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Why Youtube Buffers: the Secret Deals That Make—And Break—Online Video When Isps and Video Providers Fight Over Money, Internet Users Suffer
Why YouTube buffers: The secret deals that make—and break—online video When ISPs and video providers fight over money, Internet users suffer. Lee Hutchinson has a problem. My fellow Ars writer is a man who loves to watch YouTube videos— mostly space rocket launches and gun demonstrations, I assume—but he never knows when his home Internet service will let him do so. "For at least the past year, I've suffered from ridiculously awful YouTube speeds," Hutchinson tells me. "Ads load quickly—there's never anything wrong with the ads!—but during peak times, HD videos have been almost universally unwatchable. I've found myself having to reduce the quality down to 480p and sometimes even down to 240p to watch things without buffering. More recently, videos would start to play and buffer without issue, then simply stop buffering at some point between a third and two-thirds in. When the playhead hit the end of the buffer—which might be at 1:30 of a six-minute video—the video would hang for several seconds, then simply end. The video's total time would change from six minutes to 1:30 minutes and I'd be presented with the standard 'related videos' view that you see when a video is over." Hutchinson, a Houston resident who pays Comcast for 16Mbps business-class cable, is far from alone. As one Ars reader recently complained, "YouTube is almost unusable on my [Verizon] FiOS connection during peak hours." Another reader responded, "To be fair, it's unusable with almost any ISP." Hutchinson's YouTube playback has actually gotten better in recent weeks. -
Who Owns the Eyeballs? Backbone Interconnection As a Network Neutrality Issue Jonas from Soelberg
Who Owns the Eyeballs? Backbone interconnection as a network neutrality issue Jonas From Soelberg Name: Jonas From Soelberg CPR: - Date: August 1, 2011 Course: Master’s thesis Advisor: James Perry Pages: 80,0 Taps: 181.999 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 6 2 Understanding the Internet ........................................................................................ 9 2.1 The History of the Internet ............................................................................................................ 9 2.1.1 The Internet protocol ................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1.2 The privatization of the Internet ......................................................................................................... 11 2.2 The Architecture of the Internet ................................................................................................ 12 2.2.1 A simple Internet model .......................................................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 The e2e principle and deep-packet inspection ............................................................................. 14 2.2.3 Modern challenges to e2e ...................................................................................................................... -
Growth of the Internet
Growth of the Internet K. G. Coffman and A. M. Odlyzko AT&T Labs - Research [email protected], [email protected] Preliminary version, July 6, 2001 Abstract The Internet is the main cause of the recent explosion of activity in optical fiber telecommunica- tions. The high growth rates observed on the Internet, and the popular perception that growth rates were even higher, led to an upsurge in research, development, and investment in telecommunications. The telecom crash of 2000 occurred when investors realized that transmission capacity in place and under construction greatly exceeded actual traffic demand. This chapter discusses the growth of the Internet and compares it with that of other communication services. Internet traffic is growing, approximately doubling each year. There are reasonable arguments that it will continue to grow at this rate for the rest of this decade. If this happens, then in a few years, we may have a rough balance between supply and demand. Growth of the Internet K. G. Coffman and A. M. Odlyzko AT&T Labs - Research [email protected], [email protected] 1. Introduction Optical fiber communications was initially developed for the voice phone system. The feverish level of activity that we have experienced since the late 1990s, though, was caused primarily by the rapidly rising demand for Internet connectivity. The Internet has been growing at unprecedented rates. Moreover, because it is versatile and penetrates deeply into the economy, it is affecting all of society, and therefore has attracted inordinate amounts of public attention. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the current state of knowledge about the growth rates of the Internet, with special attention paid to the implications for fiber optic transmission. -
Economic Study on IP Interworking
Prepared For: GSM Association 71 High Holborn London WC1V E6A United Kingdom Economic study on IP interworking Prepared By: Bridger Mitchell, Paul Paterson, Moya Dodd, Paul Reynolds, Astrid Jung of CRA International Peter Waters, Rob Nicholls, Elise Ball of Gilbert + Tobin Date: 2 March 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 8 1.1. AIM AND SCOPE..............................................................................................................8 1.2. STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT...........................................................................................9 2. IP INTERCONNECTION IN THE CURRENT PUBLIC INTERNET ......................... 10 2.1. INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................10 2.1.1. Implications of packet switching and circuit switching ................................................ 10 2.2. INTERCONNECTING IP NETWORKS .................................................................................11 2.2.1. Direct interconnection................................................................................................. 11 2.2.2. Indirect interconnection .............................................................................................. 12 2.3. ANY-TO-ANY CONNECTIVITY ..........................................................................................13 -
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April-May, Volume 12, 2021 A SAMENA Telecommunications Council Publication www.samenacouncil.org S AMENA TRENDS FOR SAMENA TELECOMMUNICATIONS COUNCIL'S MEMBERS BUILDING DIGITAL ECONOMIES Featured Annual Leaders' Congregation Organized by SAMENA Council in April 2021... THIS MONTH DIGITAL INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE 5G ECOSYSTEM APRIL-MAY, VOLUME 12, 2021 Contributing Editors Knowledge Contributions Subscriptions Izhar Ahmad Cisco [email protected] SAMENA Javaid Akhtar Malik Etisalat Omantel Advertising TRENDS goetzpartners [email protected] Speedchecker Editor-in-Chief stc Kuwait SAMENA TRENDS Bocar A. BA TechMahindra [email protected] Tel: +971.4.364.2700 Publisher SAMENA Telecommunications Council FEATURED CONTENTS 05 04 EDITORIAL 23 REGIONAL & MEMBERS UPDATES Members News Regional News Annual Leaders' Congregation Organized by SAMENA 82 SATELLITE UPDATES Council in April 2021... Satellite News 17 96 WHOLESALE UPDATES Wholesale News 103 TECHNOLOGY UPDATES The SAMENA TRENDS eMagazine is wholly Technology News owned and operated by The SAMENA Telecommunications Council (SAMENA 114 REGULATORY & POLICY UPDATES Council). Information in the eMagazine is Regulatory News Etisalat Group-Digital not intended as professional services advice, Transformation is at the core and SAMENA Council disclaims any liability A Snapshot of Regulatory of ‘Customer Excellence’... for use of specific information or results Activities in the SAMENA Region thereof. Articles and information contained 21 in this publication are the copyright of Regulatory Activities SAMENA Telecommunications Council, Beyond the SAMENA Region (unless otherwise noted, described or stated) and cannot be reproduced, copied or printed in any form without the express written ARTICLES permission of the publisher. 63 Omantel Goals in Sync with ITU’s The SAMENA Council does not necessarily Spectrum Auction in Planning 78 stc Leads MENA Region in Launching endorse, support, sanction, encourage, in Saudi Arabia verify or agree with the content, comments, Innovative End-to-end.. -
The State of the Internet in France
2020 TOME 3 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France French Republic - June 2020 2020 REPORT The state of the Internet in France TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORIAL 06 CHAPTER 3 ACCELERATING Editorial by Sébastien Soriano, THE TRANSITION TO IPV6 40 President of Arcep 06 1. Phasing out IPv4: the indispensable transition to IPv6 40 NETWORKS DURING 2. Barometer of the transition HET COVID-19 CRISIS 08 to IPv6 in France 47 3. Creation of an IPv6 task force 54 PART 1 000012 gathering the Internet ecosystem ENSURING THE INTERNET FUNCTIONS PROPERLY PART 2 58 CHAPTER 1 ENSURING IMPROVING INTERNET INTERNET OPENNESS QUALITY MEASUREMENT 14 CHAPTER 4 1. Potential biases of quality of service GUARANTEEING measurement 15 NET NEUTRALITY 60 2. Implementing an API in customer 1. Net neutrality outside of France 60 boxes to characterise the user environment 15 2. Arcep’s involvement in European works 65 3. Towards more transparent and robust measurement 3. Developing Arcep’s toolkit 68 18 methodologies 4. Inventory of observed practices 70 4. Importance of choosing the right test servers 22 CHAPTER 5 5. Arcep’s monitoring of mobile DEVICES AND PLATFORMS, Internet quality 26 TWO STRUCTURAL LINKS IN THE INTERNET ACCESS CHAPTER 2 CHAIN 72 SUPERVISING DATA 1. Device neutrality: progress report 72 INTERCONNECTION 29 2. Structural digital platforms 74 1. How the Internet’s architecture has evolved over time 29 2. State of interconnection in France 33 PART 3 76 TACKLE THE DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY’S ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGE CHAPTER 6 INTEGRATE DIGITAL TECH’S ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT INTO THE REGULATION 78 1. -
Quality of Services for ISP Networks
Quality of Services for ISP Networks Qi Guan SIEMENSAG Austria Siemensstrasse 88-92 A-1210, Vienna, Austria Key words: Quality of Service, QoS, ISP Internet, Backbone, VoiP Abstract: Quality of Service (QoS) is a basic functionality that the Internet needs to be able to cope with when the applications increased in number and varied in use. Internet QoS issues concerning the Internet involves many different areas: end user QoS, ISP network QoS, backbone QoS. Backbone QoS is the problem concerning traffic engineering and bandwidth. ISP network QoS is one of the major problems in the Internet, In this paper, we would like to present an architecture model for QoS enabled ISP networks. This model is based on differentiated services and is connected to QoS or non-QoS enabled backbones for IP upstream and downstream QoS traffic. At the end of paper, an example of VoiP application is introduced. 1. INTRODUCTION Until now, two separate worlds have existed for telecommunication services and networks - one for voice and one for data. The voice world is that of switched PSTN I ISDN networks, which generally provide real-time services and features such as call diversions, conference and display services. Switched PSTN I ISDN networks guarantee quality and reliability in the form of constant availability of voice services for their customers. As a result thereof, this quality of service has made voice networks extremely profitable. The original version of this chapter was revised: The copyright line was incorrect. This has been corrected. The Erratum to this chapter is available at DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-35522-1_37 H. -
Cogent IP Transit Service Providers Content Providers
Carriers & Applica�on & Cogent IP Transit Service Providers Content Providers The Cogent Advantage Cogent provides IP Transit connec�vity to thousands of businesses across the globe. Whether you are a content provider or a carrier / ISP, Cogent bandwidth is the right choice. We offer more service loca�ons than any other Tier 1 carrier and outstanding connec�vity to major access and content networks throughout the world. Powered by one of the most interconnected networks, Cogent provides reliable, scalable and affordable bandwidth. Our service is backed by local customer support centers and an industry leading Service Level Agreement. Interfaces Features A wide variety of interfaces to fit your needs Feature-rich IP Transit in over 1363 data centers globally Fast Ethernet 10 - 100 Mbps Flat or burst billing IPv6 ready Gigabit Ethernet 100 Mbps - 1 Gbps Mul�ple BGP sessions Blackhole server 10 Gigabit Ethernet 500 Mbps - 10 Gbps Primary / Secondary DNS Link Aggrega�on 100 Gigabit Ethernet 10 Gbps - 100 Gbps IPv4 addresses Tier 1 Network Our IP Transit service runs over Cogent's Tier 1 op�cal IP SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT (SLA) network, which is one of the largest of its kind. Cogent Network Availability 100% operates AS174, a historic autonomous system of the Internet. The Cogent network is directly connected to more Packet Delivery > 99.9% than 7,530 other networks worldwide. Network Latency Intra North America < 45 ms Connected to Content Intra Europe < 35 ms If you are an access provider, Cogent’s IP Transit service will Transatlan�c < 85 ms connect you and your end users to the most popular content Transpacific < 140 ms and applica�on providers on the Internet - just one hop away! Your customers will appreciate low latency access to Installa�on Guarantee 17 business days or less the best of what the Internet has to offer. -
The Global Internet Phenomena Report 2019
The Global Internet Phenomena Report September 2019 The Global Internet Welcome! Phenomena Report September 2019 A word from Lyn Cantor, CEO, Sandvine About the Global Internet Welcome to the 2019 Global Internet Phenomena Report Phenomena Data Sandvine is a global leader in the network intelligence market segment. Our customer base represents over 160 Tier 1 and Tier 2 global network operators (fixed, mobile, satellite, WiFi, and enterprise) and our The 2019 version of categories. This has the effect of smoothing out The data in this edition of the Global Internet solutions touch over 2.5 billion internet subscribers worldwide. the Global Internet the impact that a special event has on traffic Phenomena Report is drawn from Sandvine’s Phenomena Report across a six month period. installed base of over 160 Tier 1 and Tier 2 fixed, The foundation of our business is being the best network intelligence was truly a labor of love mobile, and WiFi operators worldwide. The report company with unmatched depth and breadth of pre-packaged use cases, for me. Last year, we Some of the events that occurred have clearly does not include significant data from either China or that help our customers understand, optimize, automate, and manage built a new foundation had an impact on the global share of specific India, but the data represents a portion of Sandvine’s subscriber quality of experience (QoE). Our objective is to provide for the report with more traffic types, but the data is speaking pretty 2.5B subscribers installed base, a statistically the best vendor-agnostic granularity, accuracy, and automated exploration of traffic clearly on the trends, and it is impossible to significant segment of the internet population. -
August 25, 2014
DECLARATION OF HENRY (HANK) KILMER, VICE PRESIDENT OF IP ENGINEERING, COGENT COMMUNICATIONS HOLDINGS, INC. August 25, 2014 1 I. Introduction 1. My name is Hank Kilmer. I am the Vice President of IP Engineering for Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. (“Cogent”). Prior to joining Cogent, I served as the CTO for GPX Global Systems, Inc. which builds state-of-the-art carrier neutral data centers in rapidly developing commercial markets of the Middle East North Africa (MENA) and South Asia regions. Before joining GPX, I was Senior VP of Network Engineering for Abovenet (Metromedia Fiber Network, MFN). My tenure in the industry also includes positions with UUNET, Sprint and Intermedia/Digex, and I served on the first Advisory Council for ARIN, the American Registry of Internet Numbers. 2. The purpose of this declaration is to provide background information on the various means by which different Internet networks carry data, and to address certain aspects of Cogent’s recent dealings with Comcast. 3. Part II provides a brief overview of Cogent’s business. Part III describes peering and transit services, including an overview of participants in the Internet distribution chain and a discussion of competition in the provision of transit services. Part IV explains why Comcast and Time Warner Cable (“TWC”), though not Tier 1 networks (i.e., transit free), have obtained settlement-free peering, and gives a brief overview of Internet access technologies other than cable. Part V discusses certain facets of Cogent’s recent dealings with Comcast. II. Cogent Communications Holdings, Inc. 4. Cogent is a leading facilities-based provider of low-cost, high-speed Internet access and Internet Protocol (“IP”) communications services. -
Identifying and Measuring Internet Traffic: Techniques and Considerations
Identifying and Measuring Internet Traffic: Techniques and Considerations An Industry Whitepaper Contents Executive Summary Accurate traffic identification and insightful measurements form Executive Summary ................................... 1 the foundation of network business intelligence and network Introduction to Internet Traffic Classification ... 2 policy control. Without identifying and measuring the traffic flowing on their networks, CSPs are unable to craft new Traffic Identification .............................. 2 subscriber services, optimize shared resource utilization, and Traffic Categories ............................... 3 ensure correct billing and charging. Data Extraction and Measurement .............. 4 First and foremost, CSPs must understand their use cases, as Techniques .......................................... 5 these determine tolerance for accuracy. It is likely less of a Considerations for Traffic Classification .......... 7 problem if reports show information that is wrong by a small margin, but it can be catastrophic if subscriber billing/charging Information Requirements ........................ 7 is incorrect or management policies are applied to the wrong Traffic Classification Capabilities ............... 7 traffic. Completeness .................................... 8 Many techniques exist to identify traffic and extract additional False Positives and False Negatives .......... 9 information or measure quantities, ranging from relatively Additional Data and Measurements ......... 10 simple to extremely -
Dos Attacks Are Bigger and Badder Than Ever
March 2011 DoS Attacks Are Bigger and Badder Than Ever by Ted Julian, Principal Analyst, [email protected] The Bottom Line More people are launching bigger and more sophisticated denial-of-service (DoS) attacks at more targets than ever before. Virtually any organization is a potential target and, unlike other security challenges, firms can’t address DoS attacks without provider assistance. Now that demand is peaking and technology has matured, operators should take advantage of this unique opportunity to drive revenue. DoS Attacks Are Back by hacktivists in the future is a contributing factor (see the December 2010 Yankee Group Report “WikiLeaks Effect Creates Denial-of-service (DoS) attacks are back in the spotlight. Certainly, New Security Winners, Losers”). But the fact is DoS attacks have the December 2010 attacks against the WikiLeaks Web site and evolved quite a bit over the last 10 years. DoS activity is no longer then the counter-attacks by WikiLeaks sympathizers against primarily the bailiwick of teenagers launching crude flood-based targets including MasterCard, PayPal, Visa and others are partly attacks. It has evolved to include a diverse range of motivations and responsible. And WikiLeaks’ role as a catalyst for more attacks techniques (see Exhibit 1). Exhibit 1: DoS Attack Complexity, Volume and Motivation Increase Over Time Source: Yankee Group, 2011 June 2009 Iranian election protests trigger DoS attacks against Iran’s government July 2009 Series of DoS attacks target U.S. government sites including the White House,