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The Foundation, Occupation, and Abandonment of Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715

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The Foundation, Occupation, and Abandonment of Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715 RECEIVED OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior DEC 071993 National Park Service NATIONAL National Register of Historic Places REGISTER Multiple Property Documentation Form This form is used for documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Complete each item by entering the requested information. For additional space, use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer to complete all items. X New Submission Amended Submission A. Name of Multiple Property Listing Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715 B. Associated Historic Contexts (Name each associated historic context, identifying theme, geographical area, and chronological period for each.) The Foundation, Occupation, and Abandonment of Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715 C. Form Prepared by name/title Dr. Chester B. DePratter / Research Associate Professor organization S.C. Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology date Dec. 14 r 1992 street & number 1321 Pendleton Street_________________ telephone (803)777-8170 city or town Columbia state South Carolina zip code 29208___________ D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, I hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60 and the Secretary of the Interior's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation. (D See continuation sheet for additional comments.) "Utd V . Ll, M/2/T Signature and title yf certifying official Date Marv W. Edmonds. Deputy SHPQ r S.C. Department of Archives & History, Columbia, S.C, State or Federal agency and bureau I hereby certify that this multiple property documentation form has been approved by the National Register as a basis for evaluating related properties for listing~ in the National Register. Signature oHlie Keeper Date of Action Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715 South Carolina Name of Multiple Property Listing State Table of Contents for Written Narrative Provide the foilowing information on continuation sheets. Cite the letter and the title before each section of the narrative. Assign page numbers according to the instructions for continuation sheets in How to Complete the Multiple Property Documentation Form (National Register Bulletin 16B). Fill in page numbers for each section in the space below. Page Numbers E. Statement of Historic Contexts 1-6 (If more than one historic context is documented, present them in sequential order.) F. Associated Property Types 1-3 (Provide description, significance, and registration requirements.) G. Geographical Data 1 H. Summary of Identification and Evaluation Methods (Discuss the methods used in developing the multiple property listing.) I. Major Bibliographical References 1-3 (List major written works and primary location of additional documentation: State Historic Preservation Office, other State agency, Federal agency, local government, university, or other, specifying repository.) Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127- and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NFS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-4018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number —E— Page _J—— Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715 E. Statement of Historic Contexts The first mention of the peoples who later became Yamasee Indians can be found in accounts describing the earliest European expeditions into the area now occupied by the states of South Carolina and Georgia. The Ayllon expedition, which attempted to settle somewhere along the South Atlantic coast in 1526, may have encountered the Indians of Guale on the coast of present-day Georgia, although there is currently some dispute concerning precisely where Ayllon and his colonists landed (Quattiebaum 1956; Lyon 1990; Michie 1991). If the peoples of "Gualdape" visited by Ayllon were the Guale, then this is our first recorded reference to these peoples by a European. Sixteenth century documents indicate that the Guale were a large society composed of approximately 4-6000 people living in about 35 towns at that time (Swanton 1922:81). The Guale were coastal dwellers whose way of life was well adapted to exploitation of the coastal marshes and tidal creeks of their homeland. Their hunting and collecting for food was supplemented by agriculture. In 1565, Spanish commander Pedro Menendez de Aviles defeated a group of Frenchmen who were attempting to settle in northeast Florida, and the next year he traveled north along the coast from his stronghold at St. Augustine in an effort to familiarize himself with the region and to learn more of its native populations. He visited the Guale during that journey and decided that the Indians he encountered needed to be taught about the Catholic faith. Although there were no missionaries placed among the Guale for another 15 years, by 1597 the Spanish had an extensive mission system in place along the Guale coast composed of 5 missions and a number of substations (Lanning 1935:72). Hernando De Soto, another Spanish explorer, was the first to visit the Indians of Tama, in interior Georgia. De Soto was a hardened veteran who had participated in the conquest of Panama, Nicaragua, and Peru. In 1536 he was appointed Governor of Cuba and was also given the right to explore and settle the land called "La Florida" which stretched from Mexico to eastern Canada. In May, 1539, De Soto and his force landed at Tampa Bay, and over the next year they traveled north into what is today central Georgia. In passing through this region, this Spanish expedition encountered the chiefdoms of Ichisi (on the Ocmulgee River) and Altamaha/Ocute or Tama (on the Oconee River) (Hudson, DePratter, and Smith 1989). These related but distinct groups lived in towns and villages along their respective rivers and their tributaries. Chiefs and their principal advisors resided in large towns which were the centers of religious and political activities within each chiefdom. Most of the remainder of the population resided in smaller villages and hamlets scattered among their agricultural fields in the river bottoms and uplands. Total population of Tama and Ichisi was probably around 5000 to 7000. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-4018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number —E— Page _2—— Yamasee Indian Towns in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1684-1715 During the first half of the 17th century, the Guale and the Tama fared quite differently in the face of an ever-growing European presence in the region. The Spanish continued their efforts to missionize the Guale and encouraged them to lead settled lives in large, permanent villages surrounding the mission stations. Traditional Guale beliefs and values were belittled by the Spanish who intended to convert these "heathens" into good Catholics. The people of Tama, on the other hand, had little contact with the Spanish during the early decades of the 17th century. Only a few small military expeditions passed through Tama, and none of these stayed long or appears to have had any significant impact on the peoples that they encountered. Beginning in about 1660, conditions began to change. At about that time, the Westo Indians settled on the Savannah River near present-day Augusta, Georgia. The Westo moved into the area from the north with guns obtained from Virginia traders. Using these guns, the Westo began raiding neighboring groups, including the Guale who did not have guns because the Spanish never established a trade system to distribute goods to their Indian allies. By 1661, Guale refugees had settled around the walls of St. Augustine in an effort to escape the attacks of the Westo, who the Spanish called "Chichumecos" (Crane 1928:5-6; Lanning 1935:209). The Westo staged raids against all of their neighbors. When the English arrived in 1670 to settle their new Carolina Colony, the coastal Indians of that province professed great fear of the Westo who were thought to be cannibalistic. In reality, the Westo were taking captives not for cannibalism, but so they could be sold as slaves in the Virginia
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