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Intellectuals in Contemporary China the Emergence of a Media Elite and Its Impact

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Intellectuals in Contemporary China the Emergence of a Media Elite and Its Impact Intellectuals in Contemporary China The Emergence of a Media Elite and its impact Wang Yicheng, Fang Ning, Wang Bingquan, Liu Ruisheng The Study on Contemporary Chinese Intelligent- values, and showing a very obvious pluralized ten- sia and Media Elite is the second cooperation dency in ideological viewpoint and political project between the Institute of Political Sciences propositions. This is particularly so among the in- (IPPS) of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences tellectuals in the ideological field. Along with the (CASS) subject group on Contemporary China's changes in economic structural transition and so- New Social Structural Changes and Konrad cial development, the reactive effects of social Adenauer Foundation. The current subject aims consciousness on social being have been to analyze the changes that have taken place in intensified. Intellectuals with divergent values and the new historical period since the introduction of political standpoints in the ideological field are reform and opening up as compared with the past, becoming more and more outspoken on major laying emphasis on the social, economic, political practical issues and related historical issues, ar- and cultural status, role and impact of the intelli- ticulating their divergent viewpoints to strive for gentsia in the ideological field, especially the me- ideological discourse and impact the public opin- dia elite, forecasting their trends of development. ion and the ruling party's policymaking and the orientation of China's reform. Taken as a whole, the contemporary Chinese in- telligentsia has been playing an important, posi- This dynamic move of ideological intellectuals tive role in all walks of life throughout the histori- finds a concentrated expression in the emer- cal period of reform and opening up, making im- gence of the media elite. The rapid development portant contributions to the development of Chi- and popularization of modern information me- na's productive forces, to making the country dia in China serves as an opportune catalyst to strong and people rich, experiencing an ever higher the formation of such a special group. It is in- social status. In the meanwhile, they are expand- dispensable to investigate the elite and its ing in size, getting more and more complicated in behavior and impact if one is to observe con- structure, witnessing an eye-catching differentia- temporary China's changes and the role of its tion in their world outlook, outlook on life and intelligentsia. 1 1. Basic Change of 1.1.1 Solidarity, Education and Contemporary Chinese Transformation as policy features Intelligentsia before the introduction of reform and opening In China, the intelligentsia refers to those with In semi-feudal, semi-colonial old China, there relatively high educational level and working with gradually arose a large group of intellectuals their brains. After the introduction of reform and and young students, but they accounted for a opening up, alongside the social changes in con- very small number in the whole population. temporary China and the changed policy of the Judging from their family origin, living condi- Chinese Communist Party (CCP) on intellectuals, tions and political standpoints, most of them the Chinese intelligentsia has greatly enhanced could be categorized into the petty bourgeoisie. their social status, role and impact while at the After the May Fourth Movement of 1919, the same time the remarkable split up among them Left wing of the intellectuals accepted the ideo- is an important aspect reflecting China's social logical impact of the Russian October Revolu- structural changes. tion and Marxism-Leninism and became the mainstay of the revolutionary forces in the strug- 1.1 CCP policy on Intellectuals gle against imperialism, feudalism and bureau- With the Third Plenary Session of its 11th Cen- crat-capitalism, while the Right wing were intel- tral Committee in December 1978 as the lectuals subservient to and serving imperialism watershed, the CCP made an important adjust- and the big bourgeoisie. This section of people, ment in its policy on intellectuals. While it was as well as the middle-of-the road intellectuals previously articulated as stressing solidarity, under their impact, worshipped Western bour- reliance, education and transformation, it was geois economic and political institutions and revised to stress "respecting knowledge and pursued individualist and self-centered US lib- talents," and "fully trusting and relying on intel- erty and democracy while opposing or doubting lectuals" ever since. This change shows on the or adopting a wait-and-see attitude towards the one hand that the CCP has attached greater Communist-led New Democratic Revolution. On importance to the role of intellectuals and on the eve of nationwide victory of the Chinese Peo- the other hand that the policy on intellectuals is ple's War of Liberation, Mao Zedong published a not radically different from that before the on- series of articles in relation to the problem ex- set of reform and opening up. The difference isting among the intellectuals, such as "On Peo- underlying the change is that intellectuals are ple's Democratic Dictatorship" "Cast Away generally defined as part of the working class. A Illusions, Prepare for Struggle;" "Farewell to major change has taken place in the mode and Leighton Stuart" "The Bankruptcy of the Ideal- method of guiding and educating intellectuals, ist Conception of History" proclaiming the vic- as manifested more in respecting, trusting and tory of people's war, which hallmarked "the to- tolerating them instead of waging ideological tal bankruptcy of Western bourgeois civilization, remolding or mass criticism movements against bourgeois democracy and the design of a bour- them at every turn. geois republic in the hearts of the Chinese 2 people. Bourgeois democracy gave way to peo- which he thought was connected with voting, ple's democracy led by the working class; and elections and opposition parties and would not bourgeois republic to People's Republic."1 co-exist with dictatorship at the same time. Since the new regime was to exercise dictatorship over It was particularly specified that "some intellec- the aliens, it could not possibly allow for tuals still harbor illusions about the United States, democracy.5 " "they are middle-of-the-roaders or rightists in People's China; they are supporters of what Although all intellectuals did not support the CCP Acheson refers to as 'democratic individuals' as in its propositions and the people's cause under there is a thin social basis in China for the fraud its leadership, the CCP had always attached great of the Acheson's. "2 "China is in the midst of a importance to the intellectuals and their role and great revolution. It is seething with fervor. There invariably tried to win them over and unite with are favorable conditions to win over and unite them as far as possible. The reason was that with all those who cherish erroneous ideas but they were the "first elements who got conscious without cherishing implacable hatred for the during the Chinese democratic revolutionary people's revolutionary cause."3 movements,"6 "often played the role of the van- guard and bridge," "Marxism-Leninism was also Facts there and then or later evidenced Mao first accepted by the intellectuals and student Zedong's judgment. Chinese liberalists or demo- youth in its widespread dissemination and ac- cratic individuals opposed the KMT reactionary ceptance in China." The organization of revolu- rule but neither did they support the Commu- tionary forces and the building of a revolution- nist Party leadership and propositions. For ary cause would not have been successful with- example, Liang Shouming quoted Chu Anping's out the participation of individuals."7 "China was words as saying, "In the political scramble in a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country, under- China today, the CP harps on democracy just to developed culturally; hence, intellectuals were inspire others to fight KMT domination, but as particularly valuable."8 far as the true spirit of the CP is concerned, it is also going after 'Party domination' and absolutely The inner Party directive on The Question of the not 'democracy'".4 In the early days after libera- National Bourgeoisie and the Enlightened Gen- tion Fei Xiaotong, while admiring the Commu- try drafted by Mao Zedong in March 1948 stated, nists for their fine spirits and style of work, also "By laboring people, it is meant all those who disbelieved that they would practice democracy, work with their hands such as workers, peasants, 1 Selected Works of Mao Zedong, V. 4, p. 1471, 1991 edition of People's Publishing House 2 Ditto pp.1485-1486 3 Ditto. p.1489 4 Collected Works of Liang Shouming V.6, p.727, 1993 edition, Shandong People's Publishing House 5 Zhang Guansheng: Biography of Fei Xiaotong, p. 295, Qunyan Press 6 Selected Works of Mao Zedong V 2, p. 559, People's Publishing House 7 Ditto; p. 641, 8 Ditto V3: p. 815 3 and handicraftsmen, etc, as well as brain work- one of the important conditions for the victory ers who work like them at the exploitation of of the revolution." "We shall never repeat the others instead of exploiting others."9 In other incorrect approach of our Party in many locali- words, "those who work at the exploitation of ties and troops during the land reform period. others without exploiting others are laboring On the other hand, the fostering of proletarian people." In his famous On New Democracy, Mao intellectuals certainly cannot be accomplished Zedong wrote, "At any rate, the Chinese without the help of those already existing in proletariat, peasantry, intelligentsia and other society. The Central Committee earnestly antici- sections of the petty bourgeoisie are the basic pates the Party committees at all levels and all forces deciding on the destiny of the nation.
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