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Frederick Luis Aldama and Lourdes Torres, Series Editors GLOBAL LATIN/O AMERICAS Frederick Luis Aldama and Lourdes Torres, Series Editors All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. Sponsored Migration The State and Puerto Rican Postwar Migration to the United States Edgardo Meléndez THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS COLUMBUS All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. Copyright © 2017 by The Ohio State University. All rights reserved. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Meléndez, Edgardo, author. Title: Sponsored migration : the state and Puerto Rican postwar migration to the United States / Edgardo Meléndez. Other titles: Global Latin/o Americas. Description: Columbus : The Ohio State University Press, [2017] | Series: Global Latin/o Americas | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017009221 | ISBN 9780814213414 (cloth ; alk. paper) | ISBN 0814213413 (cloth ; alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Puerto Ricans—United States—Migrations. | Puerto Ricans—United States—Politics and government. | Puerto Ricans—United States—Social conditions. | Migrant labor—United States. | Puerto Rico—Colonial influence. | Puerto Rico—Politics and government—1898–1952. | Puerto Rico—Politics and government—1952–1998. | United States—Politics and government—1933–1953. Classification: LCC E184.P85 M45 2017 | DDC 305.868/7295073—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017009221 Cover design by Christian Fuenfhausen Text design by Juliet Williams Type set in Adobe Minion Pro and Myriad Pro Cover image: AGPR, Photographic Archives, Colección Departamento de Instrucción Pública (Department of Education Collection). Photo by Charles Rotkin. The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. ANSI Z39.48–1992. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xiii INTRODUCTION Migration in the Periphery of Empire 1 CHAPTER 1 Puerto Rican Migration and the Colonial State 25 CHAPTER 2 “Neither Encouraging nor Discouraging”: The Making of Puerto Rico’s Migration Policy 49 CHAPTER 3 Puerto Ricans as Domestic Workers and the Farm Placement Program 72 CHAPTER 4 There Ain’t No Buses from San Juan to the Bronx: Postwar Migration and Air Transportation 93 CHAPTER 5 “Every Puerto Rican a Potential Migrant”: Migrant Education and the English Language Issue 122 CHAPTER 6 The Beets of Wrath: Migration Policy and Migrant Discontent in Michigan, 1950 159 CHAPTER 7 Puerto Ricans as Migratory Labor, the State as a Labor Contractor 186 Notes 215 Bibliography 243 Index 255 All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. ILLUSTRATIONS TABLES 1 Arrivals to and departures from Puerto Rico, 1950–60 115 2 Number of visitors to Puerto Rico, 1946–65 115 3 Hotel registrations in San Juan by origin, 1950–65 116 4 Top eight hotel registrations in San Juan, by U.S. states origin, 1955–65 117 5 Air traffic movement in Puerto Rico, 1956–61, by category 119 6 Net yearly migration, 1947–48 to 1960–61, by fiscal year 202 7 BEM job placements in the United States, by fiscal year 203 8 Puerto Rico farm placements in the United States, by state and selected fiscal years 204 9 Total service requests in Migration Division, by fiscal year 207 FIGURES Figures appear in a gallery following page 148. 1 Cover, DIVEDCO booklet Emigración 2 Farmworkers in front of BEM office ready to depart, circa 1953 3 Ad in Arecibo bar announcing airfares to New York, Sept. 1946 4 Ad in Arecibo bar announcing airfares to New York, Sept. 1946 (close-up) 5 Aerial view of Isla Grande Airport, March 1948 vii All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. viii • Illustrations 6 Aerial view of the International Airport at Isla Verde, Carolina, Puerto Rico, after inauguration 7 Pan Am building at Isla Grande Airport in San Juan, August 1946 8 Main lobby at the International Airport after inauguration in 1955 9 Passengers and mother and child boarding unscheduled flight by Waterman Airlines at Isla Grande Airport in San Juan, July 1946 10 Farmworkers at Isla Grande Airport ready to depart, circa 1953 11 Farmworkers on their way to the United States in unscheduled airline, Salinas, Puerto Rico, July 1946 12 Governors Averel Harriman of New York and Luis Muñoz Marín of Puerto Rico at the tenth anniversary of the Migration Division in New York City, 1958 13 Farmworkers arriving at farm housing, circa 1953 14 Puerto Rican functionaries visiting farmworkers at camp, no date 15 English lesson from Semana, November 14, 1960 16 “Our Holocaust: United States—Puerto Rico, 204 Deaths” (editorial cartoon by Filardi) All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THIS BOOK is about Puerto Rican migration to the United States. I argue that migration is an integral part of the island’s history since 1898, that is, since the United States took over Puerto Rico as a consequence of the War of 1898 with Spain. Moreover, the book focuses specifically on the role that the Puerto Rican government played in the process of migration in the postwar period, particularly during the years between 1947 and 1960. These years represent the “big wave” of Puerto Rican migration during the twentieth century. I am a political scientist by training. When asked why a political scientist is engaged in the study of migration, a realm usually left to sociologists and anthropologists, I usually respond that this subject is one of the most impor- tant political phenomena in twentieth-century Puerto Rico. U.S. and Puerto Rican government functionaries espoused migration as an alternative to what they perceived was the island’s most significant problem: overpopulation. Puerto Rican migration to the United States is directly related to U.S. colonial policies on the island, including the granting of citizenship to its residents in 1917. It is best understood as a colonial migration—that is, within the context and framework of U.S. colonialism and citizenship in Puerto Rico during the twentieth century. This should make the topic of Puerto Rican migration to the United States an eminently political subject for research and study. Migration was also an integral part of Puerto Rican politics in the 1940s and in later years, as is widely discussed in the book. Furthermore, migra- ix All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. x • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS tion policy—a central topic in this study—reflects an issue of importance for the government’s decision-making process and the political leadership that managed it at the time (the Popular Democratic Party, or PPD). Migration and migration policy were also at the center of the process of reform of the Puerto Rican government during the late 1940s. As argued throughout the book, migration was as important for PPD and U.S. policy makers as was eco- nomic policy and the island’s political status issue at that time. The book also focuses on the implementation of the government’s migration policy. One of the book’s goals is to provide an understanding of the profound impact that migration had on Puerto Rican society in areas like education and air trans- portation, subjects which have remained unexplored until today. The book also points to areas where Puerto Rico’s migration policy influenced the devel- opment of Puerto Rican communities in the United States with programs like farm placement for agricultural workers and institutions like the Migration Division. Like all other academic texts, this book has benefitted from the support and assistance of many people. I am most grateful to all of them. Many of the primary documents used in this book come from the Archivo General de Puerto Rico (AGPR—Puerto Rico’s General Archives) in San Juan. Numerous individuals helped me during my research at the AGPR. My deepest thanks go particularly to archivist Pedro Roig, whose knowledge and devotion to his work made my time here as productive as it could be. María Isabel Rodríguez, archivist of the AGPR photographic collection, facilitated finding most of the photos included in the book. I also carried out research at the Library and Archives of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies (Centro), housed in Hunter College–CUNY in New York City. My heartfelt gratitude to senior archivist Pedro Juan Hernández, whose knowledge of the archives furthered my research there. Also to librar- ian Félix Rivera, as well as to all the other members of the Centro Library, for supporting my work there. Many days I have spent using the resources—particularly the invaluable collection of newspapers, government reports, and books—of the Colección Puertorriqueña (the Puerto Rican Collection) in the General Library of the University of Puerto Rico at Río Piedras. My thanks to all of those there who have helped me throughout the years in this and other research projects, par- ticularly to its director, María Ordoñez. My appreciation also to the staff of the Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín in San Juan, who provided assistance in using its premier collection of documents, and particularly to the director of the documents section, Julio Quirós. All Rights Reserved. Copyright © The Ohio State University Press, 2017. Batch 1. Acknowledgments • xi The research for this book began many years ago while I was still in the Department of Political Science at the University of Puerto Rico. I would like to acknowledge the School of Social Sciences and the department for sup- porting the initial research and writing for this book with a sabbatical leave.
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