particular European technology and the science of human variations, were localised within the conceptualisation of nations in modern China. It also considers the relationship between text and image in historical analysis, uncovering the values of images to historians in novel ways. By taking an interdisciplinary approach, the thesis aims to contribute to the fields of gender, visual culture and imperial studies. I Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………I List of Illustrations………………………………………………………………………………………………..V Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………….XIV Introduction: The Chinese imperial model in the southwest borderland: gender, visuality and transitions………………………………………………………………………………………..1 0.1 Observational practices: detractor, defender and truth……………………………………………6 0.2 Ethnographic illustrations in Chinese history: long tradition, multiple genres and various pictorial practices............................................................................................................................13 0.3 Ways of seeing: a visual grammar of gender and the power of representation……….20 0.4 Empire and Image: engendering the ethnic minorities in China’s southwest borderland………………………………………………………………………………………………………………26 0.5 Imperial context: Native Chieftain system, Gaitu Guiliu and Miao rebellions…………..27 0.6 Wartime China: the reproduction of borderland images……………………………………….30 0.7 Chapter Organisation……………………………………………………………………………………….....34 Chapter one: Gender inversion and the power of representation: imagining and visualising ethnic minority women’s masculinity………………………………………………..38 1.1 Women in power: the fancy of images of “Nüguan 女官 (female government official)”……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..44 1.2 Interpreting “Nanyi Nülao 男逸女勞 (men relax, while women work)” as “Nangui Nüjian 男貴女賤 ( Men are exalted, while women are humble)”: defaming women’s work through space…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..54 1.3 The most respected women in China: refashioning images of Non-Han women at work in Republican China………………………………………………………………………………………………….65 1.4 China’s domestic feminists?: reinterpreting non-Han gender roles………………………..71 1.5 The essentialness of work: “women question” and family status…………………………….79 1.6 Concluding remarks……………………………………………………………………………………………83 Chapter Two: Dancing in the moonlight: fashioning sexuality of non-Han people..86 2.1 Naked female bodies: images of the Duanqun Miao and Shuibai Yi…………………………..92 2.2 Chuzi Shaungfu 處子霜婦 (the virgin and the widow): copulation and chastity……102 II 2.3 Dancing under the moonlight: marriage customs, rites and sexual regulation………112 2.4 Encountering sexuality: enlightenment plans and the diversity of representation…123 2.5 Refashioning moon dancing: the freedom of Lian’ai 戀愛 (love)…………………………128 2.6 A romantic land with freedom: Ze’ou 擇偶 (choice), Lihun 離婚 (divorce) and Taohun 逃婚 (escape before the wedding night)……………………………………………………138 2.7 Freedom, Xing 性 and women’s desire…………………………………………………………….145 2.8 Concluding remarks………………………………………………………………………………………….152 Chapter Three: Yiguan Zhuangmao 衣冠狀貌 (Clothes, hat, and physical body): Materialising and symbolising human variations……………………………………………...155 3.1 Delineating a typical non-Han face in the southwest: black skin, deep eyes, white teeth and hooked nose…………………………………………………………………………………………………….162 3.2 Highlighting Xianzu 跣足 (bare feet)………………………………………………………………...166 3.3 The hierarchy of dressing: the representation of the non-Han subject in simple and casual clothes………………………………………………………………………………………………………...172 3.4 Republican Anthropometric photography: new styles and the ambiguity of racial differences…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….178 3.5 Conceptualising and visualising an ethnographic body: the implications in China…185 3.6 Ambiguous attitudes towards ethnic classification: how should the statistics of body measurements be interpreted?...............................................................................................................193 3.7 Shengzhuang 盛裝 (Festival Costumes): new ways of visualising the non-Han……198 3.8 Collecting, exhibiting and preserving non-Han material culture…………………………..212 3.9 Concluding remarks………………………………………………………………………………………….217 Chapter Four: Imperial Images? Rethinking Miao albums and Ethnographic photography……………………………………………………………………………………………………..219 4.1 Zhengqi Haoyi 爭奇好異 (competing over eccentricity and chasing exoticism): the anxiety of pleasure……………………………………………………………………………………………224 4.2 Multiple Viewers: The Growing Market for Popular Ethnography…………………………230 4.3 Making Ethnographic Truth? The Paradox of Copying and the Participation of Artists in the Market Place……………………………………………………………………………………………234 III 4.4 Resurrection in Republican China: collection, preservation, reproduction and new styles………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..243 4.5 Beyond identity: Commercial ethnographic photography……………………………………253 4.6 Concluding remarks………………………………………………………………………………………….262 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………………..266 Appendix: Table of Miao albums with collection date and original collector………274 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………………..278 IV List of Illustrations 1.1 40 Zhao Jiuzhou 趙九洲, “Yaoren 猺人,” in an album of Yunnan Yingzhi Miaoman Tuce 雲 南營制苗蠻圖冊 (of 67 album leaves), undated (before 1820), Wellcome Trust Collection, London. 1.2 46 Anonymous, “Nüguan 女官,” in an album of Qiansheng Miaotu 黔省苗圖, undated (before 1917), Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford. 1.3 47 Gao Luolian 高羅濂, “Nüguan 女官,” in an album of Manliao Tushuo 蠻獠圖說 (of 82 album leaves), undated (before 1892), Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. 1.4 48 Anonymous, “Nüguan 女官,” in an album of Luodian Yifeng 羅甸遺風 (of 20 album leaves), undated, British Library, London. (Series 16594). 1.5 53 Anonymous, “Nüguan 女官,” in an album of Miaozu Shenghuo Tu 苗族生活圖 (of 40 album leaves), Library of Princeton University, New Jersey. 1.6 55 Anonymous, “Luohei 倮黑,” in an album of Yiren Tuoshuo Mulu 夷人圖說目錄 (of 108 leaves), undated, Harvard-Yenching Rare Book Collections, Cambridge, MA. 1.7 56 Anonymous, “Bafan Miao 八番苗,” in an album of Miaoman Tuce 苗蠻圖冊 (of 82 album leaves), Library of Academic Sinica, Taipei. 1.8 60 Anonymous, “Langci Miao 郎慈苗,” in an album of Guizhou Bamiaotu 貴州八苗圖 (of 8 album leaves), undated, Library of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing. 1.9 63 Jiao Bingzhen 焦秉貞, “Liansi 練絲,” in Yuzhi Gengzhi Tu 禦制耕織圖, 1696, Ink on paper, 24 x 24cm, Book leaf (of a book of 46 leaves), Collections of the British Library, London. (1949,0709,0.1). 1.10 64 V Jiao Bingzhen 焦秉貞, “Chayang 插秧,” in Yuzhi Gengzhi Tu, Collections of the British Library, London. 1.11 66 Zhuang Xueben 莊學本, Photography of working scenes of “Tufan 吐蕃,” Liangyou 良友, 112 (1935): 15. 1.12 67 Anonymous, Photography of “Dianbian Baiyi 滇邊擺夷,” Zhonghua 中華, 76 (1940): 38. 1.13 68 Yong Shiheng 勇士衡, Yunnan Luohei Furen Zhibu 雲南倮黑婦人織布, Photography, 6 x 6 cm, 1936, Collection of Academia Sinica, Taipei. (LH.048) 1.14
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated.
    [Show full text]
  • © 2013 Yi-Ling Lin
    © 2013 Yi-ling Lin CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT IN MISSIONARY CHINA: AMERICAN MISSIONARY NOVELS 1880-1930 BY YI-LING LIN DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Comparative Literature in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2013 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral committee: Professor Waïl S. Hassan, Chair Professor Emeritus Leon Chai, Director of Research Professor Emeritus Michael Palencia-Roth Associate Professor Robert Tierney Associate Professor Gar y G. Xu Associate Professor Rania Huntington, University of Wisconsin at Madison Abstract From a comparative standpoint, the American Protestant missionary enterprise in China was built on a paradox in cross-cultural encounters. In order to convert the Chinese—whose religion they rejected—American missionaries adopted strategies of assimilation (e.g. learning Chinese and associating with the Chinese) to facilitate their work. My dissertation explores how American Protestant missionaries negotiated the rejection-assimilation paradox involved in their missionary work and forged a cultural identification with China in their English novels set in China between the late Qing and 1930. I argue that the missionaries’ novelistic expression of that identification was influenced by many factors: their targeted audience, their motives, their work, and their perceptions of the missionary enterprise, cultural difference, and their own missionary identity. Hence, missionary novels may not necessarily be about conversion, the missionaries’ primary objective but one that suggests their resistance to Chinese culture, or at least its religion. Instead, the missionary novels I study culminate in a non-conversion theme that problematizes the possibility of cultural assimilation and identification over ineradicable racial and cultural differences.
    [Show full text]
  • Hosted Au Deposits of the Dian-Qian-Gui Area, Guizhou, and Yunnan Provinces, and Guangxi District, P.R
    CHAPTER 3 Geology and Geochemistry of Sedimentary Rock- Hosted Au Deposits of the Dian-Qian-Gui Area, Guizhou, and Yunnan Provinces, and Guangxi District, P.R. China 1 2 2 By Stephen G. Peters , Huang Jiazhan , Li Zhiping , 2 3 Jing Chenggui , and Cai Qiming Open-File Report: 02–131 2002 This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Reno Field Office, Mackay School of Mines, MS-176, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557 2Tianjin Geological Academy, Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, 42 Youyi Road, Tianjin City, P.R. China, 300061). 2Kunming Geologic Survey of Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, Kunming, Yunnan. CONTENTS Abstract INTRODUCTION REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SETTING DESCRIPTIONS of Au DEPOSITS Zimudang Au deposit Lannigou Au deposit Banqi Au deposit Yata Au deposit Getang Au deposit Sixianchang Au–Hg deposit Jinya Au deposit Gaolong Au deposit Gedang Au deposit Jinba Au deposit Hengxian Au deposit DISUCSSION and CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 3 96 List of Figures Figure 3-1. Geologic map and distribution of sedimentary rock-hosted Au deposits in the Dian- Qian-Gui area. Figure 3-2. Geologic parameters of the Dian-Qian-Gui area. Figure 3-3. Sedimentary facies in the Dian-Qian-Gui area. Figure 3-4. Geophysical interpretation of shallow crust in the Dian-Qian-Gui area.
    [Show full text]
  • Issue 13 Final Version
    RHETORICAL SPACE Culture of Curiosity in Yangcai under Emperor Qianlong’s Reign Chih-En Chen Department of the History of Art and Archaeology PhD Candidate ABSTRACT This research is arranged into three sections in order to elaborate on the hybrid innovation in yangcai. Firstly, the usage of pictorial techniques on porcelain will be discussed, followed by the argument that the modelling technique in the Qianlong period could be the revival of Buddhist tradition combined with European pictoriality. The second section continues the discussion of non-traditional attributes in terms of the ontology of porcelain patterns. Although it has been widely accepted that Western-style decorations were applied to the production of the Qing porcelain, the other possibility will be purported here by stating that the decorative pattern is a Chinese version of the multicultural product. The last section explores style and identity. By reviewing the history of Chinese painting technique, art historians can realise the difference between knowing and performing. Artworks produced in the Emperor Qianlong’s reign were more about Emperor Qianlong’s preference than the capability of the artists. This political reason differentiated the theory and practice in Chinese history of art. This essay argues that the design of yangcai is substantially part of the Emperor Qianlong’s portrait, which represents his multicultural background, authority over various civilisations, and transcendental identity as an emperor bridging the East and the West. ABOUT THE AUTHOR Chih-En Chen is a PhD Candidate at the Department of the History of Art and Archaeology at SOAS, University of London. Before he arrived his current position, he worked for Christie’s Toronto Office (2013-2014) and Waddington’s Auctioneers in Canada (2014-2018).
    [Show full text]
  • The Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth- Century Amdo Scholar Sum Pa Mkhan Po Ye Shes Dpal ’Byor (1704-1788)
    Renaissance Man From Amdo: the Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth- Century Amdo Scholar Sum Pa Mkhan Po Ye Shes Dpal ’Byor (1704-1788) The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:40050150 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA Renaissance Man From Amdo: The Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth-Century Amdo Scholar Sum pa Mkhan po Ye shes dpal ’byor (1704-1788) ! A dissertation presented by Hanung Kim to The Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the subject of History and East Asian Languages Harvard University Cambridge, Massachusetts April, 2018 © 2018 – Hanung Kim All rights reserved. ! Leonard W. J. van der Kuijp Hanung Kim Renaissance Man From Amdo: The Life and Scholarship of the Eighteenth- Century Amdo Scholar Sum pa Mkhan po Ye shes dpal ’byor (1704-1788) Abstract! This dissertation examines the new cultural developments in eighteenth-century northeastern Tibet, also known as Amdo, by looking into the life story of a preeminent monk- scholar, Sum pa Mkhan po Ye shes dpal ’byor (1708-1788). In the first part, this study corroborates what has only been sensed by previous scholarship, that is, the rising importance of Amdo in Tibetan cultural history.
    [Show full text]
  • Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910S-1950S
    Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 8-23-2011 12:00 AM From Marriage Revolution to Revolutionary Marriage: Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910s-1950s Wei Xu The University of Western Ontario Supervisor James Flath The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in History A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Doctor of Philosophy © Wei Xu 2011 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Asian History Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, Cultural History Commons, Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Gender and Sexuality Commons, History of Gender Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, Social Control, Law, Crime, and Deviance Commons, Social History Commons, Women's History Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Xu, Wei, "From Marriage Revolution to Revolutionary Marriage: Marriage Practice of the Chinese Communist Party in Modern Era, 1910s-1950s" (2011). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 232. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/232 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FROM MARRIAGE REVOLUTION TO REVOLUTIONARY MARRIAGE: MARRIAGE PRACTICE OF THE CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY IN MODERN ERA 1910s-1950s (Spine
    [Show full text]
  • CMPE 233: Human Factors Workplace Safety
    CMPE 233: Human Factors Workplace Safety Electrical Safety Medical & First Aid Lockout/Tag-out Asbestos Control Ergonomics Science Confined Space Fire Prevention Personal Protective Equipment 1 Hazard Communication Chemical Safety Ergonomics Musculoskeletal Disorders ►The science and practice of designing jobs or Total musculoskeletal disorders 487.9 9 (1,000’s) workplaces to match the capabilities and limitations of the human body Occupations Number Median Days AFW ►Benefits of ergonomics: Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 44.4 6 safer jobs, fewer injuries Truck drivers 36.8 12 increased efficiency & productivity Laborers, nonconstruction 24.9 8 improved quality and fewer errors Janitors and cleaners 15.2 7 improved morale Assemblers 15.2 14 ►Violations of ergonomics: Construction laborers 11.1 10 Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD) Registered nurses 10.8 6 Supervisors and proprietors, sales occupations 9.9 7 a disorder of the muscles, Cashiers 9.3 8 nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, Stock handlers and baggers 8.8 5 cartilage, blood vessels or spinal discs Sales workers, other commodities 7.8 7 WMSD (Workplace MSD) Awkward Posture ►Exposure to “Caution Zone Job” ►More than 2 hours total per day with: Awkward postures Hands above head, hands bent High hand force Elbow above shoulder Highly repetitive motion (more Back bent forward more than 30 degrees than 4 hr/day intensive keying) Neck bent more than 30 degrees Repeated impact Squatting Heavy, frequent or awkward lifting Kneeling Moderate to high hand-arm vibration
    [Show full text]
  • University of Ghana College of Health Sciences Other
    UNIVERSITY OF GHANA COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES CORRELATION OF SEX, HEIGHT AND HANDEDNESS WITH ANTHROPOMETRIC FOOT AND HAND MEASUREMENTS OF YOUNG ADULT GHANAIANS BY JOSEPH GYAMERA AKYEAMPONG (10342761) A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MPHIL ANATOMY DEGREE. DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY JULY, 2017 DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE I hereby declare that this thesis is a product of my own research undertaken under supervision and has neither been presented in whole nor in part for the award of another degree elsewhere. I take full responsibility for any residual flaws in this work. Signature: …………………………….. Date: ..……/………/……… (AKYEAMPONG, JOSEPH GYAMERA) DECLARATION BY SUPERVISORS We hereby declare that the practical work and presentation of this thesis were supervised in accordance with the guidelines on supervision of thesis laid down by the University of Ghana. Principal Supervisor: Signature: ……………………………......... Date: ………/………/……… (Professor Frederick K. Addai) Co-Supervisor: Signature: ……………………………......... Date: ………/………/……… (Professor Clifford Nii Boi Tagoe) i DEDICATION I dedicate this project to God Almighty, my saviour and redeemer, my strength and ultimate source of wisdom and knowledge. He has shown me his powerful hand and gentle heart throughout this academic journey. It is only by his divine protection and divine inspiration that I have been able to complete this program. I also dedicate this project to my parents; Mr. Baffour Otuo Akyeampong and Mrs. Johanna Naana Akyeampong. Dad, you never doubt my abilities and you always give direction and counsel that have shaped my life. You have been truly supportive through this academic journey in more ways than I can count and indeed like you always say, “Believers, shall enjoy”.
    [Show full text]
  • Master for Quark6
    Special feature s e Finding a Place for v i a t c n i the Victims e h p s c The Problem in Writing the History of the Cultural Revolution r e p YOUQIN WANG This paper argues that acknowledging individual victims had been a crucial problem in writing the history of the Cultural Revolution and represents the major division between the official history and the parallel history. The author discusses the victims in the history of the Cultural Revolution from factual, interpretational and methodological aspects. Prologue: A Blocked Web topic “official history and parallel history” of the Cultural Memorial Revolution. In this paper I will argue that acknowledging individual vic - n October of 2000, I launched a website, www.chinese- tims has been a crucial problem in writing the history of the memorial.org , to record the names of the people who Cultural Revolution and represents the major division be - Idied from persecution during the Cultural Revolution. tween the official history that the Chinese government has Through years of research, involving over a thousand inter - allowed to be published and the parallel history that cannot views, I had compiled the stories of hundreds of victims, and pass the censorship on publications in China. As of today, placed them on the website. By clicking on the alphabeti - no published scholarly papers have analyzed the difference cally-listed names, a user could access a victim’s personal in - between the two resulting branches in historical writings on formation, such as age, job, date and location of death, and the Cultural Revolution.
    [Show full text]
  • 11 Days Guizhou Guilin Ethnic Culture Tour with Li River Cruise
    [email protected] +86-28-85593923 11 days Guizhou Guilin ethnic culture tour with Li River cruise https://windhorsetour.com/guizhou-tour/guizhou-guilin-tour-with-li-river-cruise Guiyang Anshun Kaili Rongjiang Congjiang Zhaoxing Sanjiang Longsheng Guilin Yangshuo Guilin This south China tour balances an ethnic discovery in Guizhou province and a Li River cruise from Guilin to Yangshuo. Endless natural landscapes await to be found. Added with a cultural visit to the ethnic minorities in Guizhou and Guilin. Type Private Duration 11 days Trip code GE-03 Price From ¥ 9,500 per person Itinerary This tour combines an ethnic cultural trip in Guizhou province and a memorable Guilin Li River cruise. Enjoy a wonderful time by viewing the spectacular scenery of the largest waterfall in Asia, Huangguoshu Waterfall. Experience the lifestyle of Miao and Dong ethnic minorities by visiting their villages. At the end of this tour you will have a cruise along the Li River from Guilin to Yangshuo. Immerse yourself into the unspoiled landscapes and more. Your journey is full of memories. Day 01 : Arrive Guiyang As the entrance point of this ethnic tour, Guiyang, the capital of Guizhou province, is home to more than 30 minority ethnic groups including Miao, Buyi, Dong and Hui. Upon your arrival at the airport or railway station, be assisted by your local guide and then get settled into the downtown hotel for a short break. After having lunch at the hotel, drive to the Qingyan ancient town located in the southern suburb of Guiyang city. As one of the most famous historical and cultural towns in Guizhou province, Qingyan was first built in 1378 as a station for transferring military messages and to house a standing army.
    [Show full text]
  • Xikang: Han Chinese in Sichuan's Western Frontier
    XIKANG: HAN CHINESE IN SICHUAN’S WESTERN FRONTIER, 1905-1949. by Joe Lawson A thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chinese Victoria University of Wellington 2011 Abstract This thesis is about Han Chinese engagement with the ethnically diverse highlands west and south-west of the Sichuan basin in the first half of the twentieth century. This territory, which includes much of the Tibetan Kham region as well as the mostly Yi- and Han-settled Liangshan, constituted Xikang province between 1939 and 1955. The thesis begins with an analysis of the settlement policy of the late Qing governor Zhao Erfeng, as well as the key sources of influence on it. Han authority suffered setbacks in the late 1910s, but recovered from the mid-1920s under the leadership of General Liu Wenhui, and the thesis highlights areas of similarity and difference between the Zhao and Liu periods. Although contemporaries and later historians have often dismissed the attempts to build Han Chinese- dominated local governments in the highlands as failures, this endeavour was relatively successful in a limited number of places. Such success, however, did not entail the incorporation of territory into an undifferentiated Chinese whole. Throughout the highlands, pre-twentieth century local institutions, such as the wula corvée labour tax in Kham, continued to exercise a powerful influence on the development and nature of local and regional government. The thesis also considers the long-term life (and death) of ideas regarding social transformation as developed by leaders and historians of the highlands.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Steppe Agriculture
    The Rise of Steppe Agriculture The Social and Natural Environment Changes in Hetao (1840s-1940s) Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg i. Br. vorgelegt von Yifu Wang aus Taiyuan, V. R. China WS 2017/18 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Sabine Dabringhaus Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. Franz-Josef Brüggemeier Vorsitzender des Promotionsausschusses der Gemeinsamen Kommission der Philologischen und der Philosophischen Fakultät: Prof. Dr. Joachim Grage Datum der Disputation: 01. 08. 2018 Table of Contents List of Figures 5 Acknowledgments 1 1. Prologue 3 1.1 Hetao and its modern environmental crisis 3 1.1.1 Geographical and historical context 4 1.1.2 Natural characteristics 6 1.1.3 Beacons of nature: Recent natural disasters in Hetao 11 1.2 Aims and current state of research 18 1.3 Sources and secondary materials 27 2. From Mongol to Manchu: the initial development of steppe agriculture (1300s-1700s) 32 2.1 The Mongolian steppe during the post-Mongol empire era (1300s-1500s) 33 2.1.1 Tuntian and steppe cities in the fourteenth century 33 2.1.2 The political impact on the steppe environment during the North-South confrontation 41 2.2 Manchu-Mongolia relations in the early seventeenth century 48 2.2.1 From a military alliance to an unequal relationship 48 2.2.2 A new management system for Mongolia 51 2.2.3 Divide in order to rule: religion and the Mongolian Policy 59 2.3 The natural environmental impact of the Qing Dynasty's Mongolian policy 65 2.3.1 Agricultural production 67 2.3.2 Wild animals 68 2.3.3 Wild plants of economic value 70 1 2.3.4 Mining 72 2.4 Summary 74 3.
    [Show full text]