DOCSLIB.ORG

Introduction to Internet Governance

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Introduction to Internet Governance For easy reference: a list of frequently The history of this book is long, in Internet time. The used abbreviations and acronyms original text and the overall approach, including AN INTRODUCTION TO TO AN INTRODUCTION the five-basket methodology, were developed APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation in 1997 for a training course on information ccTLD country code Top-Level Domain AN INTRODUCTION TO and communications technology (ICT) policy CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing for government officials from Commonwealth DMCA Digital Millennium Copyright Act countries. In 2004, Diplo published a print version DNS Domain Name System of its Internet governance materials, in a booklet DRM Digital Rights Management INTERNET entitled Internet Governance – Issues, Actors and GAC Governmental Advisory Committee Divides. This booklet formed part of the Information gTLD generic Top-Level Domain INTERNET Society Library, a Diplo initiative driven by Stefano HTML HyperText Markup Language Baldi, Eduardo Gelbstein, and Jovan Kurbalija. IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority GOVERNANCE Special thanks are due to Eduardo Gelbstein, who ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned made substantive contributions to the sections Names and Numbers GOVERNANCE dealing with cybersecurity, spam, and privacy, and ICC International Chamber of Commerce AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET GOVERNANCE Jovan Kurbalija to Vladimir Radunovic, Ginger Paque, and Stephanie aICT Information and Communications Jovan Kurbalija Borg-Psaila who updated the course materials. Technology Comments and suggestions from other colleagues IDN Internationalized Domain Name are acknowledged in the text. Stefano Baldi, Eduardo IETF Internet Engineering Task Force An Introduction to Internet Governance provides a comprehensive overview Gelbstein, and Vladimir Radunovic all contributed IGF Internet Governance Forum of the main issues and actors in this field. The book is written in a clear and significantly to developing the concepts behind IP Internet Protocol accessible way, supplemented with numerous figures and illustrations. It the illustrations in the book. In 2008, a special, IPR Intellectual Property Rights revised version of the book, entitled simply An focuses on technical, legal, economic, development, and sociocultural aspects ISOC Internet Society Introduction to Internet Governance, was published ISP Internet Service Provider of Internet governance, providing a brief introduction, a summary of major in cooperation with NIXI India on the occasion of ITU International Telecommunication Union questions and controversies, and a survey of different views and approaches the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) 2008 held in Jovan Kurbalija Jovan IXP Internet eXchange Point for each issue. The book offers a practical framework for analysis and Hyderabad, India. In 2009, a revised third edition MoU Memorandum of Understanding discussion of Internet governance. was published in the cooperation with the Ministry OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation of Communication and Information Technology of and Development Egypt Internet Governance. The fourth edition (2010) Since 1997 more than 1500 diplomats, computer specialists, civil society PKI Public Key Infrastructure was produced in partnership with the Secretariat S&T Science and Technology activists, and academics have attended training courses based on the text and of the Africa-Caribbean-Pacific Group of Countries SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language approach presented in this book. With every delivery of the course, materials and the European Union. The fifth edition (2012) sTLD sponsored Top-Level Domain are updated and improved. This regular updating makes the book particularly was published in cooperation with the Azerbaijan TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ useful as a teaching resource for introductory studies in Internet governance. Diplomatic Academy (ADA). Internet Protocol TLD Top-Level Domain TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UDRP Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy UNECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VoIP Voice-over Internet Protocol 6th Edition W3C World Wide Web Consortium WGIG Working Group on Internet Governance WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WSIS World Summit on the Information Society XML eXtensible Markup Language 6th Edition z The history of this book is long, in Internet time. The For easy reference: a list of frequently original text and the overall approach, including used abbreviations and acronyms the five-basket methodology, were developed APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation in 1997 for a training course on information ccTLD country code Top-Level Domain and communications technology (ICT) policy CIDR Classless Inter-Domain Routing for government officials from Commonwealth DMCA Digital Millennium Copyright Act countries. In 2004, Diplo published a print version DNS Domain Name System of its Internet governance materials, in a booklet DRM Digital Rights Management entitled Internet Governance – Issues, Actors and Divides. This booklet formed part of the Information GAC Governmental Advisory Committee Society Library, a Diplo initiative driven by Stefano gTLD generic Top-Level Domain Baldi, Eduardo Gelbstein, and Jovan Kurbalija. HTML HyperText Markup Language Special thanks are due to Eduardo Gelbstein, who IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority made substantive contributions to the sections ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers dealing with cybersecurity, spam, and privacy, and to Vladimir Radunovic, Ginger Paque, and Stephanie ICC International Chamber of Commerce Borg-Psaila who updated the course materials. aICT Information and Communications Technology Comments and suggestions from other colleagues IDN Internationalized Domain Name are acknowledged in the text. Stefano Baldi, Eduardo IETF Internet Engineering Task Force Gelbstein, and Vladimir Radunovic all contributed IGF Internet Governance Forum significantly to developing the concepts behind IP Internet Protocol the illustrations in the book. In 2008, a special, revised version of the book, entitled simply An IPR Intellectual Property Rights Introduction to Internet Governance, was published ISOC Internet Society in cooperation with NIXI India on the occasion of ISP Internet Service Provider the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) 2008 held in ITU International Telecommunication Union Hyderabad, India. In 2009, a revised third edition IXP Internet eXchange Point was published in the cooperation with the Ministry MoU Memorandum of Understanding of Communication and Information Technology of OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation Egypt Internet Governance. The fourth edition (2010) and Development was produced in partnership with the Secretariat PKI Public Key Infrastructure of the Africa-Caribbean-Pacific Group of Countries S&T Science and Technology and the European Union. The fifth edition (2012) SGML Standard Generalized Markup Language was published in cooperation with the Azerbaijan sTLD sponsored Top-Level Domain Diplomatic Academy (ADA). TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol TLD Top-Level Domain TRIPS Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UDRP Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy UNECOSOC United Nations Economic and Social Council UNCITRAL United Nations Commission on International Trade Law UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VoIP Voice-over Internet Protocol W3C World Wide Web Consortium WGIG Working Group on Internet Governance WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WSIS World Summit on the Information Society XML eXtensible Markup Language AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNET GOVERNANCE Jovan Kurbalija 6th Edition Published by DiploFoundation (2014) Malta: Anutruf, Ground Floor, Hriereb Street, Msida, MSD 1675, Malta Switzerland: DiploFoundation 7bis, Avenue de la Paix CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.diplomacy.edu Cover: the Argument by Design – www.tabd.co.uk Editing: Mary Murphy Illustrations: Zoran Marcetic – Marča & Vladimir Veljašević Layout & Prepress: the Argument by Design Printing: Aleksandar Nedeljkov Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under http://creativecommons.org/licences/by-nc-nd/3.0/ The translation and publication of this book in other languages is encouraged. For more information, please contact [email protected] Any reference to a particular product in this book serves merely as an example and should not be considered an endorsement or recommendation of the product itself. ISBN: 978-99932-53-28-0 Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................................... 1 Section 1: Introduction ......................................3 What does Internet governance mean? ...................................................................................................... 5 The evolution of Internet governance ......................................................................................................... 7 The Internet Governance Cognitive Toolkit ............................................................................................. 15 Approaches and patterns
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Net Neutrality Is Crucial for Democracy. Please Don't Let the Broadband Monopolies Extort Every Website Owner in the World
    Net neutrality is crucial for democracy. Please don't let the broadband monopolies extort every website owner in the world. They're already screwing over their customers with their exorbitant prices and unreliably service *cough*monopoly*cough*. We use the internet to communicate. We need the internet to communicate it large groups. Comcast and friends are common carriers. This is really important. -Jason Woofenden, Northampton, MA I'm a single-mother with a home-based business. Net Neutrality is important to my ability to earn money for my family, to access a wide range of information and viewpoints, and to continue on the path as a lifelong learner. -Rachel Cullar, Oakley, CA I am sick and tired off the greed off the cable companies and the whores in Washington, DC they will get on thier knees for any reason as long as they get the money. Wheeler is just the latest The United States would be well served turning Washington, DC back into a swamp. Please include all of the politicians and lobby folks. Thanks -Edward Tharp, Capistrano Beach, CA Net Neutrality is important to me because it is a free and equal system. It is also a system that is not broken, nor in need of an overhaul or major changes. As a taxpayer, citizen and voter, I want the groups that represent me (FCC, Congress, etc) to hear my voice because our government exists not only to govern but to hear the voice of the common man. -Eric Petersen, Millville, CA Simply put, there is no reason to end Net Neutrality.
    [Show full text]
  • Antitrust Over Net Neutrality: Why We Should Take Competition in Broadband Seriously
    ANTITRUST OVER NET NEUTRALITY: WHY WE SHOULD TAKE COMPETITION IN BROADBAND SERIOUSLY HON. MAUREEN K. OHLHAUSEN* In 2015, the FCC subjected broadband Internet service provid- ers to Title II regulation. It did so to enforce net neutrality rules, which require ISPs (internet service providers) to treat all content on their networks equally. The principal justification is to prevent ISPs, in delivering content to their subscribers, from favoring their own content or that of other creators who pay for “fast lanes.” Should such discrimination flourish—the concern goes—ISPs could relegate disfavored content providers to second-tier modes of access to consumers, degrading competition. The rationalization for net neutrality regulation, however, is hard to square with the facts. There is, after all, virtually no evi- dence of ISPs excluding rival content. Two reasons likely explain the paucity of anticompetitive conduct. First, market forces driven by consumer demand would punish broadband service providers that throttled or excluded desired content. And, second, antitrust would forbid efforts by ISPs with significant market power to fore- close rival content. Yet, the FCC’s decision to enact broad net neu- trality rules, which the D.C. Circuit subsequently upheld in 2016, repudiated the view that antitrust is a viable solution to the threat of net neutrality violations. This Article argues, however, that net neutrality proponents too easily dismiss antitrust. Competition law can indeed protect non-economic goals like free speech and democratic participation, but only to the extent that consumers actually value those goals above others. Of course, antitrust does not promote civic discourse as an end in itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Internet Freedom in China: U.S. Government Activity, Private Sector Initiatives, and Issues of Congressional Interest
    Internet Freedom in China: U.S. Government Activity, Private Sector Initiatives, and Issues of Congressional Interest Patricia Moloney Figliola Specialist in Internet and Telecommunications Policy May 18, 2018 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R45200 Internet Freedom in China: U.S. Government and Private Sector Activity Summary By the end of 2017, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) had the world’s largest number of internet users, estimated at over 750 million people. At the same time, the country has one of the most sophisticated and aggressive internet censorship and control regimes in the world. PRC officials have argued that internet controls are necessary for social stability, and intended to protect and strengthen Chinese culture. However, in its 2017 Annual Report, Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans Frontières, RSF) called China the “world’s biggest prison for journalists” and warned that the country “continues to improve its arsenal of measures for persecuting journalists and bloggers.” China ranks 176th out of 180 countries in RSF’s 2017 World Press Freedom Index, surpassed only by Turkmenistan, Eritrea, and North Korea in the lack of press freedom. At the end of 2017, RSF asserted that China was holding 52 journalists and bloggers in prison. The PRC government employs a variety of methods to control online content and expression, including website blocking and keyword filtering; regulating and monitoring internet service providers; censoring social media; and arresting “cyber dissidents” and bloggers who broach sensitive social or political issues. The government also monitors the popular mobile app WeChat. WeChat began as a secure messaging app, similar to WhatsApp, but it is now used for much more than just messaging and calling, such as mobile payments, and all the data shared through the app is also shared with the Chinese government.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Internet Governance: Should the United States Relinquish Its Authority Over ICANN?
    The Future of Internet Governance: Should the United States Relinquish Its Authority over ICANN? Lennard G. Kruger Specialist in Science and Technology Policy September 1, 2016 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R44022 The Future of Internet Governance: Should the U.S. Relinquish Its Authority over ICANN Summary Currently, the U.S. government retains limited authority over the Internet’s domain name system, primarily through the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) functions contract between the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) and the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). By virtue of the IANA functions contract, the NTIA exerts a legacy authority and stewardship over ICANN, and arguably has more influence over ICANN and the domain name system (DNS) than other national governments. Currently the IANA functions contract with NTIA expires on September 30, 2016. However, NTIA has the flexibility to extend the contract for any period through September 2019. On March 14, 2014, NTIA announced the intention to transition its stewardship role and procedural authority over key Internet domain name functions to the global Internet multistakeholder community. To accomplish this transition, NTIA asked ICANN to convene interested global Internet stakeholders to develop a transition proposal. NTIA stated that it would not accept any transition proposal that would replace the NTIA role with a government-led or an intergovernmental organization solution. For two years, Internet stakeholders were engaged in a process to develop a transition proposal that will meet NTIA’s criteria. On March 10, 2016, the ICANN Board formally accepted the multistakeholder community’s transition plan and transmitted that plan to NTIA for approval.
    [Show full text]
  • Business Process Outsourcing Connecting with New Markets
    Business Process Outsourcing Connecting with new markets Edition 2017/2018 KEY FACTS Official name: Inflation rate, 2016: The Republic of Moldova 6.4 % Autonomous Territorial Unit of Gagauzia (ATU) Unique tax of 7% for IT park residents Area: 1,848 km² Corporate tax: in Free Economic Zones: 12 % 6%, 0% Population: 162,000 inhabitants VAT: in Free Economic Zones: 20%, 8% 0% Language: Gagauzian (Turkic Language Family), Employment rate: Russian and Romanian are most 32% commonly spoken languages in Gagauzia The average gross monthly wage in IT sector:* Capital of ATU Gagauzia: 650 EUR Comrat (26,200 inhabitants) Currency: Moldovan Leu (MDL) *Source: www.statistica.md CONTENT Key Facts 1 Why bussiness process outsoursing to Gagauzia? 3 Bussines process outsourcing (BPO) and ICT 5 Telecommunications 8 Telephony 9 Internet 9 Incentives in ICT sector 11 Bussiness partners 12 Association of ICT companies 12 Invest in Moldova & Invest Gagauzia help you 13 WHY BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING TO GAGAUZIA? Human capital • Gagauzia is an autonomous region of the Republic of Moldova. The region has a population of 162,000 inhabitants. Comrat municipality is the administrative center of Autonomous Territorial Unit with 23,556 inhabitants. Over 80 percent of the total population speaks Gagauz language which is closely linked to Turkic language family. That enables Gagauz people to speak and understand Turkish and Azerbaijani languages. Russian and Romanian are second most spoken languages in Gagauzia. English is widely spoken and understood by the youth; • Work force – the employable population constitutes 104.8 thousand people, which make up for 64.8 % of total population; • Yearly, circa 750 students graduate from the State University of Comrat, two colleges and three vocational schools.
    [Show full text]
  • RSCAS 2013 47Rev. the Role of Internet Access in Enabling
    RSCAS 2013/47 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom The Role of Internet Access in Enabling Individual’s Rights and Freedoms Nicola Lucchi European University Institute Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom The Role of Internet Access in Enabling Individual’s Rights and Freedoms Nicola Lucchi EUI Working Paper RSCAS 2013/47 This text may be downloaded only for personal research purposes. Additional reproduction for other purposes, whether in hard copies or electronically, requires the consent of the author(s), editor(s). If cited or quoted, reference should be made to the full name of the author(s), editor(s), the title, the working paper, or other series, the year and the publisher. ISSN 1028-3625 © Nicola Lucchi, 2013 Printed in Italy, July 2013 European University Institute Badia Fiesolana I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI) Italy www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ www.eui.eu cadmus.eui.eu Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (RSCAS), created in 1992 and directed by Stefano Bartolini since September 2006, aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research and to promote work on the major issues facing the process of integration and European society. The Centre is home to a large post-doctoral programme and hosts major research programmes and projects, and a range of working groups and ad hoc initiatives. The research agenda is organised around a set of core themes and is continuously evolving, reflecting the changing agenda of European integration and the expanding membership of the European Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Digitalization of Public Services in Moldova in the Covid-19 Era
    UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME DIGITALIZATION OF PUBLIC SERVICES IN MOLDOVA IN THE COVID-19 ERA The Impact of COVID-19 It is now six months since the COVID-19 pandemic engulfed our world. It has now become clear that our lives are unlikely to return quickly, if ever, to our previous normality. The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed flaws and limitations in our existing systems and norms. Everybody has either witnessed or experienced large-scale lockdowns. And although the world is re-opening now, COVID-19 is still spreading around the world. Our societies will have to adapt to a “new normal” in practically everything we do. Public services are vital for people’s livelihoods. Everyday people need public services to help them access services, register for retraining programmes or receive social benefits. In this “new normal” the government should make long-term improvements to public services, with a focus on filling the gaps in infrastructure and designing personalized public services. Virtual communication and connectedness will not end with the end of the lockdown. Face-to-face communication will still be important in service provision. However, the government should gradually create the conditions when people will not feel a radical difference between virtual (digital) and physical delivery of public services. To achieve this, it is crucial for the Government to bring the spirit of human interaction and connectedness to digital public services. How do we combine all of this and make public services efficient, personalized, trustworthy, human and most importantly safe in the post-COVID era in Moldova? We attempt to address these questions in this brief.
    [Show full text]
  • About the Internet Governance Forum
    About the Internet Governance Forum The Internet Governance Forum (IGF) – convened by the United Nations Secretary-General – is the global multistakeholder forum for dialogue on Internet governance issues. BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT 1 The IGF as an outcome of WSIS 2 IGF mandate 2 THE IGF PROCESS 3 IGF annual meetings 3 Intersessional activities 4 National, regional and youth IGF initiatives (NRIs) 5 PARTICIPATION IN IGF ACTIVITIES 6 Online participation 6 COORDINATION OF IGF WORK 7 Multistakeholder Advisory Group 7 IGF Secretariat 7 UN DESA 7 FUNDING 7 IMPACT 8 LOOKING AHEAD: STRENGTHENING THE IGF 8 The IGF in the High-level Panel on Digital Cooperation’s report 8 The IGF in the Secretary-General’s Roadmap for Digital Cooperation 9 9 1 BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT The IGF as an outcome of WSIS Internet governance was one of the most controversial issues during the first phase of the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS-I), held in Geneva in December 2003. It was recognised that understanding Internet governance was essential in achieving the development goals of the Geneva Plan of Action, but defining the term and understanding the roles and responsibilities of the different stakeholders involved proved to be difficult. The UN Secretary-General set up a Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG) to explore these issues and prepare a report to feed into the second phase of WSIS (WSIS-II), held in Tunis in November 2005. Many elements contained in the WGIG report – developed through an open process and multistakeholder consultations – were endorsed in the Tunis Agenda for the Information Society (one of the main outcomes of WSIS-II).
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 25: Taking Stock
    Chapter 25 Taking Stock But: connecting the world meant that we also connected all the bad things and all the bad people, and now every social and political problem is expressed in software. We’ve had a horrible ‘oh shit’ moment of realisation, but we haven’t remotely worked out what to do about it. – Benedict Evans If you campaign for liberty you’re likely to find yourself drinking in bad company at the wrong end of the bar. –WhitDiffie 25.1 Introduction Our security group at Cambridge runs a blog, www.lightbluetouchpaper.org, where we discuss the latest hacks and cracks. Many of the attacks hinge on specific applications, as does much of the cool research. Not all applications are the same, though. If our blog software gets hacked it will just give a botnet one more server, but there are other apps from which money can be stolen, others that people rely on for privacy, others that mediate power, and others that can kill. I’ve already discussed many apps from banking through alarms to prepay- ment meters. In this chapter I’m going to briefly describe four classes of ap- plication at the bleeding edge of security research. They are where we find innovative attacks, novel protection problems, and thorny policy issues. They are: autonomous and remotely-piloted vehicles; machine learning, from adver- sarial learning to more general issues of AI in society; privacy technologies; and finally, electronic elections. What these have in common is that while previously, security engineering was about managing complexity in technology with all its exploitable side-e↵ects, we are now bumping up against complexity in human society.
    [Show full text]
  • Internet Governance and the Move to Ipv6
    Internet Governance and the move to IPv6 TU Delft April 2008 Alex Band & Arno Meulenkamp Internet Governance Community Policies Internet Resource Statistics IPv6 2 Internet Governance ISOC IETF ICANN / IANA RIRs 4 The 5 RIRs 5 What is RIPE NCC? RIPE NCC is –a Network Coordination Center –an independent organisation –a not-for-profit membership association –one of the 5 Regional Internet Registries 6 Registration 7 Goals of the IR System: Registration Why? Ensure uniqueness of IP address space usage Provide contact information for network operators How? RIPE Database Results: IP address space allocated uniquely Contact information available for Internet resources 8 Aggregation 9 Goals of the IR System: Aggregation Why? Routing table grows fast Provide scalable routing solution for the Internet How? Encourage announcement of whole allocations (min /21) Introduction of Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) Results: Growth of routing table slowed down 10 Conservation 11 Goals of the IR System: Conservation Why? IP address space is limited resource Ensure efficient usage How? Introduction of CIDR Community based policies to ensure fair usage Results: IP address space consumption slowed Address space allocated on ‘need to use’ basis 12 IP address distribution IANA RIR LIR /23 /25 /25 End User Allocation PA Assignment PI Assignment 13 Community Policies Policy Development Cycle Need Evaluation Proposal Execution Discussion Consensus 15 How policy is made ICANN / IANA ASO AfriNIC RIPEReach NCC consensus ARIN across communitiesAPNIC LACNIC AfriNIC
    [Show full text]
  • Right to Internet Access – a Constitutional Argument
    DATE DOWNLOADED: Mon Jul 6 02:13:47 2020 SOURCE: Content Downloaded from HeinOnline Citations: Bluebook 20th ed. Kartik Chawla, Right to Internet Access - A Constitutional Argument, 7 Indian J. Const. L. 57 (2017). ALWD 6th ed. Kartik Chawla, Right to Internet Access - A Constitutional Argument, 7 Indian J. Const. L. 57 (2017). APA 7th ed. Chawla, K. (2017). Right to Internet Access A Constitutional Argument. Indian Journal of Constitutional Law, 7, 57-88. Chicago 7th ed. Kartik Chawla, "Right to Internet Access - A Constitutional Argument," Indian Journal of Constitutional Law 7 (2017): 57-88 McGill Guide 9th ed. Kartik Chawla, "Right to Internet Access - A Constitutional Argument" (2017) 7 Indian J of Constitutional L 57. MLA 8th ed. Chawla, Kartik. "Right to Internet Access - A Constitutional Argument." Indian Journal of Constitutional Law, 7, 2017, p. 57-88. HeinOnline. OSCOLA 4th ed. Kartik Chawla, 'Right to Internet Access - A Constitutional Argument' (2017) 7 Indian J Const L 57 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at https://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your license, please use: Copyright Information Right to Internet Access - A Constitutional Argument Kartik Chawla* Abstract It all started the prntingnoth press, which was a revolutionary technologicalinnovtion or its time, eypecially where the freedoms of speech, expression and information were concerned. So revolutionay in fact that the concept of the 'reedom ofpress' was introduced to ensure that the right of individuals to exercise their riht to speech and expression through the medium of the press was preserved.
    [Show full text]
  • The State of the Internet in France
    2020 TOME 3 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France French Republic - June 2020 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 06 CHAPTER 3 ACCELERATING Editorial by Sébastien Soriano, THE TRANSITION TO IPV6 40 President of Arcep 06 1. Phasing out IPv4: the indispensable transition to IPv6 40 NETWORKS DURING 2. Barometer of the transition HET COVID-19 CRISIS 08 to IPv6 in France 47 3. Creation of an IPv6 task force 54 PART 1 000012 gathering the Internet ecosystem ENSURING THE INTERNET FUNCTIONS PROPERLY PART 2 58 CHAPTER 1 ENSURING IMPROVING INTERNET INTERNET OPENNESS QUALITY MEASUREMENT 14 CHAPTER 4 1. Potential biases of quality of service GUARANTEEING measurement 15 NET NEUTRALITY 60 2. Implementing an API in customer 1. Net neutrality outside of France 60 boxes to characterise the user environment 15 2. Arcep’s involvement in European works 65 3. Towards more transparent and robust measurement 3. Developing Arcep’s toolkit 68 18 methodologies 4. Inventory of observed practices 70 4. Importance of choosing the right test servers 22 CHAPTER 5 5. Arcep’s monitoring of mobile DEVICES AND PLATFORMS, Internet quality 26 TWO STRUCTURAL LINKS IN THE INTERNET ACCESS CHAPTER 2 CHAIN 72 SUPERVISING DATA 1. Device neutrality: progress report 72 INTERCONNECTION 29 2. Structural digital platforms 74 1. How the Internet’s architecture has evolved over time 29 2. State of interconnection in France 33 PART 3 76 TACKLE THE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY’S ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATE DIGITAL TECH’S ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT INTO THE REGULATION 78 1.
    [Show full text]