Modele W<0142>Adzy Dynastycznej.Indd

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Modele W<0142>Adzy Dynastycznej.Indd Zbigniew Dalewski Zbigniew Dalewski Modele władzy dynastycznej Modele władzy dynastycznej w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej we wcześniejszym średniowieczu 9 788363 352417 Instytut Historii PAN http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl Zbigniew Dalewski Instytut Historii PAN Warszawa 2014 http://rcin.org.pl Redakcja, korekta i indeks Jolanta Rudzińska Opracowanie grafi czne i projekt okładki Dariusz Górski Na okładce Miniatura z Ewangeliarza emmeramskiego (Archiwum Krakowskiej Kapituły Katedralnej, rkps 208, k. 1) © Copyright by Instytut Historii PAN © Copyright by Zbigniew Dalewski ISBN 978–83–63352–41–7 Projekt został sfi nansowany ze środków Narodowego Centrum Nauki przyznanych na podstawie decyzji numer DEC–2011/01/B/HS3/04724 Instytut Historii PAN Rynek Starego Miasta 29/31 00–272 Warszawa 22 831 02 61–62 w. 44 www.ihpan.edu.pl [email protected] Wydanie I Druk i oprawa Zakład Grafi czny UW, zam. nr 1280/14 http://rcin.org.pl Spis treści Wstęp . 7 Rozdział I. Rodzinne przedsiębiorstwo . 9 Rozdział II. Nowa dynastia . 95 Rozdział III. Stary-nowy porządek . 185 Zakończenie . 268 Wykaz skrótów . 277 Bibliografi a . 278 Summary . 313 Indeks osobowy . 315 http://rcin.org.pl http://rcin.org.pl Wstęp prezentowanej pracy podejmujemy próbę bliższego przyj- Wrzenia się stosowanym we wcześniejszym średniowieczu przez władające środkowoeuropejskimi monarchiami dynastie – Piastów, Przemyślidów i Arpadów – strategiom budowania własnej pozycji i kształtowania politycznych relacji, zarówno w odniesieniu do ich członków, jak i poddanej ich zwierzch ności wspólnoty. W sposób szczególny naszą uwagę zajmują kwestie odnoszące się do wyobrażeń o naturze dynastycznej władzy, określające zasady jej sprawowania i przekazywania w obrębie panującego rodu. Inaczej rzecz ujmując, staramy się w niej odpo- wiedzieć na pytanie, komu przysługiwały we wcześniejszym śred- niowieczu w Polsce, Czechach i na Węgrzech prawa do tronu i jakie racje ideowe uzasadniały słuszność władczych preten- sji. Powyższe zagadnienia, dotykające spraw mających zasadni- cze znaczenie dla zrozumienia mechanizmów funkcjonowania śred niowiecznych organizmów politycznych, podejmowane już były, rzecz jasna, w literaturze wielokrotnie. Głównym punktem odniesienia dla badań nad problematyką sukcesji tronu były jed- nak zazwyczaj koncepcje monarszej zwierzchności, odwołujące się do teorii wypracowanych przez historyków prawa, wpisują- cych średniowieczne wyobrażenia o władzy i sposobach jej spra- wowania oraz przekazywania w sztywne ramy, nieznajdujących przeważnie solidnego poświadczenia źródłowego, abstrakcyjnych 7 http://rcin.org.pl prawniczych formuł, sprowadzających kwestię dziedziczenia tronu do reguł prawa spadkowego. W naszej pracy proponu- jemy zmianę tego podejścia i przesunięcie punktu ciężkości roz- ważań na kwestie związane z praktyką funkcjonowania systemu władzy i miejsca, jakie przypadało w nim panującemu rodowi. W naszym przekonaniu określenie reguł rządzących porząd- kiem sukcesji tronu służyć ma zrozumieniu wyobrażeń o władzy i sprawującej ją dynastii, a nie odwrotnie. W gruncie rzeczy w centrum prowadzonych w książce roz- ważań znajduje się właśnie dynastia. Rozpoznanie zasad suk- cesji prowadzić ma w rezultacie do uchwycenia zasadniczych konturów stojącej za nimi i uzasadniającej je struktury dyna- stycznej. Zbyt często zapomina się bowiem, że w rodach panu- jących widzieć należy nie tyle, czy może raczej nie tylko, wspól- noty oparte na więzach krwi, ile przede wszystkim konstrukty polityczne. Związki genealogiczne stanowiły tylko jeden z ele- mentów złożonego systemu, w którym istotną rolę odgrywały różnorodne czynniki natury politycznej, ideowej czy społecznej, określające tożsamość członków dynastii i decydujące o charak- terze ich wzajemnych relacji. Opisanie zachodzących w tym sys- temie we wcześniejszym średniowieczu zmian i wskazanie ich przyczyn jest też podstawowym celem tej książki. http://rcin.org.pl ROZDZIAŁ I Rodzinne przedsiębiorstwo 1032 roku władzę nad częścią monarchii piastowskiej prze- Wjął pewien Teodoryk. Monarsze wyniesienie zawdzięczał on interwencji cesarza Konrada II, który na zjeździe w Merseburgu wymusił na Mieszku II nie tylko rezygnację z tytułu królew- skiego, lecz również zgodę na podział państwa i przekazanie władzy nad jedną z jego części właśnie Teodorykowi. Wiadomo o nim niewiele. W jedynej odnoszącej się do niego wzmiance źródłowej został on określony jako patruelis Mieszka II1. Termin, którym posłużono się w rocznikach hildesheimskim na przedsta- wienie więzi pokrewieństwa łączących Teodoryka z Mieszkiem, z pewnością nie jest jednoznaczny. Często używano go, zgodnie z tradycją antyczną, w ścisłym znaczeniu w odniesieniu do stry- jecznego brata. Niemniej posługiwano się nim również nierzadko dla opisania różnego typu innych powiązań krewniaczych w linii męskiej, odnosząc go niekiedy także do stryja, bratanka czy nawet dalszych krewnych2. W przypadku przekazu dotyczącego 1 Annales Hildesheimenses, wyd. G. Waitz, w: MGH SSrG, t. 8, Hannover 1878, s. 37: „imperator […] eique [tj. Mieszka II] et eius patrueli, cuidam Th ied- rico, regnum, quod ipse solus ante possederat, divisit”. 2 Zob. R. Le Jan, Famille et pouvoir dans le monde franc (VIIe–Xe siècle). Essai d’anthropologie sociale, Paris 1995, s. 164, 173; G. Lubich, Verwandtsein. Lesarten einer politisch-sozialen Beziehung im Frühmittelalter (6.–11. Jahrhundert), Köln 2008, s. 46. 9 http://rcin.org.pl Teodoryka przyjmuje się jednak powszechnie wąskie znaczenie terminu patruelis i we wspomnianym w rocznikach hildesheim- skich krewnym Mieszka II zwykło się widzieć jego stryjecznego brata, syna jednego z przyrodnich braci Bolesława Chrobrego, pochodzących z małżeństwa Mieszka I z Odą, którzy w latach dziewięćdziesiątych X wieku zostali przez niego wygnani z Polski3. Trzydzieści lat wcześniej, w 1002 roku, na tronie czeskim z kolei zasiadł pewien, również bliżej nieznany, Władywoj. Drogę do władzy otworzył mu bunt czeskich możnych, którzy po oba- leniu księcia Bolesława III postanowili przywołać Władywoja z Polski i powierzyć mu rządy nad Czechami. Z przekazu infor- mującej o tych wydarzeniach kroniki Th ietmara z Merseburga wiadomo, że nowego władcę miały łączyć z Bolesławem więzy pokrewieństwa4. Na podstawie ogólnikowego sformułowania, jakim posłużył się kronikarz, nie sposób jednak określić bliżej ich charakteru. Z pewnością jednak nie należał on do jego naj- bliższych krewnych5. Na Węgrzech natomiast w 997 roku prawa Stefana I do prze- jęcia sukcesji po zmarłym ojcu, księciu Gejzie, zakwestionowane 3 Zob. O. Balzer, Genealogia Piastów, Kraków 1895, s. 57–58; K. Jasiński, Rodowód pierwszych Piastów, Warszawa–Wrocław 1992, s. 126–127. Terminem patruelis posłużono się w rocznikach hildesheimskich również na określenie więzi pokrewieństwa łączących z cesarzem Konradem II jego stryjecznego brata, księ- cia Karyntii Konrada Młodszego; zob. Annales Hildesheimenses, s. 44. 4 Th ietmari Merseburgensis episcopi Chronicon, wyd. R. Holtzmann, w: MGH SSrG N.S., t. 9, Berlin 1935, V, 23, s. 247: „Qui pondus illati facinoris diucius ferre non valens, Wlodoweium, qui potestas exercitus interpretatur, a Polenia clam vocans, aspidem venenatam absque omni legis pietate suos tractantem, hunc in sedem basilisci illius, idest Bolizlai, deiecto eo, consanguinitatis linea et pietatis aff ectu unanimiter electum, collocavit”. 5 Zob. J. Žemlička, Das Přemysliden-Geschlecht an der Wende vom 10. zum 11. Jahrhundert, w: Boleslav II. Der tschechische Staat um das Jahr 1000, red. P. Sommer, Praha 2001 (Colloquia mediaevalia Pragensia, 2), s. 79–91; tenże, Kníže Vladivoj a přemyslovská consanguinitas (ke skladbě vládnoucího rodu v 10. a začát- kem 11. století), w: Na prahu poznání českých dějin. Sborník prací k poctě Jiřiho Slámy, red. J. Klápště, Praha 2006 (Studia mediaevalia Pragensia, 7), s. 181–195. 10 http://rcin.org.pl zostały przez pewnego Koppanya. Z późnej, czternastowiecznej kompozycji kronikarskiej, odwołującej się jednakże zapewne do znacznie starszego, zaginionego źródła i przynajmniej w odnie- sieniu do ogólnego przebiegu opisywanych w niej wypadków niebudzącej poważniejszych zastrzeżeń6, dowiadujemy się, że Koppany po śmierci Gejzy postanowił poślubić wdowę po nim, zabić Stefana i poddać jego księstwo swojej władzy7. Samemu Koppanyowi w kronikarskiej relacji nie poświęca się zbyt wiele miejsca. Wspomina się jedynie, że jego ojciec, Zyrind Łysy, dzierżył za życia Gejzy ducatus, a on sam był księciem Samogy8. Niemniej dopełnienie informacji o planowanym przez Koppanya ślubie z wdową po Gejzie uwagą, że małżeństwo to miałoby cha- rakter kazirodczy9, pozwala sądzić, iż próbującego sięgać po wła- dzę nad Węgrami księcia łączyły z Gejzą i Stefanem trudne do sprecyzowania, stosunkowo jednak bliskie, więzi pokrewieństwa10. Jedynie w relacji kroniki Th ietmara poświęconej okoliczno- ściom wyniesienia na tron Władywoja wskazuje się wprost, że prawa nowego władcy do przejęcia władzy znajdowały uzasad- nienie w pokrewieństwie łączącym go z poprzednikiem. Z prze- kazu biskupa merseburskiego wynika bowiem, że o powoła- niu Władywoja przez możnych czeskich zadecydować miały, oprócz okazywanej mu przez nich sympatii, właśnie łączące go z obalonym przez nich Bolesławem III więzy krwi. W źródłach 6 Zob. D. Bagi, Problematik der ältesten Schichten der ungarischen Chronik- komposition des 14. Jahrhunderts im Lichte der ungarischen Geschichtsforschung der letzten Jahrzehnte – einige ausgewählte Problemstellen, „Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae” 12, 2007, s. 105–127. 7 Chronici Hungarici Compositio
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