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Plant Communities and Floristic Features of Sinkhole Ponds and Seepage Wetlands in Southeastern Augusta County, Virginia

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Plant Communities and Floristic Features of Sinkhole Ponds and Seepage Wetlands in Southeastern Augusta County, Virginia Banisteria, Number 13, 1999 C 1999 by the Virginia Natural History of Society Plant Communities and Floristic Features of Sinkhole Ponds and Seepage Wetlands in Southeastern Augusta County, Virginia Gary P. Fleming & Nancy E. Van Alstine Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Division of Natural Heritage 217 Governor St. Richmond, VA 23219 INTRODUCTION and toe of the Blue Ridge, from the Big Levels ridgeline on the south to the edge of alluvial fan deposits on the Distinctive wetlands in the Big Levels - Maple Flats north (Fig. 1). This region is located in southeastern region of Augusta County, Virginia, have received Augusta County, generally south of Stuarts Draft, east of considerable attention from botanists and ecologists Steetes Tavern, and west of Sherando. Topographically, during the past 60 years. Situated on deep, alluvial fan it is characterized by broad, gentle mountain tops, steep deposits overlying carbonate rocks along the western base rocky slopes and boulderfields, and gently sloping to of the Blue Ridge Mountains, these wetlands include nearly level terrain where the foot-slopes meet the natural depressions or sinkhole ponds formed through Shenandoah Valley floor. Bedrock of the mountain slopes processes of karstic collapse and sedimentation, as well as is mostly Cambrian-age quartzite of the Antietam Forma- seepage wetlands developed along streams draining the tion (Werner, 1966). Fan deposits of three different ages area. Freer (1933), Can (1937, 1938, 1939, 1940a, and consisting of cobble to boulder-sized gravels extend 1940b), Rawlinson & Can (1937), and Harvill (1972, for approximately three miles from the lower mountain 1973a, 1975) have noted the occurrence of Coastal Plain slopes to near the South River (Whittecar & Duffy, 1992). plants and disjunct northern plants in some of the ponds These alluvial deposits overlie dolomites and limestones and seepages. Work in the Big Levels - Maple Flats of the Cambrian Shady and Elbrook formations. Both region wetlands by the Virginia Department of Conserva- residual and alluvial soils of the area are strongly acidic tion and Recreation's Division of Natural Heritage (DCR- and infertile. Subxeric to xeric conditions and oligo- DNH) over the past decade has focused on inventory of trophic oak-pine forest vegetation prevail over much of rare taxa (Van Alstine & Ludwig, 1991; Van Alstine et the landscape. However, more mesophytic forests and al., 1992; Longbottom & Van Alstine, 1995; Van Alstine, forested wetlands influenced by groundwater seepage 1996). In addition, a preliminary classification of plant occur along streams draining the Big Level flanks and communities in Shenandoah Valley sinkhole ponds, mantle of foot-slope fans. One of the best known seep- including some of those in the Big Levels - Maple Flats ages, Magnolia Swamp (Carr, 1939), is situated near the region, was prepared by. Van Alstine & Rawinski (1992). outermost edge of fan deposits, approximately 8 km In this paper, we focus on two objectives to more fully WSW of Stuarts Draft. characterize the vegetation of the Big Levels - Maple Flats Local solution of underlying carbonate formations and region: 1) development of a provisional classification of reworking of surficial material by streams have resulted in the plant communities in undisturbed ponds and seepages; the development of numerous natural ponds in the fan and 2) a phytogeographic analysis of all vascular plant deposits around the foot of Big Levels (Rawinski et al., taxa reported from these wetlands. 1996). These ponds vary in size from less than 0.1 ha to over 1.0 ha. Pollen profiles from bottom sediments in two STUDY AREA ponds demonstrate the continuous existence of pond habitats in this area over the past 15,000 years, as well as For the purposes of this study, the Big Levels - Maple major shifts of local climate and vegetation during this Flats region is broadly defined to include the entire flank period (Craig, 1969). Ponds that are particularly well 68 BANISTERIA NO. 13, 1999 0 3 6 Kilometers Fi Location of the Big Levels - Maple Flats region study area in Augusta County, Virginia. FLEMING & VAN ALSTINE: PLANT COMMUNITIES 69 known botanically include Deep Pond, Kennedy Moun- ployed to identify groups of species that tend to co-occur tain Meadow, Oak Pond, Quarles Pond, Spring Pond under similar environmental conditions. Compositional (Hack Pond), and .the Twin Ponds (North and South) relationships among these stands were further examined, (Freer, 1933; Rawlinson & Carr, 1937; Craig, 1969; and community type groupings validated, using Detrended Harvill, 1973; Mohlenbrock, 1990; Knox, 1997). Correspondence Analysis (DCA; Hill, 1979) implemented The Big Levels - Maple Flats region study area is part in the software program PC-ORD (version 3.18, McCune of a larger depositional landscape that stretches along the & Mefford, 1997). Traditional Bratm-Blanquet tabular western base of the Blue Ridge for approximately 90 km, methods were used to define compositionally similar units from the Rockbridge/Augusta county line north to the in the seepage wetlands. The major units of the classifica- southernmost part of Page County. Sinkhole ponds and tion are treated simply as "community types," which are seepage wetlands scattered throughout this larger area are defmed as units with similar floristic composition, physi- refugia for many rare species and contribute significantly ognomy, and environmental relationships. In a few cases, to the biological diversity of the region (Woodward & community subtypes or variants are defined. Types and Hoffman, 1991). subtypes are named using up to five species with high constancy and diagnostic value. Community names MATERIALS AND METHODS reflect stand structure, with the taller species listed first. Nominal species in the same stratum are separated by a Floristic presence/absence data collected by DCR- dash (-) while those in different strata are separated by a DNH biologists and cooperators from 78 relatively slash (/). undisturbed wetland vegetation stands provided the basis Because much of the supporting data was not collected for a provisional classification of plant communities. from areas of standard size, was not quantitative, and did These data represent 24 seepage wetland and 29 pond not include environmental measurements, compositional stands in the Big Levels - Maple Flats region, as well as units defmed in this study must be considered provisional. 25 additional pond stands located elsewhere in Augusta More intensive and rigorous sampling of these wetlands and Rockingham Counties in ecologically similar land- is needed to fully circumscribe these communities and scapes. It was essential to include stands from outside the their hierarchical relationships. study area in order to make the pond classification as Phytogeographic analysis of the flora of the Big robust and regionally representative as possible. Levels - Maple Flats region is based on floristic data from Much of the available data consisted of species lists 33 ponds and 24 seepage wetlands located within the recorded from individual wetlands during the period study area. These data consist mostly of taxa collected or 1990-1998. A few stands were quantitatively sampled identified in the field by DCR-DNH biologists and using the releve method of plot sampling (sensu Peet et cooperators. Data from older herbarium records and al., 1998) with 100 m2 quadrats; these data were converted literature sources were also included for a few sites; to presence/absence for consistency across the entire data therefore, not all of the listed taxa are currently known to set. Multiple visits were made to many of the ponds, and be extant. Nomenclature follows Kartesz (1994). Species hydrologic conditions, soil composition, and other were sorted into geographic distribution groups using environmental factors were subjectively evaluated in the standard botanical manuals (Fernald, 1950; Radford et ar., field during these visits. A-horizon soil samples were 1968; Gleason & Cronquist, 1991) and the Biota of North collected from 13 ponds, and the chemical analysis of America Project species distribution maps available on these samples and six others collected by J.S. Knox was the Internet (BONAP, 1998). Using these sources, along reported in Knox (1997). Hydrologic regime descriptors with atlases of the Virginia flora (Harvill et al., 1992) and follow Cowardin et al. (1979). However, field observa- West Virginia flora (West Virginia Nongame and Natural tions indicate that the hydroperiods of many ponds are Heritage Program, 1997), we also evaluated whether each irregular and unpredictable, making definitive placement taxon's Augusta County occurrence represents an outlier in Cowardin's hydrologic regimes difficult in some cases from its continuous range. In addition to significantly (Buhlmann et al., 1999) . disjunct taxa, outliers included some taxa which occur The limited scope of data made community analysis regularly east of the mountains in the Piedmont Plateau and interpretation somewhat problematic. Pond vegeta- but are absent to rare on or west of the Blue Ridge. The tion in the study area is complex and varies with distinct, percentage of the total Big Levels - Maple Flats region often concentric hydrological zonation. Since species lists wetland flora attributable to each of nine geographic frequently reflect heterogeneous, within-pond composition distributional groups, as well as the total number of and environments, a modified
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