Classical Greece & Idyllic Islands
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Albanian Families' History and Heritage Making at the Crossroads of New
Voicing the stories of the excluded: Albanian families’ history and heritage making at the crossroads of new and old homes Eleni Vomvyla UCL Institute of Archaeology Thesis submitted for the award of Doctor in Philosophy in Cultural Heritage 2013 Declaration of originality I, Eleni Vomvyla confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Signature 2 To the five Albanian families for opening their homes and sharing their stories with me. 3 Abstract My research explores the dialectical relationship between identity and the conceptualisation/creation of history and heritage in migration by studying a socially excluded group in Greece, that of Albanian families. Even though the Albanian community has more than twenty years of presence in the country, its stories, often invested with otherness, remain hidden in the Greek ‘mono-cultural’ landscape. In opposition to these stigmatising discourses, my study draws on movements democratising the past and calling for engagements from below by endorsing the socially constructed nature of identity and the denationalisation of memory. A nine-month fieldwork with five Albanian families took place in their domestic and neighbourhood settings in the areas of Athens and Piraeus. Based on critical ethnography, data collection was derived from participant observation, conversational interviews and participatory techniques. From an individual and family group point of view the notion of habitus led to diverse conceptions of ethnic identity, taking transnational dimensions in families’ literal and metaphorical back- and-forth movements between Greece and Albania. -
Classical Greece and the Hellenistic World
P a g e | 1 CLASSICAL GREECE AND THE HELLENISTIC WORLD Text prepared by Erdal Yavuz Ancient Greece as “the Ancestor”! "Yet this entire body of peoples(of the East) In the Greek city states by 5th century B.C. and in Rome by remains excluded from our conside 2nd century B.C. slavery became a dominant form. It was the ration, because hitherto it has not high number of slaves used in all production that permitted a appeared as an independent element in the "freedom" and "democracy" to a non-laboring population. series of phases that Reason has assumed However these systems couldn't reproduce themselves due to in the world" the lack of incentive for productivity and invention which also Hegel, The Philosophy of History. caused their rapid disintegration and evolution to other systems. Most historical observations as well as Classical Greece and the Hellenistic World: contemporary approaches revolve around the structural A Brief Survey as well as cultural and ideological differences between east “Classical Greece” till now is considered as a and west. Even today the prediction on a certain “clash of cultural ancestor of “the” Western Civilization. It is a civilizations” is somehow based on this long-lasting tradition continued by the Roman culture, Islamic approach to “the other”. science and philosophy, “rediscovered” by the From the start of history “the East” was the Renaissance and so forth. Greek culture itself was based advanced region with prosperous cities, developed on the heritage of Minoa, Mycenae as well as Egypt and economy within relatively centralized states. On the other the other Middle Eastern civilizations. -
Ancient Greece
αρχαία Ελλάδα (Ancient Greece) The Birthplace of Western Civilization Marshall High School Mr. Cline Western Civilization I: Ancient Foundations Unit Three AA * European Civilization • Neolithic Europe • Europe’s earliest farming communities developed in Greece and the Balkans around 6500 B.C. • Their staple crops of emmer wheat and barley were of near eastern origin, indicating that farming was introduced by settlers from Anatolia • Farming spread most rapidly through Mediterranean Europe. • Society was mostly composed of small, loose knit, extended family units or clans • They marked their territory through the construction of megalithic tombs and astronomical markers • Stonehenge in England • Hanobukten, Sweden * European Civilization • Neolithic Europe • Society was mostly composed of small, loose knit, extended family units or clans • These were usually built over several seasons on a part time basis, and required little organization • However, larger monuments such as Stonehenge are evidence of larger, more complex societies requiring the civic organization of a territorial chiefdom that could command labor and resources over a wide area. • Yet, even these relatively complex societies had no towns or cities, and were not literate * European Civilization • Ancient Aegean Civilization • Minos and the Minotaur. Helen of Troy. Odysseus and his Odyssey. These names, still famous today, bring to mind the glories of the Bronze Age Aegean. • But what was the truth behind these legends? • The Wine Dark Sea • In Greek Epic, the sea was always described as “wine dark”, a common appellation used by many Indo European peoples and languages. • It is even speculated that the color blue was not known at this time. Not because they could not see it, but because their society just had no word for it! • The Aegean Sea is the body of water which lays to the east of Greece, west of Turkey, and north of the island of Crete. -
By Konstantinou, Evangelos Precipitated Primarily by the Study
by Konstantinou, Evangelos Precipitated primarily by the study of ancient Greece, a growing enthusiasm for Greece emerged in Europe from the 18th century. This enthusiasm manifested itself in literature and art in the movements referred to as classicism and neoclassicism. The founda- tions of contemporary culture were identified in the culture of Greek antiquity and there was an attempt to learn more about and even revive the latter. These efforts manifested themselves in the themes, motifs and forms employed in literature and art. How- ever, European philhellenism also had an effect in the political sphere. Numerous societies were founded to support the cause of Greek independence during the Greek War of Independence, and volunteers went to Greece to join the fight against the Ottoman Empire. Conversely, the emergence of the Enlightenment in Greece was due at least in part to the Greek students who studied at European universities and brought Enlightenment ideas with them back to Greece. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Literary and Popular Philhellenism in Europe 2. European Travellers to Greece and Their Travel Accounts 3. The Greek Enlightenment 4. Reasons for Supporting Greece 5. Philhellenic Germany 6. Lord Byron 7. European Philhellenism 8. Societies for the Support of the Greeks 9. Bavarian "State Philhellenism" 10. Jakob Philip Fallmerayer and Anti-Philhellenism 11. Appendix 1. Sources 2. Bibliography 3. Notes Indices Citation The neo-humanism of the 18th and 19th centuries contributed considerably to the emergence of a philhellenic1 climate in Europe. This new movement was founded by Johann Joachim Winckelmann (1717–1768) (ᇄ Media Link #ab), who identified aesthetic ideals and ethical norms in Greek art, and whose work Geschichte der Kunst des Altertums (1764) (ᇄ Media Link #ac) (History of the Art of Antiquity) made ancient Greece the point of departure for an aestheticizing art history and cultural history. -
University of Cincinnati
UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI Date:___________________ I, _________________________________________________________, hereby submit this work as part of the requirements for the degree of: in: It is entitled: This work and its defense approved by: Chair: _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ SLAVERY AND DEPENDENT PERSONNEL IN THE LINEAR B ARCHIVES OF MAINLAND GREECE A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Classical Studies of the College of Arts and Sciences 2004 by Kalliopi Efkleidou B.A., Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 2001 Committee Chair: Jack L. Davis ABSTRACT SLAVERY AND DEPENDENT PERSONNEL IN THE LINEAR B ARCHIVES OF MAINLAND GREECE by Kalliopi Efkleidou This work focuses on the relations of dominance as they are demonstrated in the Linear B archives of Mainland Greece (Pylos, Tiryns, Mycenae, and Thebes) and discusses whether the social status of the “slave” can be ascribed to any social group or individual. The analysis of the Linear B tablets demonstrates that, among the lower-status people, a social group that has been generally treated by scholars as internally undifferentiated, there were differentiations in social status and levels of dependence. A set of conditions that have been recognized as being of central importance to the description of the -
Geography and Early Greek Civilization
Geography and Early Greek Civilization Do Now How does geography influence how you interact with your neighbors? Learning Targets and Intentions of the Lesson I Want Students to: 1. KNOW the differences and similarities of the Geography of Greece to River Valley Civilizations. 2. UNDERSTAND and explain the how Greece’s geography influences their interaction in the region. 3. Complete a chart comparing the characteristics of Minoan and Mycenaean culture (Skill) Greece is mountainous Greece is a Mountainous Peninsula with Islands. The Geography of Greece • Ancient Greece consisted of a large mountainous peninsula and islands in the Aegean Sea. • Its hilly terrain made farming difficult • Its location encouraged trade. Mountains separated Greek cities The Effects of Mountains Greece’s mountainous terrain separated the ancient Greek cities. As such, the ancient Greeks never developed a unified system of government. The ancient Greeks developed the polis or the city-state. The Greeks lived in Separate City- States. The Polis • Polis was the Greek word for “city-state”. • A polis was an independent city and its surrounding farmland. • Every polis had its own government and laws but the Greeks shared a common language and religion. The ancient Greeks farmed but it was difficult. Hills are not suited for farming. However, there is always the sea. Even today, the Greeks have access to the Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea. The Seas • Greece is a peninsula and islands. • Seas surround parts of Greece. • The Seas allowed the Greeks to travel and trade. • Trade encouraged cultural diffusion. Trade and Cultural Diffusion • The seas allowed the Greeks to depend heavily on trade. -
The Cultures Within Ancient Greek Culture
P1: FCH/FFX P2: FCH/FFX QC: FCH/FFX T1: FCH CB531-FM CB531-Dougherty.cls May 5, 2003 14:51 The Cultures within Ancient Greek Culture Contact, Conflict, Collaboration ! edited by Carol Dougherty Wellesley College Leslie Kurke University of California, Berkeley iii P1: FCH/FFX P2: FCH/FFX QC: FCH/FFX T1: FCH CB531-FM CB531-Dougherty.cls May 5, 2003 14:51 published by the press syndicate of the university of cambridge The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom cambridge university press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org C Cambridge University Press 2003 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2003 Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Bembo 11/13.5 pt. and Centaur System LATEX2ε [tb] A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data The cultures within ancient Greek culture : contact, conflict, collaboration / edited by Carol Dougherty, Leslie Kurke. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-521-81566-5 1. Ethnicity–Greece. 2. Pluralism (Social sciences)–Greece. 3. Greece–Civilization–To 146 b.c. I. Dougherty, Carol. II. Kurke, Leslie. -
Nicholas Biddle, Anacharsis, and the Grand Tour
Nicholas Biddle, Anacharsis, and the Grand Tour HEN NICHOLAS BlDDLE (1786-1844) TRAVELED in Europe in the years 1804 to 1807, he kept a series of notebooks in which Whe recorded both his movements and his thoughts on the sights he saw and the people he met. The recovery of these notebooks in 1976 and the recent publication of two of them enable us to get a better picture of his early character and to place him within the context of the history of American travelers. Why did he go to the Aegean of all places?1 To answer this question, I begin by way of a fictional detour. In E. M. Forster's novel A Room with a View, the Reverend Mr. Beebe, speaking of the Miss Alans' proposed visit to Athens and Constantinople, says: I haven't been to Greece myself, and I don't mean to go, and I can't imagine any of my friends going. It is altogether too big for our little lot. Don't you think so? Italy is just about as much as we can manage. Italy is heroic, but Greece is godlike or devilish—I am not sure which, and in either case absolute- ly out of our suburban focus.... I was saying, if our poor little Cockney lives must have a background, let it be Italian. Big enough in all conscience. The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel for me. There the contrast is just as much as I can realize. But not the Parthenon, not the frieze of Phidias at any price.. -
Greek Language Questions
Journal of Greek Linguistics 11 (2011) 249–257 brill.nl/jgl Review Article Doing without the Fez: Greek Language Questions Christopher Gerard Brown Th e Ohio State University [email protected] Abstract Th is defi nitive history of the Greek Language Controversy shows how Greek’s status as a prestige language galvanized a national movement attracting various ethnicities of the Millet-i rum . Th e status of classical Greek resonant in Adamantios Korais’s katharévousa helped consolidate the Greek state. An alternate demoticist programme, anticipated by Katartzis, developed in the Ionian Islands, and formulated by Psycharis, took hold through the eff orts of the Educational Demoticists. Standard Modern Greek is a synthesis of the two programmes—neither the phono- logically puristic Romaika of Psycharis nor an archaizing Schriftsprache, it retains elements of both. Keywords Diglossia , katharévousa , purism , Korais , Psycharis , sociolinguistics , Language Question , Language Controversy Peter Mackridge. Language and National Identity in Greece , 1766–1976 . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009. Since 1976 the Language Question that agitated the Greek-speaking world for some two hundred years is history, and in Peter Mackridge it has found its historian. Th e Language Controversy, as Mackridge translates the Greek το γλωσσικό ζήτημα, was a debate about nature of the Greek language, its historicity and perennity. Both sides wanted a standard national language to symbolize the continuity of Hellenism, a patent of succession to the prestige and authority of classical antiquity. Partisans of the puristic Schriftsprache sought to teach and improve a fallen people, to restore lost continuity and make them worthy of their heritage. -
8 · the Foundations of Theoretical Cartography in Archaic and Classical Greece
8 · The Foundations of Theoretical Cartography in Archaic and Classical Greece PREPARED BY THE EDITORS FROM MATERIALS SUPPLIED BY GERMAINE AUJAe Greek civilization started in the Minoan-Mycenaean age Likewise, it is not always realized that the vast ma (2100-1100 B.C.) and arguably continued to the fall of jority of our knowledge about Greek cartography in this the empires of Byzantium and Trebizond in the fifteenth early period is known from second- or third-hand ac century. Within this span of some three thousand years, counts. We have no original texts of Anaximander, Py the main achievements in Greek cartography took place thagoras, or Eratosthenes-all pillars of the development from about the sixth century B.C. to the culminating of Greek cartographic thought. In particular, there are work of Ptolemy in the second century A.D. This sem relatively few surviving artifacts in the form of graphic inal era can be conveniently divided into several peri representations that may be considered maps. Our carto ods around which the following chapters are shaped: graphic knowledge must therefore be gleaned largely the archaic and classical period (to the fourth cen from literary descriptions, often couched in poetic lan tury B.C.), the Hellenistic period (fourth and third guage and difficult to interpret. In addition, many other centuries B.C.), the early Greco-Roman period (second ancient texts alluding to maps are further distorted by century B.C. to the second century A.D.), and the age of being written centuries after the period they record; they Ptolemy (second century A.D.).1 too must be viewed with caution because they are sim It has often been remarked that the Greek contribution ilarly interpretative as well as descriptive. -
THE VIRTUAL TOURIST in GREECE, 1897-1905 ABSTRACT While
THE VIRTUAL TOURIST IN GREECE, 1897-1905 ABSTRACT While travelling in Greece in 1892, a British tourist wryly commented on a group of tourists arriving in Athens who were travelling with nothing but a Baedeker guidebook and a pair of opera glasses (Armstrong, 1892). By 1892 tourist images were beginning to determine the benchmark for authentic vistas of Greece. This argument analyses an early technology for generating three dimensional images of Greece and the technological, ideological and discursive features that distinguish a particular iteration of the early tourist gaze. The study seeks to bring research from the humanities on tourism in Greece to a broader audience as a means of investigating the potential for more productive cross-flows in research covering tourism and the arts and humanities. HIGHLIGHTS: Research in tourism to Greece in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries is predominantly conducted in the arts and humanities. Tourist guidebooks to Greece in the nineteenth century shift from a focus on oriental to classical stereotypes. Stereoscopic guides through Greece in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries reproduced, and contradicted, guidebook stereotypes. KEYWORDS: Greece, interdisciplinary, stereoscope, visual, guidebook 1 1. INTRODUCTION This article offers a consideration of the dominant stereotypes of Grecian life and culture portrayed in an early form of virtual reality offered to armchair tourists: the stereograph. Stereographs offered two juxtaposed pictures of a scene, which if viewed simultaneously through stereoscopic lenses, would produce a three dimensional effect. Major publishers such as Underwood & Underwood would produce stereoscopic journeys for the virtual tourist, a form that belonged to an increasing portfolio of techniques and models for simulating three- dimensional space for tourists. -
Liz Potter 1. British Philhellenism and the Greek Past
BRITISH PHILHELLENISM AND THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF GREECE: A CASE STUDY OF GEORGE FINLAY (1799-1875) Liz Potter ABSTRACT: This article offers a case study of George Finlay, a British philhellene whose intellectual make-up deserves more attention than it has previously been given (1). Unlike many Western European philhellenes who returned home disillusioned with Greece, Finlay spent his life in Athens (2); and unlike the overwhelmingly classicising Hellenism of his British contemporaries, his was a Hellenism that insisted on the interest and instructiveness of the history of Greece from the Roman period onwards (3). From a study of his History of Greece BC 146 to AD 1864 (4), and an analysis of its influences (5) and its uses (6), the article portrays Finlay as a complex, supple and interesting thinker. He is of particular interest to the nineteenth-century historian of political ideas for the ways in which he inherited and re-shaped ideas associated with civic virtue, philosophic history and contemporary liberalism. 1. British philhellenism and the Greek past What did philhellenes from Western Europe actually know about Greece and the Greek past when they came to support her struggle for independence from the Ottoman Turks in the early nineteenth century? What kinds of ideological baggage did they bring with them, and how did they assimilate the new knowledge they acquired from their practical experiences of the country and her people? These broad-ranging questions make an intriguing theme in studies of British philhellenism, and scholars have responded with some markedly different answers.1 These questions can be illuminated from a new angle in a case study of George Finlay, who has thus far received rather little attention.