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The State of the Internet in France

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The State of the Internet in France 2020 TOME 3 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France French Republic - June 2020 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 06 CHAPTER 3 ACCELERATING Editorial by Sébastien Soriano, THE TRANSITION TO IPV6 40 President of Arcep 06 1. Phasing out IPv4: the indispensable transition to IPv6 40 NETWORKS DURING 2. Barometer of the transition HET COVID-19 CRISIS 08 to IPv6 in France 47 3. Creation of an IPv6 task force 54 PART 1 000012 gathering the Internet ecosystem ENSURING THE INTERNET FUNCTIONS PROPERLY PART 2 58 CHAPTER 1 ENSURING IMPROVING INTERNET INTERNET OPENNESS QUALITY MEASUREMENT 14 CHAPTER 4 1. Potential biases of quality of service GUARANTEEING measurement 15 NET NEUTRALITY 60 2. Implementing an API in customer 1. Net neutrality outside of France 60 boxes to characterise the user environment 15 2. Arcep’s involvement in European works 65 3. Towards more transparent and robust measurement 3. Developing Arcep’s toolkit 68 18 methodologies 4. Inventory of observed practices 70 4. Importance of choosing the right test servers 22 CHAPTER 5 5. Arcep’s monitoring of mobile DEVICES AND PLATFORMS, Internet quality 26 TWO STRUCTURAL LINKS IN THE INTERNET ACCESS CHAPTER 2 CHAIN 72 SUPERVISING DATA 1. Device neutrality: progress report 72 INTERCONNECTION 29 2. Structural digital platforms 74 1. How the Internet’s architecture has evolved over time 29 2. State of interconnection in France 33 PART 3 76 TACKLE THE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY’S ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATE DIGITAL TECH’S ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT INTO THE REGULATION 78 1. Current status 78 2. Arcep’s initial work, through its “Future networks” cycle of inquiry 78 3. The regulator’s commitment to meeting the environmental challenge 80 Lexicon 82 Annex 1: Parameters provided by the API 87 Annex 2: Tests servers provided by the diferent quality of service measurement tools 90 EDITORIAL A bountiful internet can also be a green internet The public health crisis and resulting lockdown in France provided us with a stark reminder of how vital networks are to the life of the country. This unprecedented crisis also confrmed the extent to which networks are and must remain a “common good”. It is more crucial than ever before to guarantee accessibility, and a smooth-running and open Internet. The exemplary mobilisation of operators’ with public authorities. Users too heard teams and all of their subcontractors the call from Arcep, the Government ensured the networks’ ongoing operations and operators to do their part in helping and maintenance in the feld. I would like balance out traffc loads on the networks. to take this opportunity to salute them all, Even though we do not really know whether once again, for their dedication. Beyond this is all behind us, the unprecedented that, infrastructures also demonstrated upheaval caused by this pandemic has their resilience and enabled operators to already offered up several lessons, aside cope with potential congestion risks. This from the obvious and absolute need for is the fruit of an infrastructure deployment connectivity. model that has stood the test of solidity. First, Europe’s net neutrality regulation has And regulation that promotes investment in once again proven its relevance and its infrastructure – which totalled €10.4 billion capacity to adapt. More importantly, it is last year alone – has stood the test of showing the way forward. When it comes By relevance, for both fbre and 4G. to governing common assets, the “law of Sébastien Soriano, Market players’ and users’ shared the crowd” will always win out over “law of President of Arcep responsibility is intrinsically bound to the the strongest”. European Union regulators very idea of a common good. This is what who are members of BEREC* and the has ensured that the vast majority continue European Commission all reiterated these to have access to high-quality networks. principles throughout the crisis. Arcep From the very start of the Covid-19 crisis, worked to ensure that these principles every stakeholder was quick to rally to continued to be fully enforced despite prevent a possible network overload. the very singular circumstances, and will The Government and Arcep established continue to be net neutrality’s watchdog. a dialogue with operators to anticipate the This period and the many events that potential risks ahead. The leading content punctuated it also fuelled awareness of and service providers decreased their the need for a clearer framework in this footprint on the network, either on their area. In addition to the non-discrimination on initiative or as the result of a dialogue obligation imposed on operators, major content and service providers’ tremendous impact This year, for the frst time, Arcep’s report on the on the networks warrants attention. The dialogue state of the Internet in France devotes an entire between these players and operators over improving chapter to environmental issues. This includes a network management has sometimes seemed like reminder of the frst available quantifed fndings one of variable geometry, for instance when rolling on digital technology’s carbon footprint, and an out new services, introducing certain options or exposé on the preliminary actions that Arcep has posting updates to certain especially popular games taken to measure the environmental impact of a online. It would be wise to establish a dialogue sector that today represents around 3% of the mechanism that would enable operators to anticipate globe’s greenhouse gas emissions. and plan for these events. It would also be worth But let there be no misunderstanding. The necessary assessing how effcient online service providers’ digital sobriety must not be seen as synonymous optimisation measures (downgraded video format) with placing limits on online exchanges. The crisis were in reducing their bandwidth consumption. But, revealed how crucial these interactions are to the life let us be clear, permissionless innovation needs to of the Nation, and no authority in a democracy could remain the rule for one and all, even if the handful of or should stand as arbiter of good or bad uses. The heavyweight OTT* companies whose traffc shapes Internet’s profusion must remain an inexhaustible how networks are provisioned should proactively source of vitality, expression and innovation. The commit to a systematic dialogue. challenge that awaits us is far more meticulous: it Although far from the subjects that fall under is by breaking down the different uses’ technical Arcep’s purview, the development of contact tracing chains that we can make every link along those solutions to help fght the spread of the epidemic, chains accountable, maintaining an overall cap on thanks to the use of digital technology, also digital technology’s environmental footprint, and confrmed how important it is that everyone work remaining deeply committed to eco-friendly design. to ensure an open Internet, beyond just telecom This report on the state of the Internet in France operators. As to the decisive role played by the is Volume 3 of Arcep’s annual report: it provides two main mobile operating system (OS*) providers, the keys to understanding what keeps the it seems increasingly vital to be able to challenge Internet running smoothly, before and during the these players on their technological choices, and coronavirus crisis, by detailing how the Internet’s the fetters they place on app developers. Is it really acceptable that private sector players’ technical main components evolved over the course of 2019: decisions can influence the choices made by quality of service, data interconnection, the transition democratic governments such as ours, on matters to IPv6, net neutrality, device openness and the of public health? This is the question that the current role played by platforms. public health crisis is forcing us to ask, separate In addition to these issues, the latest developments from any underlying debates about the tool itself. surrounding telecoms networks raise a number of Extending the principle of an open Internet to include societal questions: sovereignty, digital inclusion, operating systems, which Arcep has been proposing privacy, etc. These issues do not fall directly under to public policymakers since 2018, seems more Arcep’s purview, and so are not examined in detail pressing than ever before. in this report. Arcep’s work on accessibility and Finally, the period of lockdown that we experienced coverage is presented in Volumes 1 and 2 of its confrmed how urgent it is to make environmental Annual Report. issues the centrepiece of our actions. Arcep is And, fnally, let us remember that Arcep would be frmly committed to this path, with the launch of a nothing without every stakeholders’ full and earnest collaboration platform devoted to “Achieving digital engagement, which is why we were eager to give sustainability”, building on the momentum begun them an opportunity to express themselves in this last year with the “Future networks” cycle of inquiry. report. We hereby thank them most sincerely. * See lexicon. NETWORKS DURING THE COVID-19 CRISIS Networks during This report on the state of the Internet looks at Arcep’s activities and the events that occurred in 2019. But the public health crisis and subsequent lockdown in spring 2020 had a tremendous impact on network the Covid-19use, so Arcep decided to devote a chapter to summarisingcrisis its observations to date, and the frst lessons learned from this period. Arcep will confne itself here to the topics addressed in this report and, despite their signifcance, will not address the issues surrounding digital inclusion that arose during this crisis. The volume of traffic flowing over the Internet typically varies in Internet traffic during the lockdown – as much as 30% according substantially throughout the day, and depending on the day of to initial estimates1 – but also to a significant change in the traffic the week.
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