UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO OLOMOUCI PEPAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra Hudební Výchovy

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UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO OLOMOUCI PEPAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra Hudební Výchovy UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO OLOMOUCI PEPAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Katedra hudební výchovy Nikola Šedinová Slabáková MEZZOSOPRÁNOVÉ A ALTOVÉ ROLE V OPERÁCH GIUSEPPE VERDIHO A JEJICH INTERPRETACE Disertačnì práce Školitel: Doc. MgA. Jaroslav Majtner Olomouc, 2011 1 UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO OLOMOUC PEDAGOGICKÁ FAKULTA Studijnì program: doktorský Autor: MgA. Nikola Šedinová Slabáková Název: Mezzosopránové a altové role v operách Giuseppe Verdiho a jejich interpretace Obor: Hudebnì teorie a pedagogika Školitel: Doc. MgA. Jaroslav Majtner Oponenti: Prof. PhDr. Jindřiška Bártová Prof. Naděţda Kniplová PhDr. Inez Kozelská, PhD. Klìčová slova v češtině: mezzosoprán, alt, italská opera, devatenácté stoletì, Giuseppe Verdi, Verdiho opery, interpretace Klìčová slova v angličtině: mezzo-soprano, contralto, Italian opera, the nineteenth century, Giuseppe Verdi, Verdi‟s operas, interpretation Mìsto a termìn obhajoby: PdF UP Olomouc Mìsto a termìn vystavenì disertačnì práce: PdF UP Olomouc 2 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, ţe jsem disertačnì práci s názvem „Mezzosopránové a altové role v operách Giuseppe Verdiho a jejich interpretace“ vypracovala samostatně, pouze na základě uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Olomouci dne 2011 Podpis: 3 Poděkování Děkuji za poskytnuté umělecké materiály, rozhovory a ochotné přijetì Prof. KS. Margaritě Lilové a panì Věře Soukupové. Za teoretické podklady a konzultace k disertačnì práci děkuji Prof. Dr. Susanne Vill z Katedry divadelnì vědy Univerzity v Bayreuthu. Za všeobecnou podporu a inspiraci patřì můj dìk všem, kteřì mi byli v mém snaţenì nápomocni, zejména mému muţi. 4 Motto: „A mezzo-soprano is usually a woman with a tragic past, a tragic life - strong women, wilful women, and these roles have strengthened me as a character.” Olga Borodina 5 Obsah Obsah ................................................................................................................................ 6 1. Úvod .......................................................................................................................... 8 2. Historicko-politicko-kulturní vlivy na vznik Verdiho díla ................................ 15 2.1 Itálie v 19. stoletì ............................................................................................. 15 2.2 Romantismus ................................................................................................... 19 2.2.1 Romantismus v literatuře a filosofickém myšlenì ................................... 19 2.2.2 Romantismus v Itálii .............................................................................. 21 2.3 Italská opera 19. stoletì a jejì vývoj ................................................................ 23 2.3.1 Verdiho opery.......................................................................................... 26 2.3.2 Druhy vokálnìch hudebnìch forem ve Verdiho operách ......................... 31 2.3.3 Typy postav ve Verdiho operách ............................................................ 38 3. Pěvecké pojetí vokální divadelní interpretace .................................................... 47 3.1 Emocionálnì charakter interpretace hudby...................................................... 47 3.2 Pěvecká interpretace........................................................................................ 51 3.2.1 Specifika interpretace hudby GiuseppeVerdiho...................................... 57 3.3 Mezzosopránový a altový hlas ........................................................................ 79 3.3.1 Definice mezzosopránového hlasu .......................................................... 79 3.3.2 Definice altového hlasu ........................................................................... 87 3.3.3 Přehled mezzosopránových a altových rolì Verdiho oper ...................... 89 4. Opery se stěţejní úlohou mezzosopránu či altu .................................................. 91 4.1 Oberto, knìţe sv. Bonifáce .............................................................................. 92 4.1.1 Děj opery ................................................................................................. 93 4.1.2 Cuniza ..................................................................................................... 93 4.2 Jeden den králem ............................................................................................. 96 4.2.1 Děj opery ................................................................................................. 97 4.2.2 Giulietta di Kelbar ................................................................................... 98 4.3 Luisa Miller ..................................................................................................... 99 4.3.1 Děj opery ............................................................................................... 100 4.3.2 Federica ................................................................................................. 101 4.4 Rigoletto ........................................................................................................ 103 4.4.1 Děj opery ............................................................................................... 104 4.4.2 Maddalena ............................................................................................. 105 4.5 Trubadúr ........................................................................................................ 107 4.5.1 Děj opery ............................................................................................... 108 4.5.2 Azucena ................................................................................................. 109 4.6 Maškarnì ples ................................................................................................ 119 4.6.1 Děj opery ............................................................................................... 120 4.6.2 Ulrica ..................................................................................................... 121 4.7 Sìla osudu ...................................................................................................... 126 4.7.1 Děj opery .............................................................................................. 127 4.7.2 Preziosilla .............................................................................................. 128 4.8 Don Carlos .................................................................................................... 130 4.8.1 Děj opery ............................................................................................... 131 6 4.8.2 Eboli ...................................................................................................... 133 4.9 Aida ............................................................................................................... 139 4.9.1 Děj opery ............................................................................................... 141 4.9.2 Amneris ................................................................................................. 142 4.10 Falstaff........................................................................................................... 156 4.10.1 Děj opery ............................................................................................... 158 4.10.2 Panì Quickly .......................................................................................... 158 5. Závěry pro praxi a vědní obor ........................................................................... 165 SEZNAM POUŢITÉ LITERATURY A PRAMENŮ .............................................. 173 ABSTRACT ABSTRAKT PUBLIKAČNÍ ČINNOST AUTORA DISERTAČNÍ PRÁCE PŘÍLOHA 7 1. Úvod Dějiny opery zanechaly Giuseppe Verdimu přìdomek antipoda Richarda Wagnera. V rozdìlu k Wagnerovi, kterému byla jiţ za jeho ţivota věnována interpretačnì literatura, byl Verdi přìtomen spìše na divadelnìch jevištìch neţ v interpretačnìch publikacìch. Relativně později byl objeven dokonalý přìstup Verdiho k jednotlivým detailům svých oper, které oplývajì jedinečnou a nezaměnitelnou dramaturgiì, jeţ má zásadnì vliv na impozantnì korelaci mezi libretem a hudebnì kompozicì. Této intence následuje i téma této disertačnì práce, která analyzuje jednotlivé vývojové kroky Verdiho kompozice, aplikované v interpretaci role. Vztahuje je k historickému, sociálnìmu, biografickému, psychologickému kontextu jejich vzniku a účinku. Ukazuje, jak Verdi, přes závazky k tradici italské opery, vytvářì vlastnì cestu k nalezenì hudebnì řeči, jejìmţ potřebám formuje libreta, dramaturgii, orchestr i styl zpěvu. Verdiho spojenì s risorgimentem, reflexe vývoje společnosti a politiky v jeho operách a předevšìm různorodost a výrazová dispozice lidských emocì, souvisì s otázkou specifik Verdiho interpretace. Ţivot Giuseppe Verdiho v sobě obsahuje téměř jedno celé stoletì - obdobì velké epochy, která pro jeho italskou vlast patřì k rozhodujìcìm v novodobých dějinách. Zrcadlì se v něm bezpočet jejìch vzestupů a pádů, v kterých jsou spojeny sìly jeho země touhou po svobodě a jednotě. Zde je nutno hledat inspiraci a cìl tvorby největšìho italského hudebnìho dramatika - úzkou sepjatost s vlastnìm národem, tradici děl Danteho a Petrarcy v literárnìm světě, neboť v této době 19. stoletì docházì k vzepětì citové oblasti lidské psychiky stejně silně, jako se vidina moci rozumu ukázala být neuskutečnitelnou. Jsou naopak zkoumány zákoutì hlubin lidské duše, lze–li vůbec najìt, co je neprozkoumatelné. Uměnì se transformuje v tvorbu jednotlivých národnìch kultur. Verdiho umělecké
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