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Green Building Evaluation of the Roman Pantheon Using Fuzzy Set Concept

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Green Building Evaluation of the Roman Pantheon Using Fuzzy Set Concept Green Building Evaluation of the Roman Pantheon Using Fuzzy Set Concept. THESIS Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Nina Frances Parshall, B.S. Graduate Program in Civil Engineering The Ohio State University 2016 Master's Examination Committee: Dr. Fabian Tan, Advisor Dr. Frank Croft Dr. Lisa Abrams Copyright by Nina Frances Parshall 2016 Abstract This research focuses on the ancient green building evaluation of the Roman Pantheon, use the fuzzy set concept. In today’s society and in the future, there will be pressure from society to continue to make improvements on green building design and construction, and this research aims to advance current green building evaluations. An ancient building, such as, the Roman Pantheon was used for this research because it can provide great insight to ancient design and construction practices, many of which have been forgotten over the years. The green building evaluation first begins with the evaluation of specific green building categories including Site Selection, Use of Water, Energy Conservation, Materials and Resources, Air Quality, and Innovation of Design and Construction. Each category is rated based on the subcategories, which are assigned linguistic rating values. The linguistic values range from extremely non-green to extremely green. After all linguistic ratings are assigned, a weight average is calculated to determine the category rating and the total greenness rating of the Pantheon. While the weighted average can provide a total green building rating for a structure, it does not take into account the unclearly defined linguistic expressions. In order to provide a more realistic green building evaluation, the fuzzy set concept was implemented to calculate the overall greenness rating. The results of this research were that the weighted ii average and the fuzzy rating did differ in their final rating values. Based on the assessment using the weighted average the Pantheon has a total greenness rating of 1.29 or between fairly green and green, and based upon the fuzzy set concept, the Pantheon has a total rating of [-0.61, 2.01] or between neutral and fairly green. iii Vita 2011 ……………………………………B.S. Civil Engineering, The Ohio State University Fields of Study Major Field: Civil Engineering iv Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. ii Vita .................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Goal and Objective ............................................................................................... 2 1.3 Scope and Limitations .......................................................................................... 3 1.4 Tasks..................................................................................................................... 4 1.5 Thesis Organization.............................................................................................. 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review ........................................................................................... 6 2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Architectural History of Rome from Augustus to Hadrian .................................. 6 2.3 Predecessors of the Pantheon ............................................................................. 10 2.3.1 Circular Structures ...................................................................................... 11 v 2.3.2 Arches, Vaults, and Domes ......................................................................... 14 2.4 Historical Overview of Pantheon ....................................................................... 16 Chapter 3 The Pantheon ................................................................................................ 20 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 20 3.2 Foundation .......................................................................................................... 23 3.3 Rotunda .............................................................................................................. 26 3.4 Transition Block ................................................................................................. 31 3.5 Dome .................................................................................................................. 34 3.6 Portico ................................................................................................................ 39 3.7 Summary of Components ................................................................................... 45 Chapter 4 Sequence of Pantheon’s Construction ........................................................ 47 4.1 Pre-Construction................................................................................................. 47 4.1.1 Soil and Water Table .................................................................................. 47 4.1.2 Surveying and Site Layout .......................................................................... 49 4.1.2 Material Procurement................................................................................. 52 4.2 Substructure Construction ....................................................................................... 53 4.2.1 Portico Foundation ...................................................................................... 54 4.2.2 Rotunda and Transition Block Foundation ................................................. 54 4.3 Superstructure Construction ............................................................................... 60 vi 4.3.1 Rotunda and Transition Block .................................................................... 61 4.3.2 Dome ........................................................................................................... 70 4.3.3 Portico ........................................................................................................ 73 4.3.4 Interior and Exterior Finishes ..................................................................... 74 4.4 Conclusion and Discussion of Construction Process ......................................... 75 Chapter 5 Green Building Evaluation of the Pantheon .............................................. 77 5.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 77 5.2 Site Selection ...................................................................................................... 81 5.3 Use of Water....................................................................................................... 84 5.4 Energy Conservation .......................................................................................... 86 5.5 Materials and Resources..................................................................................... 90 5.6 Air Quality.......................................................................................................... 94 5.7 Innovation of Design and Construction ............................................................ 97 5.7 Conclusion of Green Building Evaluation ....................................................... 101 5.8 Discussion ........................................................................................................ 102 Chapter 6 Green Building Evaluation Using Fuzzy Set Concept ............................. 104 6.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 104 6.2 Fuzzy Set Models for the Pantheon.................................................................. 108 6.3 Rating Index of Fuzzy Set Models ................................................................... 115 vii 6.4 Conclusion of Fuzzy Logic .............................................................................. 118 Chapter 7 Conclusion ................................................................................................... 120 7.1 Summary .......................................................................................................... 120 7.2 Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 122 7.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................ 125 Appendix A Glossary ........................................................................................... 127 Appendix B Material Calculations ..................................................................... 130 Appendix C Fuzzy Models and Calculations ..................................................... 136 Site Selection ..............................................................................................................
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