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Quantification of Anthropogenic Metabolism Using Spatially Differentiated Continuous MFA Across the Country Change Adaptation Socioecol. Syst. 2017; 3: 119–132 Research Article Georg Schiller, Karin Gruhler, Regine Ortlepp* Quantification of anthropogenic metabolism using spatially differentiated continuous MFA https://doi.org/10.1515/cass-2017-0011 across the country. In Germany, such disparities mean that received April 13, 2017; accepted January 16, 2018 there will be a shortfall in RA of 6.3 Gt by the year 2020, Abstract: Coefficient-based, bottom-up material flow while the technically available but unusable RA (due to a analysis is a suitable tool to quantify inflows, outflows regional mismatch of potential supply and demand) will and stock dynamics of materials used by societies, and total 3.2 Gt. Comprehensive recycling strategies have to thus can deliver strategic knowledge needed to develop combine high-quality recycling with other lower-grade circular economy policies. Anthropogenic stocks and flows applications for secondary raw materials. Particularly in are mostly of bulk nonmetallic mineral materials related the case of building materials, essential constraints are to the construction, operation and demolition of buildings not only technical but also local conditions of construction and infrastructures. Consequently, it is important to be and demolition. These interrelations should be identified able to quantify circulating construction materials to and integrated into a comprehensive system to manage help estimate the mass of secondary materials which can the social metabolism of materials in support of circular be recovered such as recycled aggregates (RA) for fresh economy policies. concrete in new buildings. Yet as such bulk materials are high volume but of low unit value, they are generally Keywords: continuous material flow analysis (C-MFA), produced and consumed within a region. Loops are thus regionalized MFA, ewMFA, building material, bounded not only by qualitative and technical restrictions construction and demolition waste (C&D waste), recycled but also spatially to within regions. This paper presents aggregates (RA), circular economy a regionalized continuous MFA (C-MFA) approach taking account of these restrictions of local consumption, quality standards and technical limitations, illustrated using the example of Germany. Outflows and inflows of stocks are 1 Introduction quantified at county level and generalized by regional The circular economy is an economic model that promotes type, considering demand and supply for recycled “effective flows of materials, energy, labor and information materials. Qualitative and technical potentials of recycling so that natural and social capital can be rebuilt” [1]. This loops are operationalized by defining coefficients to model is gaining popularity in Europe and around the reflect waste management technologies and engineering world as a potential way for societies to increase prosperity standards. Results show that 48% of outflows of concrete while reducing dependence on primary materials and and bricks are suitable for high-quality recycling, while energy [2]. In Germany, the role of the circular economy 52% of outflows do not fulfill the quality requirement is strongly anchored within the general revision of the and must be recovered or disposed of elsewhere. The German Resource Efficiency Program [3]. Similarly, the achievable inflow to RA is limited by the building activity EU Commission has drawn up a new Circular Economy as well as the requirements of the construction industry, Strategy, developed in the context of leading initiatives of e.g. the RA fraction of fresh concrete must not exceed 32%. the Europe 2020 growth strategy [4]. In addition, there exist spatial disparities in construction Circular economy policies must be based on detailed knowledge of the socio-economic metabolism [5]. This can be obtained through material flow analysis (MFA), *Corresponding author: Regine Ortlepp, Leibniz Institute of which is a “systematic assessment of the flows and stocks Ecological Urban and Regional Development (IOER), Dresden, Germany, E-mail: [email protected] of materials within a system defined in space and time” Georg Schiller, Karin Gruhler, Leibniz Institute of Ecological Urban [6], p.3. With regard to basic conceptual principles, we and Regional Development (IOER) can distinguish between deductive approaches (top-down Open Access. © 2017 Georg Schiller et al., published by De Gruyter Open. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. 120 G. Schiller, et al. models) and inductive approaches (bottom-up models). flows, especially as building waste usually consists of a Economy-wide MFA (EW-MFA) follows a top-down logic heterogeneous mixture of different, partly contaminated and is generally reliant on official statistics [7], [8], [9], materials which hampers a high quality recovery of the [10]. Using this data it is possible to calculate material material.” Indeed, the current authors have been unable flows into and out of the stock. However, up to now these to find such a concept in the international literature. methods have either neglected the question of waste This article attempts to remedy this deficit by materials or only taken account of it in rough fashion [11]. presenting a new method to quantify material flows along Such limitations can be remedied by designing expanded a closed material cycle in the building sector in order to models that make use of coefficients. Methods of data analyze regionally-specific outflow/inflow constellations. extrapolation using material coefficients (bottom-up models) allow us to analyze anthropogenic stock and flows more precisely. These bottom-up methods gather 2 Concepts and methods information on stock variables to estimate in-use stock and to infer the behavior of flows following the principle: 2.1 High-quality recycling loops quantity of final good in-use × specific material content = material stock of a specific material [12]. This method offers The approach presented below has been developed a high degree of flexibility, whether for the description of to estimate the technical potential of the high-quality flows or the analysis of material stocks [13]. recycling of mineral C&D waste within the building The vast majority of anthropogenic stocks and flows are stock. The term “high-quality” means that C&D waste is building materials related to the construction, operation processed in such a way as to enable usage in the same and demolition of buildings and infrastructures [11], [14]. products from which it originated. Recycling streams A number of MFA studies have already investigated the “from buildings to buildings” are analyzed by considering built environment by analyzing stocks and flows and their concrete, specifically the aggregates used to produce dynamics [13], [15], [16]. These studies consider resource concrete, as a mass construction material. Hence, the consumption and waste management at both ends of the focus with regard to inflows into the building stock is material flow chain [17] as well as streams of C&D waste concrete. Germany’s building code permits the use of a [18]. In particular, various methods have been proposed to certain proportion of recycled aggregates (RA) from waste implement urban mining, defined as the quantification, concrete and brick to produce fresh concrete. The focus management and exploitation of materials embedded in with regard to outflows is therefore on recycling-relevant the anthropogenic stock [19], [20], [21]. material for the production of concrete, namely flows of In Germany, more than 90% of building material waste concrete and brick. inflows, outflows and stocks are made up of non-metallic mineral materials [11]. These bulk materials are usually consumed near to the place of extraction and processing 2.2 The continuous MFA approach due to their low economic value in terms of weight as well as the high relative costs of transportation [22]. This Inflows and outflows of the building stock are calculated is true for raw materials as well as recycled aggregates using the “classical method” of a coefficient-based, [23]. Consequently, bulk building materials are generally bottom-up MFA (cf. Section 1), considering specific traded within regional markets. material composition indicators (MCIs) for building types In recent years, scholars of industrial ecology have and deriving the stock dynamic from official statistics on investigated the inflows and outflows of non-metallic newly constructed and demolished buildings. building materials. Two lines of research can be discerned: As described by [6], “inflows”, “stock dynamic” outflow-oriented studies focusing on waste management and “outflows” are the main components of the MFA. and waste treatment (e.g. [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29]) and Here, three additional modules, namely “capture”, inflow-oriented studies focusing on the use of RC material “processing” and “admixture” (Fig. 1), constitute the in building materials (e.g. [30], [31], [32], [33], [34]). methodological expansion of the C-MFA according to Most of these have considered closed material loops [35]. These new modules encompass the various steps yet without providing a method to address the missing involved in extracting the relevant waste fractions and links between inflows and outflows quantitatively. It their processing into recycled products (see subsection is the view of Schultmann and Sunke [29] that “rarely 2.6) as well as legal and technical regulations specifying any concept exists for
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