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120X202 Otwarcie Q7:Layout 3 In late medieval and Renaissance Europe dyna‡ic and territorial unions were by no means a rarity. The exceptional character of the Common- wealth of Two Nations consi‡ed in the fact that the Polish-Lithuanian political nation built joint in‡itutions whose functioning for more than 200 years was based on such shared values as liberty, equality, recognition of the supremacy of the law, and participation in public life conceived as serving the common good — res publica. All these factors yielded an awareness of a political community which was the binding force of a federation, similarly to the high political culture of the gentry, who recognized the multi- -cultural character of the ‡ate and society. Union of Lublin, M. Bacciarelli, 1784 Zamek Królewski w Warszawie On the throne: King Zygmunt Augustus, next to him: royal secretary Stanis∏aw Hozjusz with the act of the Union, to the right from the throne: Miko∏aj Siennicki, marshal of the Chamber of Deputies. Polish and Lithuanian knights hold the flags of Lithuania (blue-green with the Pogoƒ) and the Crown (red with the Eagle) with laurel leafs, and the ribbon displaying the inscription: In commune bonum – complexu sociata perenni (for the common good – eternally united). Federalism in the History of Poland The free with the free, the equal with the equal 1385 – the Union of Krewo; Jagie∏∏o, the grand duke The Commonwealth of Two Nations of Lithuania, consented to becoming the King of Poland in return for marrying Jadwiga of Anjou, the The Crown and Lithuania – United for all times… Queen of Poland. Jagie∏∏o agreed to be baptised, to convert Lithuania to Christianity, and to join (applicare) Lithuania to the Crown. The ensuing union functioned Union of Poland and Lithuania on a personal basis. 1401~~– the Union of Wilno-Radom; a guarantee of The_ Polish-Lithuanian Union was originally a personal union, the separateness of the Lithuanian state. which in 1569 assumed the form of a real union, i.e. a federa- tion of two states. The Commonwealth of Two Nations was 1413~~– the Union of Horod∏o opened up for the composed of two equal subjects: the Crown (Poland) and Lithuanian gentry a path towards obtaining privileges Lithuania. The state had a jointly elected monarch, who was similar to those enjoyed by the gentry in the Crown. simultaneously the Grand Duke of Lithuania, a joint Sejm (the Chamber of Deputies included parliamentarians from the Crown 1569~~– the Union of Lublin; the creation of the Cartouches with the coats of arms of the Commonwealth — the Eagle and the Pogoƒ and Lithuania, and the Senate – Polish and Lithuanian sena- Commonwealth of Two Nations. tors, the marshal /speaker of the house/ of every third Sejm was project of decorations for the Chamber of Senators a Lithuanian, and since 1673 every third Sejm sat in Grodno), 1658~~– the Union of Hadziacz – an attempt at at the Royal Castle, 1720, Zamek Królewski w Warszawie and a joint foreign policy and currency. Separate ministers (het- transforming the Polish-Lithuanian Union into a tri- man, chancellor, marshal of the court), treasuries, laws and partite union encompassing three Ukrainian voivode- courts were retained. A complete merge of the two states nev- ships (Kiev, Brac∏aw and Czernihów) – was never er took place: the Lithuanians consistently demonstrated their distinctness although under no circumstances did they seriously implemented. question the Union as such. Lithuanian parliamentary sessions ~~– the enactment of the “cardinal laws”, con- were convened at the time of the debates of the General Sejm, 1768 and offices in Lithuania were held exclusively by Lithuanians, firming the immutable nature of the Polish-Lithuan- who also applied an increasingly wide interpretation of their ian Union. competence in regard to foreign policy. Emphasis is due to the ~~– the Third May Constitution introduced, difference between the Lithuanian tradition of state continu- 1791 um and historical consciousness and its Polish counterpart. beside a joint King and Sejm, also common executive organs of the two states, without specifying the char- acter of the union of Poland and Lithuania. 20~~ October 1791 – The Mutual Guarantee of the Two Nations – a Sejm act added to the Constitution, guaranteeing the equality of the Poles and the Lithua- nians, and confirming the federal nature of the state. 1795~~– the third partition – the end of the Polish- -Lithuanian state. Act of the Union of Lublin, 1569 The Zygmunt Eagle and the beginning of the text Archiwum G∏ówne Akt Dawnych of the Union act, 1 July 1569, Biblioteka Narodowa The act of the Polish-Lithuanian Union was written down at the Sejm The lavishly embellished manuscript containing, i.a. copies of the Union in Lublin in two identical documents dated 1 July 1569, which were then documents of the Sejm of Lublin, was probably written within the range Map of Europe from the turn exchanged. The document of the Polish side features the seals of 140 of the royal chancery. of the seventeenth century by H. Iaillot, Biblioteka Narodowa senators and deputies of the Crown. The Lithuanians confirmed After the Union of Lublin the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area the credibility of their document with 77 seals. The latter document is of 815 000 square kilometres and attained its greatest extent in kept in a Polish archive. the first half of the 17th century. It was the largest country in the Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period. The element of space played an important role in the history of the Commonwealth. L’E∑tat, c’estnous Liber civis... ... in libera respublica The szlachta – the gentry estate Economic privileges Political privileges System of the Commonwealth of (the nobility) of Poland emerged 1374 – the statute of Koszyce; an exemption of the 1454 – the privileges of Nieszawa (granted to each Two Nations, whose main gentry from all taxes with the exception of 2 grosze from land separately); the king could not issue new laws or from the knights in the second half of each peasant ∏an (laneus – about 20 hectares); the order the levée en masse without the assent of the land institutions were recorded in the the fourteenth century. Due to the acquisition statute contributed to the development of the land dietines, i.e. the local assemblies of the gentry; the Henrician Articles, was described as of successive economic, judicial and political dietine, i.e. the representation of the gentry from estate of the szlachta as a whole became an independ- monarchia mixta, i.e. a combination of a given land. ent and legitimate political subject. monarchic, aristocratic and democratic forms. privileges, during the first half of the fif- ~~ teenth century the gentry changed into a civic Guarantees of civic liberties 1569 – the Union of Lublin extended all the privi- Its foundation consisted of the idea of 1422 – the privilege of Czerwiƒsk; a ban on the leges achieved previously by the gentry of the Crown so nation, which decided about state issues by confiscation of land belonging to the gentry without as to encompass the nobility of the whole Common- a social contract stemming from the conviction attending the dietines (sejmiki) and then the a previous court verdict. wealth. that the state had been created by the gentry as a whole, and that the will of the nation Sejm (the Diet, Parliament). Each member of 1430-33 – the privilege of Jedlno-Kraków; the ~~ the estate possessed identical political rights introduction of the personal inviolability of the gen- of the gentry was the source of monarchic regardless of his property and religion try (Neminem captivabimus nisi iure victum). authority. The obedience of the subjects relied (the principle of equality). The szlachta ~~ on the observance by the king of the pledged comprised about 10% of the whole rights. population of the Polish Kingdom. From the mid-seventeenth century the system of the Commonwealth found itself in a serious crisis. Election of Augustus II the Strong in Wola M. Altomonte, 1697, Zamek Królewski w Warszawie An election of the king by the whole gentry estate. During the first interregnum, after the extinction of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1572, the gentry party achieved the recognition of the principle that the monarch Privilege of Nieszawa, 1454 of the Commonwealth should be chosen in a free viritim election, i.e. Archiwum Paƒstwowe w Krakowie personally by every member of the szlachta who arrived at the designated election site. Portrait of Stanis∏aw T´czyƒski, T. Dolabella, ca. 1634 Zamek Królewski na Wawelu The youngest son of Jan, the voivode of Kraków, is shown wearing typical gentry apparel: a ˝upan (long inner garment) and a fur-lined Winged rider, a fragment of a painted parchment scroll depicting The winged rider is a personification of the conviction that every vis `a vis delia (overcoat), with a karabela (sabre) at his side, and his hand resting Sebastian Sobieski, the standard bearer of the Crown, leading a squadron nobleman was a born warrior. A summary of the gentry duties on a book lying on a table covered with a Persian rug. of the royal Husaria (Hussars), the famous winged cavalry the king was contained in the succinct formula devised by Stanis∏aw This attire assimilated numerous Oriental elements, and in the eighteenth painter unknown, 1605, Zamek Królewski w Warszawie Orzechowski: “King, I owe you no more than 2 grosze from a ∏an, war, century a nobleman dressed in a ˝upan and a kontusz (long outer and a title on a summons”. “War” signified the obligation to defend garment) was identified with a supporter of “golden liberty”. the homeland in a levÛe en masse, and “a title on a summons” – the recognition of the judicial rights of the monarch.
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