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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Ve Din Bilimleri (Dinler Tarihi) Anabilim Dali

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Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe Ve Din Bilimleri (Dinler Tarihi) Anabilim Dali TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI MACARLARIN HIRİSTİYANLIK ÖNCESİ DİNİ İNANIŞLARI VE HIRİSTİYANLAŞMA SÜRECİ Tezli Yüksek Lisans Tezi Metehan AYDIN Ankara, 2020 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI MACARLARIN HIRİSTİYANLIK ÖNCESİ DİNİ İNANIŞLARI VE HIRİSTİYANLAŞMA SÜRECİ Tezli Yüksek Lisans Tezi Metehan AYDIN Tez Danışmanı Prof. Dr. Durmuş ARIK Ankara, 2020 TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ FELSEFE VE DİN BİLİMLERİ (DİNLER TARİHİ) ANABİLİM DALI METEHAN AYDIN MACARLARIN HIRİSTİYANLIK ÖNCESİ DİNİ İNANIŞLARI VE HIRİSTİYANLAŞMA SÜRECİ YÜKSEK LİSANS TEZİ Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Durmuş Arık Tez Jürisi Üyeleri Adı ve Soyadı İmzası Prof. Dr. Durmuş Arık ........................................ Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Şevket Özcan ........................................ Dr. Öğretim Üyesi Şahin Kızılabdullah ........................................ .................................................................... ......................................... .................................................................... ......................................... .................................................................... ......................................... Tez Sınavı Tarihi 22.06.2020 T.C. ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü’ne, Prof. Dr. Durmuş Arık danışmanlığında hazırladığım “Macarların Hıristiyanlık Öncesi Dini İnanışları ve Hıristiyanlaşma Süreci (Ankara.2020)” adlı yüksek lisans - doktora/bütünleşik doktora tezimdeki bütün bilgilerin akademik kurallara ve etik davranış ilkelerine uygun olarak toplanıp sunulduğunu, başka kaynaklardan aldığım bilgileri metinde ve kaynakçada eksiksiz olarak gösterdiğimi, çalışma sürecinde bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallarına uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul edeceğimi beyan ederim. Metehan AYDIN 08.07.2020 İÇİNDEKİLER İÇİNDEKİLER ................................................................................................................ i KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... iv ÖNSÖZ............................................................................................................................. v GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 1. Tezin Konusu, Önemi ve Amacı .......................................................................... 1 2. Kapsam ve Sınırlılıklar ........................................................................................ 3 3. Yöntem ve Kaynaklar .......................................................................................... 4 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM .......................................................................................................... 8 MACARLARIN KÖKENİ VE YURT EDİNMESİ ..................................................... 8 1. Macarların Kökeni ve Yaşadıkları Coğrafyalar ............................................... 8 1.1. Ön-Ural Dönemi ( - M.Ö. 4.000) ............................................................... 10 1.2. Fin-Ugor Dönemi (M.Ö. 4.000 – M.Ö. 2.000) ........................................... 12 1.3. Ugor Dönemi (M.Ö. 2.000 – M.Ö. 500) ..................................................... 15 1.4. Ön-Macar Dönemi (M.Ö. 500 – M.S. 500) ............................................... 17 1.5. Don Boyu, Kuban ve Levediya (M.S. 500 – M.S. 800) ............................ 19 1.6. Etelköz (M.S. 850 – M.S. 895) .................................................................... 22 2. Macarların Yurt Edinmesi (M.S. 895 – M.S. 902) ........................................... 24 2.1. Yurt Edinme Öncesi Macarlar .................................................................. 25 2.2. Yurt Edinme Öncesi Karpatlarda Durum ............................................... 27 2.3. Árpádlar ve Yurt Edinme .......................................................................... 31 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM ........................................................................................................... 34 i MACARLARIN HIRİSTİYANLIK ÖNCESİ DİNİ İNANIŞLARI......................... 34 1. Tanrı İnancı (İsten) ............................................................................................ 36 2. Kurban ................................................................................................................ 41 3. Natüristik İnançlar ............................................................................................. 46 3.1. Ateş Kültü .................................................................................................... 47 3.2. Su Kültü ....................................................................................................... 49 3.3. Toprak / Yeryüzü Kültü............................................................................. 53 4. Dini Figürler ....................................................................................................... 55 4.1. Tudós............................................................................................................ 55 4.2. Garabonciás ................................................................................................ 55 4.3. Boszorkány .................................................................................................. 56 4.4. Táltos............................................................................................................ 58 4.4.1. Taltoş Kelimesinin Etimolojisi ........................................................... 60 4.4.2. Taltoş Nasıl Olunur? ........................................................................... 60 5. Köken Efsaneler ................................................................................................. 64 5.1. Hunor ve Magor.......................................................................................... 65 5.2. Emese, Álmos ve Tuğrul Kuşu .................................................................. 68 6. Eski Macar Dini ile Eski Türk Dininin Karşılaştırılması ............................... 71 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ....................................................................................................... 75 MACARLARIN HIRİSTİYANLAŞMA SÜRECİ..................................................... 75 1. Macarlardan Önce Karpatlarda Hıristiyanlık ................................................ 75 2. Katolik Kilisesinin Orta ve Doğu Avrupa Topluluklarıyla İlişkisi ................ 81 ii 3. Kral István Öncesi ve Géza Liderliğinde Macarlarda Hıristiyanlık Hareketleri ................................................................................................................. 87 4. Kral István ve Hıristiyan Macaristan Krallığı ................................................ 94 4.1. István’ın Taç Giymesi ve Hıristiyan Macaristan Devleti ........................ 95 4.2. István’ın Macarları Hıristiyanlaştırma Politikası ................................... 98 4.3. Tarikatlar, Roma Katolik Kilisesi, Alman İmparatorluğu ve Bizans İmparatorluğunun Etkisi .................................................................................... 108 5. Yüksek Orta Çağ Dönemi ................................................................................ 112 5.1. Antik Din Yanlılarının İsyanları ............................................................. 112 5.2. László ve Kálmán Dönemleri................................................................... 116 5.3. Moğol İstilasına Kadarki Gelişmeler ...................................................... 119 SONUÇ......................................................................................................................... 122 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 130 EKLER......................................................................................................................... 146 Ek-1: Zaman Dizini ................................................................................................. 146 Ek-2: Haritalar ........................................................................................................ 148 Ek-3: Resimler ......................................................................................................... 153 ÖZET ........................................................................................................................... 160 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 161 iii KISALTMALAR CEU : Central European University MUP : Manchester University Press TDAV : Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı AKM : Atatürk Kültür Merkezi YKY : Yapı Kredi Yayınları HSR : Hungarian Studies Review TTK : Türk Tarih Kurumu İÜEF : Istanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi AÜİFD : Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi Ed. : Editör Çev. : Çeviren t.y. : Tarih Yok bs : Baskı c. : Cilt Bkz. : Bakınız iv ÖNSÖZ Macaristan, Orta Avrupa’da Doğu Avrupa’ya açılan kapı niteliğinde bulunan, denize kıyısı olmayan bir ülkedir. Fin-Ugor kavimleri içerisinden Ugor dalına mensup sayılan Macarlar, 800-900 yıllarında Karadeniz’in kuzeyinden ilerleyerek Karpat Ovasına gelmiş ve beraberlerinde yarı-göçebe kültürleri
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