The Science and Economics of Concrete
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Recycled Concrete Aggregate: Influence of Aggregate Pre-Saturation and Curing Conditions on the Hardened Properties of Concrete
RECYCLED CONCRETE AGGREGATE: INFLUENCE OF AGGREGATE PRE-SATURATION AND CURING CONDITIONS ON THE HARDENED PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE by Daniel Pickel A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfilment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Civil Engineering Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2014 © Daniel Pickel 2014 AUTHOR`S DECLARATION I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii ABSTRACT Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is a construction material, which is being used in the Canadian construction industry more frequently than it was in the past. The environmental benefits associated with RCA use, such as reduced landfilling and natural aggregate (NA) quarrying, have been identified by industry and government agencies. This has resulted in some incentives to use RCA in construction applications. Some properties of RCA are variable and as a result the material is often used as a structural fill, which is a low risk application. The use of RCA in this application is beneficial from an overall sustainability perspective but may not represent the most efficient use of the material. Efficient use of a material means getting the most benefit possible out of that material in a given application. The initial step in efficient material use is evaluating how a material affects its potential applications. In the case of RCA, this includes its use in concrete as a coarse aggregate. -
Recycled Aggregates in Concrete Production: Engineering Properties and Environmental Impact
MATEC Web of Conferences 101, 05021 (2017) DOI: 10.1051/ matecconf/201710105021 SICEST 2016 Recycled aggregates in concrete production: engineering properties and environmental impact Mohammed Seddik Meddah* Department of Civil & Architectural Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, 123 Al-Khod, Oman Abstract: Recycled concrete aggregate is considered as the most abundant and used secondary aggregate in concrete production, other types of solid waste are also being used in concrete for specific purposes and to achieve some desired properties. Recycled aggregates and particularly, recycled concrete aggregate substantially affect the properties and mix design of concrete both at fresh and hardened states since it is known by high porosity due to the adhered layer of old mortar on the aggregate which results in a high water absorption of the recycled secondary aggregate. This leads to lower density and strength, and other durability related properties. The use of most recycled aggregate in concrete structures is still limited to low strength and non-structural applications due to important drop in strength and durability performances generated. Embedding recycled aggregates in concrete is now a current practice in many countries to enhance sustainability of concrete industry and reduce its environmental impacts. The present paper discusses the various possible recycled aggregates used in concrete production, their effect on both fresh and hardened properties as well as durability performances. The economic and environmental impacts of partially or fully substituting natural aggregates by secondary recycled aggregates are also discussed. 1 Introduction future and should be addressed as early as possible. Not only the global climate change but also another very Both natural and processed resources and energy are one serious problem facing the modern society growing is of the most fundamental elements for the daily life of the depletion of non-renewable resources due to their humankind. -
The Mechanical Properties of Brick Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate and Polyethylene Terephthalate Waste As Sand Replacement
E3S Web of Conferences 34, 01001 (2018) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183401001 CENVIRON 2017 The mechanical properties of brick containing recycled concrete aggregate and polyethylene terephthalate waste as sand replacement Faisal Sheikh Khalid1*, Nurul Bazilah Azmi1, Puteri Natasya Mazenan1, Shahiron Shahidan1, and Noorwirdawati Ali1 1Jamilus Research Centre for Sustainable Construction (JRC), Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia Abstract. This research focuses on the performance of composite sand cement brick containing recycle concrete aggregate and waste polyethylene terephthalate. This study aims to determine the mechanical properties such as compressive strength and water absorption of composite brick containing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste. The bricks specimens were prepared by using 100% natural sand, they were then replaced by RCA at 25%, 50% and 75% with proportions of PET consists of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% by weight of natural sand. Based on the results of compressive strength, only RCA 25% with 0.5% PET achieve lower strength than normal bricks while others showed a high strength. However, all design mix reaches strength more than 7N/mm2 as expected. Besides that, the most favorable mix design that achieves high compressive strength is 75% of RCA with 0.5% PET. 1 Introduction Cement and sand bricks are a type of bricks that is commonly used in low and medium cost housing development and other commercial constructions in Malaysia since it is easy to produce and cheap [1]. However, there is an issue in producing these materials especially in developing areas where manufactures find it difficult to locate adequate sources of natural cement and aggregate supply [2-3]. -
Partial Replacement of Aggregate with Ceramic Tile in Concrete
A PROJECT REPORT ON “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE WITH CERAMIC TILE IN CONCRETE” SUBMITTED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA IN PARTIAL FULLFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING BY G.SAI CHAND (15KQ1D8705) Under The Esteemed Guidance Of Mr. P.RAVI KUMAR, M.Tech ASST.PROFESSOR, DEPT OF CE. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES (AFFLIATED TO JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY KAKINADA & ACCRIDATED BY NAAC ‘A’ GRADE & AN ISO 9001-2008 CERTIFIED INSTITUTION) VALLUR,PRAKASAM(Dt). 2015-2017 PACE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES, VALLUR DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project work “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF AGGREGATE WITH CERAMIC TILE IN CONCRETE” Submitted by G.SAI CHAND , is examined and adjusted as sufficient as a partial requirement for the MASTER DEGREE IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING at Jawaharlal Nehru Technological university, Kakinada is a bonafide record of the work done by student under my guidance and supervision. Project Guide Head of the Department P.RAVI KUMAR , M.Tech, G.GANESH NAIDU,M.Tech,(P.hd) Asst. Professor Asst. Professor & HOD, DEPARTMENT OF CE DEPARTMENT OF CE Principal Dr. C.V.SUBBA RAO, M.Tech , Phd. PROJECT EXTERNAL EXAMINER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to take this opportunity to express my heartiest concern of words to all those people who have helped me in various ways to complete my project. I express my profound gratitude to my Project guide Mr.P.RAVI KUMAR, M.Tech, Asst.Professor, Department of CE for his valuable and inspiring guidance, comments, and encouragements throughout the course of this project. -
Aggregate and the Environment Was Prepared Under the Sponsorship of the AGI Environmental Geoscience Advisory Committee with Support from the U.S
ooperative planning by developers, government, and citizens is the key to successful protection and utilization of aggregate resources. AGI gratefully acknowledges the AGI Foundation and the U.S. Geological Survey for their support of this book and of the Environmental Awareness Series. For more information about this Series please see the inside back cover. AGI ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS SERIES,8 William H. Langer Lawrence J. Drew Janet S. Sachs With a Foreword by Travis L. Hudson and Philip E. LaMoreaux American Geological Institute in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey About the Authors William H. Langer has been a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) since 1971, and has been the USGS Resource Geologist for Aggregate since 1976. He is a member of the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration (SME), the American Society for Testing and Materials committees for Concrete Aggregate and Road and Paving Materials, and the International Association of Engineering Geologists Commission No. 17 on Aggregates. He has conducted geologic mapping and field studies of aggregate resources throughout much of the United States. He has published over 100 reports, maps, and articles relating to crushed stone and gravel resources including monthly columns about geology and aggregate resources Foreword 4 It Helps To Know 7 in Aggregates Manager and Quarry. Preface 5 Why Aggregate Is Important 9 Lawrence J. Drew has nearly 40 years of experience working on mineral and petroleum What the Environmental assessment and environmental problems in private Concerns Are 12 industry and with the federal government. Since joining the U.S. Geological Survey in 1972, he has How Science Can Help 12 worked on the development of assessment techniques for undiscovered mineral and petroleum resources. -
Reuse of Ceramic Waste As Aggregate in Concrete
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 03 Issue: 07 | July-2016 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 Reuse of Ceramic Waste as Aggregate in Concrete Prof. Shruthi. H. G1, Prof. Gowtham Prasad. M. E2 Samreen Taj3, Syed Ruman Pasha4 Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, ATME College of Engineering, Mysuru, INDIA Assistant professor & head, Department of Civil Engineering, Don Bosco Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, INDIA UG – Scholars, Department of Civil Engineering, ATME College of Engineering, Mysuru, Karnataka, INDIA Abstract - The reuse of ceramic waste as a substitute for Chemical and Physical degradation forces. Ceramic tile coarse aggregate in concrete has been investigated. The aggregate are hard having considered value of specific ceramic wastes are of three types, namely Tiles, Clay bricks gravity, rough surface on one side and smooth on other and flowerpot were used. This study intends to use of ceramic side, are lighter in weight than normal stone tile aggregate in concrete production. Ceramic tiles were aggregates. Using ceramic tiles as aggregate in concrete obtained from manufacturing industries, from construction not only will be cost effective but also will be good from and demolition sites, this cause’s environmental pollution. The environmental point of view. utilization of crushed tile as a coarse aggregate in concrete would also have a positive effect on the economy. Therefore, The following section gives a brief background reuse of these ceramic wastes in concrete production could be and some of the important pertinent studies that were an effective measure in maintaining the environment and improving the properties of concrete. -
Chapter 1 Overview and History of the Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate
Chapter 1 Overview and History of the Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate Industry April 2007 Expanded Shale, Clay & Slate Institute (ESCSI) 2225 E. Murray Holladay Rd, Suite 102 Salt Lake City, Utah 84117 (801) 272-7070 Fax: (801) 272-3377 [email protected] www.escsi.org CHAPTER 1 1.1 Introduction 1.2 How it started 1.3 Beginnings of the Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate (ESCS) Industry 1.4 What is Rotary Kiln Produced ESCS Lightweight Aggregate? 1.5 What is Lightweight Concrete? 1.6 Marine Structures The Story of the Selma Powell River Concrete Ships Concrete Ships of World War II (1940-1947) Braddock Gated Dam Off Shore Platforms 1.7 First Building Using Structural Lightweight Concrete 1.8 Growth of the ESCS Industry 1.9 Lightweight Concrete Masonry Units Advantages of Lightweight Concrete Masonry Units 1.10 High Rise Building Parking Structures 1.11 Precast-Prestressed Lightweight Concrete 1.12 Thin Shell Construction 1.13 Resistance to Nuclear Blast 1.14 Design Flexibility 1.15 Floor and Roof Fill 1.16 Bridges 1.17 Horticulture Applications 1.18 Asphalt Surface Treatment and Hotmix Applications 1.19 A World of Uses – Detailed List of Applications SmartWall® High Performance Concrete Masonry Asphalt Pavement (Rural, City and Freeway) Structural Concrete (Including high performance) Geotechnical Horticulture Applications Specialty Concrete Miscellaneous Appendix 1A ESCSI Information Sheet #7600 “Expanded Shale, Clay and Slate- A World of Applications…Worldwide 1-1 1.1 Introduction The purpose of this reference manual (RM) is to provide information on the practical application of expanded shale, clay and slate (ESCS) lightweight aggregates. -
Recycled Concrete Usage in Aggregrate Materials
Washington State Department of Transportation State Construction Office RECYCLED CONCRETE USAGE IN AGGREGATE MATERIALS 2016 ANNUAL REPORT February 14th, 2017 RECYCLED CONCRETE USAGE IN AGGREGATE MATERIALS SUMMARY Engrossed Substitute House Bill (ESHB) 1695 passed the Washington State Legislature in 2015. Section 3 of the Bill requires the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to develop and establish objectives and strategies for the reuse and recycling of construction aggregate and recycled concrete materials. New language was added to RCW 70.95.805 that requires WSDOT to “specify and annually use a minimum of twenty-five percent construction aggregate and recycled concrete materials on its cumulative transportation, roadway, street, highway and other transportation infrastructure projects” unless construction aggregate and recycled concrete materials are not readily available or cost-effective. The Bill also required that “The department of transportation and its implementation partners must collaboratively develop and establish objectives and strategies for the reuse and recycling of construction aggregate and recycled concrete materials.” As a first step in addressing these requirements, WSDOT established a core group of implementation partners to assist with the effort. The implementation partners were carefully selected to ensure representation from all the key stakeholders affected by this legislation. The implementation team included the following individuals: Scott Ayers – Graham Construction Jimmy Blais – Gary -
Quantification of Anthropogenic Metabolism Using Spatially Differentiated Continuous MFA Across the Country
Change Adaptation Socioecol. Syst. 2017; 3: 119–132 Research Article Georg Schiller, Karin Gruhler, Regine Ortlepp* Quantification of anthropogenic metabolism using spatially differentiated continuous MFA https://doi.org/10.1515/cass-2017-0011 across the country. In Germany, such disparities mean that received April 13, 2017; accepted January 16, 2018 there will be a shortfall in RA of 6.3 Gt by the year 2020, Abstract: Coefficient-based, bottom-up material flow while the technically available but unusable RA (due to a analysis is a suitable tool to quantify inflows, outflows regional mismatch of potential supply and demand) will and stock dynamics of materials used by societies, and total 3.2 Gt. Comprehensive recycling strategies have to thus can deliver strategic knowledge needed to develop combine high-quality recycling with other lower-grade circular economy policies. Anthropogenic stocks and flows applications for secondary raw materials. Particularly in are mostly of bulk nonmetallic mineral materials related the case of building materials, essential constraints are to the construction, operation and demolition of buildings not only technical but also local conditions of construction and infrastructures. Consequently, it is important to be and demolition. These interrelations should be identified able to quantify circulating construction materials to and integrated into a comprehensive system to manage help estimate the mass of secondary materials which can the social metabolism of materials in support of circular be recovered such as recycled aggregates (RA) for fresh economy policies. concrete in new buildings. Yet as such bulk materials are high volume but of low unit value, they are generally Keywords: continuous material flow analysis (C-MFA), produced and consumed within a region. -
Utilization of Plastic Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) As a Coarse Aggregate Alternative in Paving Block
MATEC Web of Conferences 280, 04007 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf /201928004007 ICSBE 2018 Utilization of Plastic Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) as a Coarse Aggregate Alternative in Paving Block Wiku A. Krasna1,*, Rijali Noor1, and Denny D. Ramadani2 1 Lecturer of Faculty of Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia 2 Student of Faculty of Engineering, Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia Abstract. PET plastic waste is found everywhere in Banjarbaru City compared to other plastic wastes. It is an excellent prospect to reuse the PET plastic waste. The demand of mountain rock and stone from natural resources increases as happened in Aranio Sub District, Banjar Regency. This research is expected to find one way of suppressing the growth of the number of stone mines or natural stone. Based on SNI 03-0691-1996, the classification of the paving block differentiated according to its usage class, one of which is the C quality used by pedestrians. PET waste used as a coarse aggregate previously processed into aggregate with the ratio of cement material, fine aggregate, a coarse aggregate of 1:6:4. PET waste is processed by melting PET and forming into aggregates. The paving with PET waste process by a hydraulic press machine and tested for strength after 28 days. The result of weight measurement with the specimen increases the amount of PET in the paving block mixture, the paving weight decreases as well as the compressive strength. 1 Preliminary 1.1 Background Natural resources are one of the essential assets for country’s/national development. Therefore, should be utilized as widely as possible for the interests of the people with attention to sustainability [1]. -
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION Crushed Stone
1114 NEPD Ver. 1 2015 ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION in accordance with ISO 14025, ISO 21930 and EN 15804 Owner of the declaration: Franzefoss Pukk AS Program operator: The Norwegian EPD Foundation Publisher: The Norwegian EPD Foundation Declaration number: NEPD-1537-527-EN Registration number: NEPD-1537-527-EN ECO Platform reference number: - Issue date: 13.03.2018 Valid to: 13.03.2023 Crushed stone construction aggregate products, Oslo and Bærum Franzefoss Pukk AS www.epd-norge.no NEPD-1537-527-EN Crushed stone construction aggregate products, Oslo and Bærum 1/8 General information Product: Owner of the declaration: Crushed stone construction aggregate products, Oslo and Franzefoss Pukk AS Bærum Contact person: Henrik Bager Phone: +47 482 00 589 e-mail: [email protected] Program operator: Manufacturer: The Norwegian EPD Foundation Franzefoss Pukk AS Postboks 5250 Majorstuen, 0303 Oslo Phone: +47 977 22 020 e-mail: [email protected] Declaration number: Place of production: NEPD-1537-527-EN Bondkall (Oslo) and Steinskogen (Bærum), Norway ECO Platform reference number: Management system: - NS-EN ISO 9001:2015 NS-EN ISO 14001:2015 This declaration is based on Product Category Rules: Organisation no: CEN Standard EN 15804 serves as core PCR 982 153 018 NPCR PART A: Construction Products and Services, 07.04.2017 Statement of liability: Issue date: The owner of the declaration shall be liable for the 13.03.2018 underlying information and evidence. EPD Norway shall not be liable with respect to manufacturer information, life cycle assessment data or evidence. Valid to: 13.03.2023 Declared unit: Year of study: 1 metric ton crushed stone construction aggregate products LCA conducted 2018. -
Effect of Recycled Coarse Aggregate Manufactured from Different Industry
Effect of recycled coarse aggregate manufactured from different industry waste with mineral admixtures on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete Vimalkumar N Patel1, C D Modhera2, Krunali Savalia3 1Research Scholar, Applied mechanics department, S V National institute of technology, Surat (India) 2Professor, applied mechanics department, S V National institute of technology, Surat (India) 3Assistant Professor, Civil engineering department, Government engineering college, Rajkot (India) ABSTRACT In countries like India and elsewhere, the natural aggregate resources had already reached at alarming rate due to day by day high demand of construction activities in recent years. On the other hand, million tons of construction and demolition (C&D) residues and ceramic wastes are generated which are having hazardous effect on environment. These wastes can be utilized as a partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate in concrete and desired mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete can be achieved with the added use of mineral admixtures. Result shows that at 30% replacement level, compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete is decreased by only 10% which is not significantly different than that of natural aggregate concrete and with 7.5% replacement of cement by Metakaolin can achieve the compressive and tensile strength of optimized recycled aggregate concretes same as that of Natural aggregate concrete. Keywords: Recycled aggregates, Construction and demolition (C&D) waste aggregate, ceramic waste aggregate, Metakaolin I INTRODUCTION The use of natural aggregates in concrete leads to high environmental impacts firstly because of the amount of emissions of CO2 produced during their extraction and secondly because of the depletion of natural resources that this activity implies [1].