AP US History

Opportunity and Oppression in Colonial Society 1. The system of indentured labor used during the Colonial period had which of the following effects? A. It enabled England to deport most criminals. B. It enabled poor people to seek opportunity in America. C. It delayed the establishment of slavery in the South until about 1750. D. It facilitated the cultivation of cotton in the South. E. It instituted social equality.

2. Indentured servants were usually A. slaves who had been emancipated by their masters B. free blacks forced to sell themselves into slavery by economic conditions. C. paroled prisoners bound to a lifetime of service in the colonies D. persons who voluntarily bound themselves to labor for a set number of years in return for transportation in the colonies. E. the sons and daughters of slaves.

3. The headright system adopted in the Virginia colony A. determined the eligibility of a settler for voting and holding office. B. toughened the laws applying to indentured servants. C. gave 50 acres of land to anyone who would transport himself to the colony. D. encouraged the development of urban centers. E. prohibited the settlement of single men and women in the colony.

4. Of the African slaves brought to the New World by Europeans from 1492 through 1770, the vast majority were shipped to A Virginia B the Carolinas C the Caribbean D Georgia E Florida

5. A majority of the early English migrants to the Chesapeake were A. Families with young children B. Indentured servants C. Wealthy gentlemen D. Merchants and craftsmen E. Disfranchised Catholics

6. The most successful and longest-lasting Indian resistance movement in colonial North America was the A Pequot War B Tuscarora War C Creek-Yamasee War D Pueblo revolt E King Philip's War

7. King Philip's War, fought between colonists in New England and Wampanoags in 1675, was initiated because of A colonial encroachments on tribal lands B the presence of the French C deep hostilities which began in the early 17th Century D a declaration of war by the Massachusetts Bay government E British agitation

8. By the end of the seventeenth century, which of the following was true of women in New England? A They had begun to challenge their subordinate role in society. B They were a majority in many church congregations. C They voted in local elections. D They frequently divorced their husbands. E They could lead town meetings.

9. All of the following attitudes toward women were held by Puritans during the 17th Century EXCEPT A a woman's destiny was fulfilled only through a man B a male child needed more time to develop in the womb than a female child C women were less able than men to understand logical arguments D intellectual pursuits were harmful to women E women could not reach salvation in the next world

10. "I am obnoxious to each carping tongue Who says my hand a needle better fits, A Poets pen all scorn I should thus wrong, For such despite they cast on Female wits: If what I do prove well, it won't advance, They'l say it's stoln, or else it was by chance."

The above selection from a 17th Century poem by Anne Bradstreet reflects her

A support for the Great Awakening B agreement with the established Puritan views about women C belief in the intellectual capacity of women D recognition of the need for public education E faith in Calvinism

11. All of the following provided the context of crises which led to the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692 EXCEPT A the establishment of the Dominion of New England B the revocation of New England's colonial charters C war between England and France in New England D a decline in Puritan church membership E a general decline in the population of New England

12. Which of the following was true of colonial New England? A It consisted of loosely organized communities spread some distance apart. B Its economy was dependant on large scale farming and trading C Life was centered in clustered villages with farmland surrounding the village D Most people lived in large cities E Villages and small towns were tightly organized around an artisan community

13. The system of indentured labor used during the Colonial period had which of the following effects? A. It enabled England to deport most criminals. B. It enabled poor people to seek opportunity in America. C. It delayed the establishment of slavery in the South until about 1750. D. It facilitated the cultivation of cotton in the South. E. It instituted social equality.

14. Indentured servants were usually A. slaves who had been emancipated by their masters B. free blacks forced to sell themselves into slavery by economic conditions. C. paroled prisoners bound to a lifetime of service in the colonies D. persons who voluntarily bound themselves to labor for a set number of years in return for transportation in the colonies. E. the sons and daughters of slaves.

15. The immediate issue in dispute in Bacon's Rebellion was A. the jailing of individuals or seizure of their property for failure to pay taxes during a time of economic hardship. B. the under-representation of the backcountry in Virginia's legislature. C. the refusal of large planters to honor the terms of their contracts with former indentured servants. D. the perceived failure of Virginia's governor to protect the colony's frontier area from the depredations of raiding Indians. E. the colonial governor's manipulation of tobacco prices for the benefit of himself and a small clique of his friends.

16. The high wages enjoyed by colonial workers were primarily caused by A. little competition from English craftsmen. B. monopolies granted to town councils. C. restrictions of the guild system. D. existence of so much land. E. laws against manufacturing.

17. Colonial cities functioned primarily as A. mercantile centers for collecting agricultural goods and distributing imported manufactured goods. B. places where most poor immigrants settled and worked as independent artisans. C. centers where large scale financial and banking operations were conducted. D. places to which wage earners commuted from numerous surrounding communities. E. centers of light manufacturing.

18. The wealthiest people in pre-Revolutionary America were primarily A. lawyers, doctors, and other professionals B. northern merchants and southern planters C. inland farmers D. industrialists E. local government officials.

19. In the English colonies in the mid-eighteenth century, formal education beyond minimal reading and writing skills was considered A. essential for both males and females B. essential for males but not females C. essential for the children of poor colonists so the children would have a better chance of obtaining wealth D. something every colonial government should provide for its colonists. E. nonessential for both males and females, except as a status symbol for those who could afford to pay for it.

20. Which of the following was true of a married woman in the colonial era? A She would be sentenced to debtors’ prison for debts incurred by her husband. B She could vote as her husband’s proxy in elections. C She generally lost control of her property when she married. D She had no legal claim on the estate of her deceased husband. E Her legal rights over her children were the same as those of her husband.

21. Which of the following is NOT true of English colonial families in mid-eighteenth century America? A. Physical punishment was the normal method of enforcing unquestioned obedience from children. B. Women lost virtually all of their legal rights as individuals once they married. C. Most families bore children who lived long enough to bear children of their own. D. Women, while subservient to their husbands, set the moral standards by which children were raised and decided how the children would be educated and trained. E. More than 90 percent of families lived in rural areas at about this time.

22. One of the characteristics of colonial America was frequent rebellions or uprisings against the political authorities. Which of the following was NOT an uprising in the colonial period? A. Leisler's Rebellion B. Paxton Boys C. Whiskey Rebellion D. Bacon's Rebellion E. the Regulator Movement.

23. The trial of John Peter Zenger in 1735 for seditious libel A. established the government's right to censor the press. B. encouraged editors to be more critical of public officials. C. resulted in a "hung jury" and a dismissal of the charges. D. determined that government censorship of the press was unconstitutional. E. found Zenger guilty.

24. Religious toleration developed by the end of the colonial period primarily because A. no church was strong enough to gain dominance. B. the colonists saw the folly of Europe's bloody wars of religion. C. the example of the Puritans coming to America for religious freedom. D. of Roger Williams' example of separating church and state to keep the government free from religious interference. E. of the English tradition of strict separation of church and state.

25. Which of the following is a correct statement about the use of slave labor in colonial Virginia? A. It was forced on reluctant White Virginians by profit-minded English merchants and the mercantilist officials of the Crown. B. It was the first case in which Europeans enslaved Blacks. C. It fulfilled the original plans of the Virginia Company. D. It first occurred after the invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin, which greatly stimulated the demand for low-cost labor. E. It spread rapidly in the late seventeenth century, as Blacks displaced White indentured servants in the tobacco fields.

26. The reason slavery flourished in the Southern English colonies and not in New England is A. most New England farms were too small for slaves to be economically necessary or viable, whereas in the South the cultivation of staple crops such as rice and tobacco on large plantations necessitated the use of large numbers of indentured servants or slaves. B. blacks from the tropical climate of Africa could not adapt to the harsh New England winters. Their high death rates made their use as slave laborers unprofitable. C. a shortage of females in the Southern English colonies led to many female black Africans being imported as slaves and as potential wives for white planters in the region. D. whereas New England religious groups such as the Puritans forbade slavery on moral grounds, the Anglican church which dominated the Southern English colonies encouraged the belief that blacks were inferior, thus not deserving of equal status. E. the Stono uprising in 1739 convinced New Englanders that t he cost of controlling slaves was not worth their marginal economic benefits.

27. The use of slavery in the English colonies became widespread after 1660 because A. it was realized that slaves made better workers than did indentured servants. B. English common law was changed to allow legalized slavery. C. the availability of indentured servants dropped dramatically. D. slaves became a symbol of status among the wealthy at about that time. E. the price to buy a slave dropped dramatically at about this time.

28. Which of the following is true of the slave system in eighteenth-century British North America? A The slave system was legal only in the southern colonies B Indentured servants increasingly replaced slaves in the southern colonies C Slaveowners gained increased legal power over their slaves D Most slaves worked on cotton plantations E All the southern colonies passed laws against freeing slaves.

29. The Stono Rebellion and the New York conspiracy trials of 1741 revealed which of the following? A Increasing resistance to taxation B The inability of newcomers to acquire fertile farmland C Overpopulation in urban areas D Sectional divisions between northern and southern colonies E Resistance to slavery

30. The slaves who participated in the Stono rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 hoped to A take over the colony and end slavery in it B return to Africa by commandeering boats C flee to Florida where the Spanish offered freedom D run away to join Maroon groups living in the backcountry E escape to the North where they would be free

31. Most of the slaves who came to the 13 mainland colonies in British North America A. were from the southern part of Africa in what is today called South Africa. B. were granted their freedom after a specified period of service. C. never made up more than five percent of the population of any colony. D. were considered to be property and as such could be used as collateral for loans. E. were protected from physical harm by the Roman Catholic Church's Canon Law

32. By 1730 blacks were a majority of which mainland English colony's population? A. Virginia B. Maryland C. South Carolina D. Georgia E. North Carolina

33. All of the following are characteristic of the African slave trade in the 18th century EXCEPT A. kings of African nations along the coast sold slaves to white traders. B. during the "middle passage" slaves were chained and kept below deck most of the time. C. degradation and psychological damage occurred to all those involved, according to scholars today. D. the colonists relied on the English traders to supply slaves. E. most of the slaves sold in the Southern colonies were imported directly from Africa

34. The historian investigating the origins of slavery in the colonial period encounters little documentary evidence to establish the date when the two essentials of slavery—lifetime service and inherited status--first appeared. Even less information provides clues to why black slavery was established. Which of the following has not been advanced as an explanation for the development of slavery in colonial America? A. need for labor B. inability of Indians to serve as a labor source. C. black slavery in Great Britain as an example. D. prejudice towards blacks. E. heathen status of blacks.

35. Which of the following is true of the slave system in eighteenth-century British North America? A The slave system was legal only in the southern colonies B Indentured servants increasingly replaced slaves in the southern colonies C Slaveowners gained increased legal power over their slaves D Most slaves worked on cotton plantations E All the southern colonies passed laws against freeing slaves.

36. In which of the following British North American colonies was slavery legally established by the early 1700's? A The southern colonies only B The middle and southern colonies only C The tobacco and rice-growing colonies only D All the colonies except Pennsylvania and the New England colonies E All the colonies

37. Which of the following statements about Africans brought as slaves to British North American colonies is true? A they were the primary labor force for plantations in the Chesapeake by 1630 B they had a much lower life expectancy in the Chesapeake than in South Carolina or the West Indies C they greatly outnumbered Europeans in every colony south of the Mason-Dixon line by 1776 D they maintained cultural practices brought from Africa E they were the primary labor source in Pennsylvania until 1720

38. Which of the following was true of the first Great Awakening? A It primarily affected church congregations in towns and cities. B Cotton Mather was one of its most famous preachers. C It was denounced by Jonathan Edwards. D It was primarily a southern phenomenon. E It resulted in divisions within both the Congregational and the Presbyterian churches.

39. The first Great Awakening was A. a religious revival that occurred throughout the American colonies. B. a slave rebellion in colonial South Carolina C. an eighteenth century religious movement among Native Americans (Indians) D. the flowering of Enlightenment political thought in colonial America. E. an early colonial protest against English imperial policy.

40. The Great Awakening in the American colonies n the mid-eighteenth century had all of the following consequences EXCEPT A. separatism and secession from established churches, due to the democratizing effect of more accessible forms of piety. B. the renewed persecution of witches, because of the heightened interest in the supernatural. C. the growth of institutions of higher learning to fulfill the need for more ministers to spread the gospel. D. a flourishing of the missionary spirit as an outgrowth of more intensive religious devotion and assurance. E. the lessening of doctrinal rigor and a concomitant appreciation for the more direct experiences of faith. 41. The first religious development to have an impact throughout colonial America was: A. the establishment of religious toleration in Maryland. B. the spread of Quaker ideas from Pennsylvania. C. the Halfway Covenant. D. the Parson's Cause E. the Great Awakening.

42. Which of the following groups was LEAST likely to respond with enthusiasm to the religious fervor of the Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s? A Established merchants in cities like Boston and Philadelphia B Presbyterians in the southern colonies C Backwoods farmers isolated on the colonial frontier D Landless sons in New England communities E Itinerant preachers unable to find permanent parishes for themselves

43. The Great Awakening of the 1740s led to A the growth of religious conformity throughout all the colonies B an increase in attacks on American Indian peoples C the establishment of Harvard College in Massachusetts D splits among existing religious denominations and the rise of new churches E the growth of hysteria in Massachusetts over witchcraft

44. The Great Awakening which swept the colonies from the 1730's through the 1770's is best described as an example of A religious revivalism B political democracy C a crusade for public education D economic populism E a tax rebellion

45. The Great Awakening of the mid-eighteenth century refers to A. a series of religious revivals that swept through the English colonies spreading evangelistic fervor and challenging the control of traditional clerics over their congregations. B. the intellectual revolution which served as a precursor in the Enlightenment and challenged orthodox religion's claims to knowledge of humankind and the universe. C. the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution in England and its New World colonies. D. the growing realization among English colonists that independence from England was only a matter of time and was the key to their future success. E. the sudden awareness among North American Indians that their only chance for survival against the rapidly growing number of European colonists was to fight them before the Europeans grew any stronger.

46. Benjamin Franklin was an American whose life exemplified which of the following social movements? A. the Great Awakening B. the Restoration C. the Regulator movement D. the Enlightenment E. the Abolitionist movement

47. Which of the following beliefs was central to eighteenth-century Deism? A God gave the Bible to human beings to guide their behavior. B God created a universe governed by natural law. C Christ is the Redeemer of the human race. D All human beings are born in sin. E God's existence has been proven by supernatural revelation.

48. Deists of the late-eighteenth and early nineteenth-centuries believed that A. natural laws, set by the Creator, govern the operation of the universe. B. prayer has the power to make significant changes in a person's life. C. the idea of God is merely the childish imagining of simple minds. D. the universe was created by a natural, spontaneous combining of elements. E. intuition rather than reason leads human beings to an awareness of the divine.

49. By the 1750's, the British colonies on the North American mainland were characterized by all of the following EXCEPT A disdain for British constitutional monarchy B many religious denominations C a society without a hereditary aristocracy D a growing number of non-English settlers E acceptance of slavery as a labor system

50. Slave owners drew on the African skills of their slaves in all of the following areas EXCEPT A canoe building B fishing net construction C cattle herding D plantation management E rice cultivation

51. All of the following provided the context of crises which led to the Salem witchcraft trials of 1692 EXCEPT A the establishment of the Dominion of New England B the revocation of New England's colonial charters C war between England and France in New England D a decline in Puritan church membership E a general decline in the population of New England

52. Which of the following is an accurate statement about colonial society in the mid-18th Century? A married women were responsible for managing the farms B the largest city at 1750 already had 50,000 people C married women normally owned businesses D the vast majority of families lived in rural areas E newspapers were not generally available to urban or rural populations

53. An educational profile of the population of British North America in the 18th Century would reveal that A most colonists could read and write B most children under the age of 16 were educated in public schools C the vast majority of colonists could neither read nor write D most adult females could read and write E well over half of adult men could read and write

54. In his late 18th Century book, Letters From An American Farmer, Hector St. John de Crevecoeur describes A the industrial innovations of Americans B the identity of Americans C the military effects of the Revolutionary War D his negotiations with General Washington E his experiences as a French envoy to America

55. In 1733, the government of New York imprisoned John Peter Zenger on charges that he A supported squatters who claimed the right to vacant land B publicly criticized the government of New York C participated in the activities of the Sons of Liberty D fomented Iroquois activity in upstate New York E encouraged the Stono Rebellion

56. During the mid-18th Century, all of the following crises challenged the political status of the colonies EXCEPT A the Stono Rebellion in South Carolina B a slave revolt in New York City C land riots along the Hudson River D the Regulator Movement in the Carolinas E the Pequot War in New England

57. Which of the following happened as a result of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676 ? A Governor William Berkeley abolished Virginia's House of Burgesses B Virginia passed new laws protecting workers' rights C Tensions between backcountry farmers and the tidewater gentry were exposed D Indentured servants received additional free land after fulfilling their terms of service. E The king allowed Virginia colonists to select their own governor

58. Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.” The above quotation from the 18th Century reflects a contemporary attitude of A pragmatism B utopian socialism C mercantilism D Puritanism E evangelism

59. Which of the following best describes Deism? a. A belief that the course of each individual’s life is predestined by God b. A concept of toleration advanced by Quaker preachers c. The belief that god had created the world but allowed it to operate through the laws of nature d. A principle taught in colonial New England colleges e. A radical theory encouraging free love and communal living.

60. Which of the following colonial powers exercised the least amount of control over the commercial and political practices in their colonies? A. Portugal B. The Netherlands C. Great Britain D. France E. Spain

61. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, how did the English colonies differ from the Spanish colonies in the Americas? A. Spain permitted its colonies a greater degree of self-government B. While private investment was responsible for the development of the Spanish colonies, royal money was primarily responsible for the development of the English colonies. C. The compact pattern of Spanish settlement sharply contrasted with the English pattern of far- flung settlements. D. Unlike the Spanish, the English allowed settlers from a variety of nationalities and dissenting sects. E. The Spanish colonies were more responsive to the new circumstances of the Americas than the English colonies.

62. The Dominion of New England was established by the English government in 1686 to: A. increase the power of the Puritans B. end the Glorious Revolution and restore James II to the English throne. C. stimulate trade among the fledgling New England colonies. D. increase the effectiveness of the various New England legislatures. E. increase the authority of the English government over the New England colonies.

63. Political theory in the colonial period said that the ideal government was a "mixed government" that contained elements of democracy, aristocracy, and monarchy. The glue that held the mixture together was "deference," which was the belief in A. universal suffrage for white males. B. popular sovereignty C. the acceptance of majority rule. D. yielding to the leadership of the superior upper class. E. the consent of the governed.

64. The economic theory of mercantilism would be consistent with which of the following statements? A Economies will prosper most when trade is restricted as little as possible. B. A government should seek to direct the economy so as to maximize exports. C. Colonies are of little economic importance to the mother country. D. It is vital that a country imports more than it exports. E. Tariff barriers should be avoided as much as possible.

65. The mercantilist system in the eighteenth century led to A. the restriction of governmental interference in the economy. B. the protection of Native Americans (Indians) from European economic exploitation. C. the expansion of the colonial economy. D. the subordination of the colonial economy to that of the mother country. E. noncompetitive commercial relations among nations.

66. The major purpose of England's mercantilist policy was to A. protect the infant industries of England's young colonies. B. increase England's prosperity. C. discourage other European powers from colonizing North America. D. reduce the need to an overseas empire. E. open the Atlantic to free trade.

67. Mercantilism as applied by Britain to its North American colonies meant that the British government A subsidized colonial merchants B encouraged the colonists to trade with other foreign countries C encouraged the colonies to become economically self-sufficient D regulated colonial shipping and tobacco production E barred trade with American Indians

68. Which of the following groups was LEAST likely to respond with enthusiasm to the religious fervor of the Great Awakening in the 1730s and 1740s? A Established merchants in cities like Boston and Philadelphia B Presbyterians in the southern colonies C Backwoods farmers isolated on the colonial frontier D Landless sons in New England communities E Itinerant preachers unable to find permanent parishes for themselves

69. All of the following were main principles of the Navigation Acts EXCEPT A. trade in the colonies was limited to only British or colonial merchants. B. it prohibited the colonies from issuing their own paper currencies, greatly limiting their trading capabilities. C. all foreign goods bound for the colonies had to be shipped through England where they were taxed with British import duties. D. the colonists could not build or export products that directly competed with British export products. E. colonial enumerated goods could only be sold in England.

70. By 1760, the biggest problem with the economy of the English colonies was A. smuggling B. a trade surplus so large that England was threatening to confiscate American assets to help balance the English economy. C. a lack of demand for the vast quantities of high-quality American manufactured goods now being produced, leading to high unemployment in the American colonies. D. a huge balance of trade deficit that threatened the solvency of the colonial currency. E. a lack of adequate deep-water ports to provide loading and unloading facilities for the large number of ships now trying to bring goods to or carry goods from the colonies.

71. The fundamental goal of mercantilism in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A. to eliminate the obstacles to free trade among the countries of Europe. B. to have "mother" countries serve as a source of raw materials and the colonists as a source of manufactured goods. C. to limit foreign imports and to encourage a favorable balance of trade. D. to encourage wealthy nations to provide economic assistance to the developing areas of the world. E. to discourage the growth of economic nationalism.

72. An economic system in which a nation seeks to accumulate precious metals by maintaining a favorable balance of trade is most descriptive of: A. capitalism B. socialism C. mercantilism D. feudalism E. fascism

73. Which of the following statements concerning the British colonial system prior to 1763 is not true? A. The colonial system was a secondary concern to Great Britain. British political attention focused more on the many changes within the British government from 1603 to the 1760s. B. The struggle of the British House of Commons for increased power provided a model for the lower houses of the colonial assemblies. C. The emergence of a two party system in British politics encouraged the acceptance of the concept of outspoken opposition to the government. D. Responsibility for governing and controlling the colonies rested clearly and completely in one part of the British government--the Board of Trade. E. India was considered to be a more valuable colony than all the North American colonies.

74. The British Parliament enacted which of the following to enforce mercantilist theories? A. Half-Way Covenant, 1662; Woolens Act 1699; Hat Act, 1732. B. Navigation Act, 1651; Enumerated Commodities Act, 1660; Staple Act, 1663. C. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 1638; Act of Toleration, 1649; Navigation Act, 1651. D. Iron Act, 1750; Sugar Act, 1764; Stamp Act, 1765. E. Stamp Act, 1765; Quebec Act, 1774; Olive Branch Petition, 1775.

75. In the 1790s, Virginia and Maryland exported 130,000,000 pounds per year. In 1775, 165,000 barrels of another product passed through Charleston and Savannah. New England exported 2,700,000 gallons of its chief product in 1775. These three exports are, respectively, A. corn, indigo, and fish. B. wheat, naval stores, and molasses C. rice, fish, and wheat. D. tobacco, rice, and rum. E. tobacco, naval stores, and fish.

76. The Molasses Act was intended to enforce England's mercantilist policies by A. forcing the colonists to export solely to Great Britain. B. forcing the colonists to buy sugar from other British colonies rather from foreign producers. C. provide a favorable market for the products of the British East India Company. E. creating an economic situation in which gold tended to flow from the colonies to the mother country.

77. The Navigation Acts were part of the British policy known as A isolationism B capitalism C mercantilism D monopolism E imperialism

78. Which of the following assumptions is a central part of mercantilism? A the amount of wealth in the world was unlimited B the goal of each nation was to become self-sufficient C each nation benefited from the economic success of other nations D nations should import goods worth the same amount that they exported E colonies were a drain on the economy of the home country