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Two Roman Mausoleums at Quinta De Marim (Olhão): Preliminary Results of the Excavations in 2002 and 2003

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Two Roman Mausoleums at Quinta De Marim (Olhão): Preliminary Results of the Excavations in 2002 and 2003 Two Roman mausoleums at Quinta de Marim (Olhão): preliminary results of the excavations in 2002 and 2003 DENNIS GRAEN* ABSTRACTIn 1877 Estácio da Veiga was able to discover a Roman uilla with main and sec- ondary buildings in the area of Quinta de Marim (Olhão). There we recognize the ground plan of a square-shaped building with an apse and peristasis, connected with another square- shaped monument. This area was now re-excavated by the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena (Germany) in 2002 and 2003. Different finds underline the former splendour of the con- structions. The architecture of the bigger building is repeated on the villa complexes of Mil- reu (Estoi, Faro) and São Cucufate (Vila de Frades, Beja). The architecture finds its matches around Rome and in Italy as well as in Los Castillejos (Badajoz, Spain). After the new exca- vations at Quinta de Marim the buildings there are to be seen as grave monuments, dating to the 2nd half of the 3rd century AD. Thus even the former-called “temples” at Milreu and São Cucufate can be interpreted in that way. RESUMOEm 1877 foram feitas escavações científicas por Estácio da Veiga na uilla romana da Quinta de Marim (Olhão). É possível reconhecer a planta de um edifício de construção cen- tral com abside e perístase, interligado com um outro monumento quadrado, a partir do qual se detectam semelhanças com duas construções em Milreu (Estoi, Faro) e em São Cucu- fate (Vila de Frades, Beja). Nas escavações dos anos 2002 e 2003, realizadas pela Universi- dade de Jena (Alemanha), foram descobertas numerosas peças que testemunham o antigo esplendor dos edifícios. A arquitectura encontra o seu paralelo mais estreito em Roma genericamente em Itália, assim como em Los Castillejos (Badajoz, Espanha). Depois das novas escavações na Quinta de Marim, os edifícios aí existentes devem ser interpretados como monumentos sepulcrais, datáveis do século II e também na segunda metade do século III. Neste sentido devem ser também interpretados os chamados “templos” em Milreu e em São Cucufate. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE Arqueologia.volume 8.número 1.2005,p.257-278 257 Dennis Graen Two Roman mausoleums at Quinta de Marim (Olhão):preliminary results of the excavations in 2002 and 2003 1. The site Quinta de Marim is a wide estate about 1 km east of the modern town of Olhão in the region of Algarve. It is situated about halfway between the ancient municipia of Ossonoba (Faro) and Balsa (near Luz de Tavira) and lies south of the modern E. N. 125, which itself might be an ancient connecting road (Rodrigues and Bernardes, 2003). Fig. 1 Plan of the two Roman mausoleums at Quinta de Marim (Olhão), by S. P. M. Estácio da Veiga. 258 REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE Arqueologia.volume 8.número 1.2005,p.257-278 Two Roman mausoleums at Quinta de Marim (Olhão):preliminary results of the excavations in 2002 and 2003 Dennis Graen The site could possibly be identified with “statio sacra”, a place-name preserved in the works of the so-called “Anonymus of Ravenna”, a geographer of the 6th century AD1. According to this supposition Estácio da Veiga started to conduct archaeological research on the site in the year 1877. The several structures which are excavated and drawn by Estácio da Veiga are interpreted as a large Roman uilla complex including main and secondary buildings and separate thermae (Veiga, 1887; Santos, 1972, p. 249-277). Unfortunately the results of Estácio da Veiga’s excava- tions, as in many cases, have not been published before his death. A greater necropolis with pagan and early Christian graves is belonging to the uilla complex. Several gravestones from this area are known until now, mostly discovered during the excavations of Estácio da Veiga and Santos Rocha (Rocha, 1895, 1897; Santos, 1972, p. 249-261; Encarnação, 1984, p. 81-101). J. d’Encarnação interpreted those as slaves or freedman gravestones, most of them dating to the 2nd and 3rd century AD (Encarnação, 1991). A production facility for garum was examined in the nearby Parque Natural da Ria Formosa in 1988/89 (Silva, Soares and Soares, 1992). This facility surely belongs to the uilla complex. The finds on the whole area are dating backwards to the beginning of the 1st century AD2. Estácio da Veiga’s sketch from 1877 shows the ground plans of two connected structures which are visible in the southern area of the site. It is also preserved a more detailed plan from Estacio da Veiga’s hands of those two structures (Fig. 1). One of the buildings shows some similarity to structures belonging to the Roman uillae of Milreu (Fig. 4) (Hauschild, 1964, 1984/88, 2002; Hauschild and Teichner, 2002) and São Cucufate (Fig. 5) (Alarcão, Étienne and Mayet, 1990; Alarcão, 2002). The buildings there are known as “temples”,“sanctuaries” or “nymphaea”. Due to the vanishing of the structure below the earth since Estácio da Veiga’s exca- vations and the intense agricultural use of the area since then it was until now impossible to perform more detailed study on the site. In the course of a project of the Friedrich-Schiller- -University Jena (Germany), supported by the IPA and in collaboration with the universities of Coimbra and Faro, the remains of the building have been uncovered again in 2002 and 2003 (Graen, 2004). 2. Mausoleum 1 Except a few missing parts all the foundation walls are still there and have been documented (Fig. 2, 3). In certain parts the drawing of 1877 had to be corrected. As supposed, in the western excavation area we have a square-shaped central room (cella) with an apse added, surrounded on all sides by a peristasis with the same ground plan. Some special features, however, are different from the “twin buildings” at Milreu (Fig. 4) and São Cucufate (Fig. 5). For instance we do not have a separate entrance hall (pronaos) at Marim, and in the apse a massive, maybe once rectangular, block — consisting of opus caementitium and stones like all the foundations — has been built in, it may have served as a foundation for an upper structure which is not preserved today. Fortunately some part of the rising structure is visible on one spot on the apse’s wall, so that we can deter- mine that it is been built in form of a mortar core (opus caementitium) blended with broken stones and lines of tiles. This technique is quite common in Late Antiquity and very similar to that one of the “temple” at São Cucufate and differs from the technique used at the Milreu “nymphaeum” (there opus testaceum). The cella walls’ reach into a depth of 1,50 m. The substantial thickness of 1,15 m allow a reconstruction of a vault above the central room. The reconstruction of the whole building presents a monumental building of splendour, surrounded by columns (Fig. 6)3. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE Arqueologia.volume 8.número 1.2005,p.257-278 259 Dennis Graen Two Roman mausoleums at Quinta de Marim (Olhão):preliminary results of the excavations in 2002 and 2003 Fig. 2 Actual plan (provisional) of the two mausoleums at Quinta de Marim, by D. Graen. Fig. 3 The two mausoleums at Quinta de Marim after the complete excavation in spring 2004. 260 REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE Arqueologia.volume 8.número 1.2005,p.257-278 Two Roman mausoleums at Quinta de Marim (Olhão):preliminary results of the excavations in 2002 and 2003 Dennis Graen Fig. 4 Plan of the so-called “nymphaeum” at Milreu (Estói, Faro), by Th. Hauschild. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE Arqueologia.volume 8.número 1.2005,p.257-278 261 Dennis Graen Two Roman mausoleums at Quinta de Marim (Olhão):preliminary results of the excavations in 2002 and 2003 Fig. 5 Plan of the so-called “temple” at S. Cucufate (Beja), by G. Charpentier. 262 REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE Arqueologia.volume 8.número 1.2005,p.257-278 Two Roman mausoleums at Quinta de Marim (Olhão):preliminary results of the excavations in 2002 and 2003 Dennis Graen Fig. 6 Reconstitution of the mausoleum 1 at Quinta de Marim, by D. Graen. 2. Fixture and fittings of mausoleum 1 Of the fixture and fittings just a few pieces could be recovered. They most probably belong to the building, even if they were found in layers mixed with modern ceramics, mostly of the 19th century and thus maybe coming from Estácio da Veiga’s excavation. Those pieces, however, show substantially the former splendour of the building. Examples are some smaller mosaic fragments and hundreds of tesserae as well as pieces of different coloured marbles of an opus sectile. The mar- bles are of regional origin (Trigaches from Estremoz) and also imported material (Verde Antico from Larissa in Thessaly/Greece). Two semicircular pieces of lightly rose-coloured marble and a frag- ment of a Corinthian capital (Fig. 7) make evident that the structure was surrounded by a peris- tasis with columns as in the cases of Milreu and São Cucufate. A rather big piece of bronze, 3 cm thick, still holding a bronze dowel and on one side deco- rated with a scale pattern (Fig. 8), might have been part of a bronze roof construction. This is evi- dent according to the written sources — for instance for the Pantheon or the Temple of Venus and Roma in Rome. For the popularity of this material such bronze pieces are very seldom preserved. The recovered piece is therefore of substantial importance not only for this structure but for our understanding of ancient bronze roofs as a whole4. Fig. 7 Fragment of a Corinthian Fig. 8 Fragment of a bronze plate with scale pattern, probably from a roof capital belonging to mausoleum 1.
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