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Home , Chalukya dynasty, Saindhava, Vengi, Vijayaditya, Vikramaditya I, Vikramaditya II

CHAPTER I

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Tte advent of tha chalukyas Into the political scena of power and supremacy witnessed a new era in tha political and cultural history of the Deccan* For two centuries l*e« from the middle of the sixth century to the middle of the eighth century* they succeeded in bringing a vast and extensive region under their sway* Previously the land was divided into small states and principalitias held by various ruling dynasties and feudal Lords who were constantly at war with each other* Among t h ^ were the Xlupas# Banas# Matiryas* Bhojas# • • OaAgas# Minor Rashtrakutas* Nalas and Kalatsurls • • • (Kalachuris)* To the Chalukyas goes the credit of unifying this land and its people under one banner# establishing a strong empire and making it one of the' ' most important dynasties of the time*

Diverse views have been put forth on the circumstances that led to the rise of the Chalukyas and on their Inmedlate predecessors* The ^ plates and the Yewur tablet tell us that jayaslAha, the foiinder of the # established his kingdcxn in the Decc€ui after defeating Indra# the son of of the 2G

Rashtra)cuta family* On the basis of this infozmatiOB • • Bhandarkar balieves that tho ChaluJcyas succaeded tha • — 3 Rashtrakutas • But no such achievements have been • • recorded in the charters of the early Chalukyas. This A has led some scholars to think that the stat«nent in the Kauthem and the above mentimed grants were merely a reflection of the events which occurred in the later half of the tenth century whan the HashtraJcutas were defeated hy Taila XX and the sovereignty once more passed into the hands of the Western Chalukyas (other­ wise knoim as the later chalukyas of Kalyanl). But Desai rightly opines that since there were no

Rashtra>mta• # Kings known the above names# this record cannot be accepted as a historical fact^* However Sircar seems to think that the early Chalukyae may be supposed to have been the political successors of the V&atakas in the Deccan^* But the argument he proposes is unconvincing.

The Undikavatika grant states that King Abhimanyu# • • • while residing at Manapura* granted the village of

Undikavatika« • • to the ^iva ascetic Jatabhara • in the presence of JayasiAha# the conmander of the fort of Harivatse • Scholars having assigned the record to the sixth century# this JayasiAha was identified with jayasiAha' of the early • 6 Chalxikyaui • But this theory cannot be accepted due to 27 want of definite evidence and considering the great Influence (both claim to be Haritlputra# belcmg to Mwavya gotra and to be itforahlppers of Karttlkeya) of the Kadamba style on the documents of the early ChaltiJcyas.

It is more likely that JayasiAha Z and Hanaraga h e K some military or executive office or were chieftains or feudatories under the Kadainbas of # since the records of the early Chalukyas do not attribute any conquests or imperial titles like Prithivivallabha or to either of th«B. This suggests that neither 9 of them enjoyed any semblance of sovereign power • The names of Pulaki&i Z's father Ranaraga# and grandfather Jayasimha are first given in the Mahakuta pillar inscription of 602 :n)is information was probably obtained from sc«ne grant of Pulake&i 1, as according to the &astras the king should *Sn:ite down thereon the names of his ancestors and of himself •

ScxTte years after ascending the throne# Harivarma# 0 11A the last of the Kadamba kings in the Santivanna's line $ 4 had a confrontation on the battle-field with Krishnavarma II of the Triparvata line in which ba was defeated and had to surrender his capital Banavasi whexreby Krishnavarma II became the ruler of the Kadamba domains* During this period Pulake&i I taking advantage of the prevailing 28

conditions# proclalnwd himself as an Independent ruler and laid claim to the territories till then held by the Kadambas* He was probably a subordinate under the Kadarabas. A battle may have ensued between th«n in which Pulake&i Z emerged victorious* subsequently he built a fort at as mentioned in the Badami Cliff Inscription dated ^ k a 465^^ and made it his capital^^* Later on we know that the icadaisibas ruled over a small territory as feudatories under the Chalukyas because both i^rttivarman I and Pulakeli II claim in their charters to have defeated the Kadainbas when they tried to assert their independence.

A copper plate inscription of Harivarma avers that the Sendrakas were at this tiine the feudatories of the Kadambas^^. Later on the Sendrakas cmne under the influence of the Chalukyas* Moreover the territories formerly under the rule of the Kadambas were now held by the Chalukyas. It stands to reason therefore that the Chalukyas were the insnediate successors of the Kadambas (The Kadainbas held away over the present districts of and Chitaldrug in the Mysore state# and North Kanara« fielgaum and Dharwar)^^. Badami# which was situated in the centre of the northern provinces of the Kadamba kingdom clearly suggests that the Kadambas lost the northern part of their kingdom to the dwlvikyas^^* 29

W« have two grants of Harlvaxmen» Both are from HalsX and mentlcm the place name Palafiika (Halsl}« From the geographical position of Badami we can affinn that when this town was occupied by th« ChaluJcyas# their capitals Palalika or Halsi and Triparvata were also probably lost to the Chalukyas* Howover# it can be concluded that they were not strangers to the southern part o£ the country* Most probably they were ^in­ ordinate s xinder the then ruling dynasty and later on carved out a kingdom for themselves*

Origin The Origin of the Chal\i)^as is lost in obscurity* The name of the family in inscriptions is given as chalkya^®# Chalikya or chalikya^®# CaluJcya^®, CJialuJcya^^* Later forms were chaluJcya• 22 * ChauluJcya 23 , Chalulcya 24 and Chalukya• 25 •' An inscription frcxn NagarJunakonda 2fi of the third century A«D« mentions a Xhamda Chaliki Ramman&Ha# who was an Z}cshva]cu subordinate* He was a Mahasenapati and Mahatalavara* ' He is described as Vasitlilputa and belonging to the Hiramnaicas* An attempt was ittade to relate the Chalu}cya8 to the Ikshvakus and to ascriba their origin to Andhra27 * But this theory has been refuted on the grotinds that whereas the Chalukyas were ttoritlputras of the Manavya gotra, this official was Vasishtiputra (Vasitl^puta)mm of the Hiranyakas (HiraAnakas) 28 • o"0

Several other theories regarding their origin have been put forth* They have also bean Identified with Gurjara0^^« But this was also discarded as untenable^^* Rao# Desai and Rangaswami^^ have attributed the origin o£ Clmlukyas to KamataHa the basis of the names and titles of the kings like Kattiarasa# Pulike&i,Bittarasa#/ • • Ef^yya# Ainbera, Madanangasraya, etc* which are words and the use of Kannada language in their inscriptions and literature* This is not a sound reasoning as it is conanonly known that when a region was conquered# the conqueror normally adopted the local langxiage for the convenience of his new subjects and hance taking up Kannada titles# names and language was not very unusual* Lastly we have the reference to the Chalukya axmy as -bala• in the records of the Rashtrakutasmm ^ 32 . • * Yazdani sums it up with "Whether this official was a Chaliki or not# there is now little room for doubt that the Chalukyas# like the chutus and t ^ Kadambas to whoa they bear many rasemblances# and like the Rashtrakutas# were an indigenous clan which rose to importance in the service of the later satavahanasand their successors* They belonged to the Karnataka country# sosnetitaes called also by the name Kuntala# and their mother tongue was Kannada" 33 * 31

liatar Inscriptions and literature give us accounts of the origin of this family. The kautham grant of V dated 1009 states that fifty-nine kings of the Chalukya lineage reigned at the city of . After that« sixteen kings ruled over Dakshinapatha« Then followed a period of tcmrx>rary eclipse of their power which was eventually restored by Jayasi^ha Z« The Kalyan inscription of A.D« 1025-26 traces the descent of the family from god Brahman through Manu# Mwavya# Harita^ Penchafeikhi l&riti to Chalukya^^* Some inscriptions of Vikramaditya VI give their ancestors as the Soma (Moon) created from the eye of Atri# son of Bralvnaii^^* The Handarlkc inscription instead starts from Kiranyagarbha •> # Brahman b o m in the lotus onierging frt»a Visnu's navel to • • Manu# Mandavya# (cf« Manavya of other records), riariti P^chafeikha in whose chultxka (chaltika or chuluka means a *water»pot* or 'hand hollowed to hold water') the Chalukyas were bom. This is followed by a Chalxikya king • who dislodged his enemies fr«a their territories and was succeeded by fifty-nine kings# the first being &raya of Ayodhya. Then came Jayasi^ha and his sixteen successors in the Deccan who were succeeded by Rattas or Raahtrakutaa^*^. m the grant . • • • of Vishnuvardhana Raja X of the sastem Chalukya# the genealogy starts with Ood — 38 and proceeds through 32

several successive descendants Including Atri# Soma (Moon) and Udayana among the fifty-nine kings from Ayodlv** Vijayaditya# a descendant from this family came to the south# with a view to conquer the country but lost his life in battle with Trilochana * Pallava» His queen# who was in the family way# escaped and took shelter at the agrahara of Mudiv®nu# the residence of one Vishnubhatta somayajin* There she gave birth to • son named Vishnuvardhana in honour of Vishnubhatta • • • somayajin* This prince# worshipped the goddess Nanda- Gaurl or Nandi Bhagavatl^ Kumara (Karttikeya)# Narayana • and saptamatrikas# on the chalukyagiri (probably an imaginary hill)* He defeated the Pallavas and married a daughter of the Pallava king* Ha assumed the royal 39 — insignia of the Chalukya family and established its rule in the seven and half lakh country of Dakshinapatha • lying between the Naxmada and the setu (*s bridge) in the south. On the basis of this legend and the Tunvneyanuru grant of Pulake&i ZZ# Ramesan infers that the Chalukyas were originally from Andhxm Pradesh* Since# according to him Mudivemu is identified with Peddamudiyan of Jansnalamadugu taluq of cuddapah district in and the Chalukya Visaya mentioned in the inscription formed parts of Rayalasima# iCumool and Mahabulmagar districts and the Visaya is so named because 33

it must hava been their original hcxneland^^. While* on the basis of the ergurnent put forth by Fleet^^ and the above legend# Nandimath^^ concludes that the Chalukyas succeeded the Pallavas. Bilhana# the Kaalwdri poet () was the Vidyapati (Chief Pandit) in the court of Vikramaditya VI» In his vikramankadevacharita he gives the origin of the family as follows* Brahma# in course of his devotion in the morning# was approachod by Indra who complained of the godlessness of the world* Then Brahma created a mighty warrior# the progenitor of the chalukya family from his chuluka* Those different narrations can be only treated as mere norths and legends and scholars have therefore rejected these above accounts as an extension of a fertile imagination. # the Xannada poet of the 10th century A,D« also gives the genealogy of the Chalukyas* But it does not tally with the genealogy given in the inscriptions^^*

The Chalukyas# in their chartors# claim to be Harltlputras# to belong to the Manavya gotra# to have 44 been aourished by the seven im^thers who are the seven mothers of mankind# to have acquired an uninterrupted prosperity through the protection of the god karttikeya# to have had all kings made subject to thcsa at the sight of the boar-crest^® (varahalanchana) which they acquirec through tlw favoixr of god uSrayana^^* But there wer» 34 certain variations# IDce for instance the earlier records describe the O^Xukyas as meditating at the Amm feet of holy sii^in or swSn»i<*Mahasena (Karttikeya) while some are represented as meditating at the feet 48 of their parents and whose heads are purified with sacred ablutions after the performance of the Agnishtona# Agnichayana# Vajapeya# PaundarXka# Bahusavama# and • • • A&vamedha rites^^, of the unsoiled lunar family^®, who meditate on the feet of the gods and the twice-bom and spiritual preceptor*^^. The Lohnor plates of Pulake&i also refer to the bringing up of the family originator by Kausiki* They further claimed to be • From the above preamble which is clearly an invocation to lord Visnu# it can be seen that the family«god of the early Chalukyas was Visnu. But this did not deter then • • from showing tolerance towairds other religions like and ^ivism as can be seen from their records. We have reason to believe that some of the later kings 54 actually adopted their faiths •

Jayasiihha and Ranaraga

According to the genealogy recorded in inscriptions of the early Chalukyas* the earliest authentic name in the line of the Chalukya family is JayasiAha (C«500-»520 A.D.) which means *the lion of victory** His son was Ranaraga# o"5

*h« who delights in war* (C. 520-540 A«D*)« Racoxrds of both of them are wanting. The British Museum grant • 55 • of PulaXe&i 1 also mentions JayaslAha and Ranaraga but this grant is considered to be spurious* Genuine records like the Mahalcuta pillar inscription of MaAgale6a and the Inscription of Pulake&l ZZ mention their names (called here as Jayasiflgha)* Jayasl^a is given the epithet of Vsllabha# "the favourite" or Vallabhendra# "the Lord or Chief of favourite"^®. These early records# besides eulogising their virtues sky high both on and off 57 the battlefield # do not, however* attribute any out- standing historical achievements to either of them. Aa mentioned earlier# they were probably stibordlnates under the Kadambas with no power worth the name. They were only instrumental in Paving the way for the establishment of the Chalukya <»mpire.

Pttlake&i Z Ranaraga*s son was Pulakefii Z (C. 540-560 A.D.) He is to be treated as the first ruler and the real founder of the Chalulcya dynasty* since he Is the first king to be referred to as Maharaja and the genealogy of 58 all the subsequent charters begin with his name. Fleet explains the name as a Kannada and hybrid word meaning 'tiger haired.* But Yaadanl^* and Sastrl®® take it as Pul for *to be great* and ke&in for *lion*# deriving 3G it as *thtt great lion'* His blrudas or epithets were satya&raya* "the asylxan of truth"# Ranavikrama# “the valorous in war"# srT-prlthlvi-vallabha# "favourite of fortxine and the earth"# sri-vallabha or plain vallabha# "favourite of fortune"* his full title being Sri Paulakell vallabhaHmaharaJ asya* In the Godachl plates of ICattl- arasa^^ he has been given the title of Ranavlkrama# «» « 60 DharrnarnaharaJ a •

The earliest Important record# the Badaml cliff Inscription of Chalukya Vallabhe&veura^^ who la imdoubtedly ^ t Pulake&l Z# dated In Saka 465 (543 A«D«) records the fortification of the hill above and below at Vatapl (Badaml In Bljapur district) and establishing It as his capital. • 64 He Is said to have performed the Hlranyageurbhadana (the gift of the golden egg}# A%vamedha# Agnlshtoma# Agnlchayana#

Vajapeya# Bahusuvazna• and paundarlka • • sacrifices according to lirauta rites. Ha Is described as b o m of Hlranyagarbha. ^ 0 The spurious British Musouun plates of Pulakell Z# Saka 411 states that Pulake6l Z possessed three regal attributes tliat he was particular about preserving the regulations of the four classes and four stages of life. Besides It montlont his sendraka feudatory samlyara and the tribute taken fron his other feudatories like Chola#• cSiera# Kerala# • sl^ala# KallAgai his victory over the Pandya and other chieftains. But he Is generally described In the charters as the king 37 whoM body was purified after ablutions (avabhritha) performed after performing the afevamedha (horse* sacrifice}* Ha is sornetimascompared with the heroes from o^hology, like Yayati# DiXipa and others. He is compared to Brihaspati in philosophy and is said to be conversant with the code of laws of Manu« the # the epics R^nayana and and other • • •• 67 Itihasas 66 • The Hahakuta pillar inscription describes him as the follower of the advice of elders and a respector of Brahmans*

His wife was Durlabha-devi of the Batpxira faroily^^i'^ AA He had two sons# xirttivarman and HaAgaleSa* Pugavarman is considered by sane scholars to be the third and eldest son of Pulake6i I while s

His titles were Maharaja# satyafcraya# Puru- - 75 ranaparakrama , "puissant in war as Puru* and also some­ times Vallabha or Prithivl-vallabha. The Nerur grant of Pulake§i II refers to him as idtrtiraja. He had other epithets like Srlparakrama'^^# Parame6vara« 'the supreme Lord*# Rajadhlraja# *the supreme king of kingsThe 78 ' plate referred to him as KAttiarasa (Kattl means *a sword* and arasa *a king'). His full title was SrI-Klrttl-varTnan-prlthvr-vallabha«maharaJa* He is said to have performed the bahusuvama and agnlshtoma • • 79 sacrifices • 39

Th« Inscriptions of the Chalukyas bear the boar-crest as the royal insignia but t}iere la an exception in one o£ the grants of i^rttivarman Z* Hare tlw Adur inscription has on the top of the stone-tablet a floral device# apparently one half of a waterlily. The Ailwle inscription says that he was **a night of doona to the Nalas# the Mauzryas and the Kadambas**^ and describes him 81 as breaking up the confederacy of the Kadarnbaa • Later records and the grant of ^ityavarman# his grandson# records that Kirttivazman X established the banner of his fame at Banavasi and the territories of other hostile kings 82 • whom he subdued • The Kadanibas were ruling in Banavasi in North Kanara district# the Malas were probably ruling •» 83 in Nalavadi in the region of Bellary and Kumool and 84 the Mauryas were in KoAkan with their capital at • From this information# it can be said that he was responsible for ex^i/anding the chalukyan kingdom and consolidating it by his strength and valour. The Mahakuta pillar inscription of MaAgale&a states that he defeated the rulers of VaAga# AAga# iCaliAga# Vattura#• • # Madraka# Kerala# OaAga# Mushaka# Pwdya# Dramila# Choliya# • • • Xlxika and VaiJayantI* This information is considered by scholars as an exaggeration and is well put by Yazdani as "only as a measure of the knowledge of Indian geography possessed by the writer of the pra&asti"86 • Except for the Kadambas of VaiJayantI (Banavasi)# the others who were 40 subdued were the Xlupas of south Kanara and the OaAgas • 87 ^ of Talakad • Around 590 A«D«« a certain ohruvaraja Indravarma was ruling in . He was stationed at Revatldvlpa () and was governor of four provinces88 • Ha Is called satya&raya# belonging to tha Bappura family* He was probably related to DurlabhadevI, nK^ther of 89 ■ 1 - ^ '5 ^ Klrttlvarraan X • Bhandarkar is of the opinion that Revatldvlpa was conquered MaAgale&a and not In the time of idtrttlvarman Sircar however states that Ohruvaraja Indravazman was ruling as a subordinate elsewhere and was made governor of Revatldvlpa only after 91 It was conquered by MaAgalela# some time after 597«>98 A*D« • Desal also bolleves that ohruvaraja Indravarman was mllng the western coastal region during idtrttlvarman I*s time and after MaAgale&a subdued swiblraja who was goveznlng Revatldvlpa# he was placed In charge of this Island^^*

The sendrakas# earlier a feudatory of the Kadambas# seem to have transferred their allegiance to the chalulcyas for idtrttlvarman 1 married the sendraka princess# sister of Raja Srivallabha Senananda of the Sendraka family who ruled as feudatories In the Nagarakhanda division of t ^ Banavasl province* idTrttlvarrnan I had four sons t Pulake&l II# Vlslmu-vardhana# DharaSraya JayaslAha and Buddhavarasa,

7 i 3 41

Thus the chalxalcyan territory besides including KOnkan« extended in tt^ south upto in KamataXa* including Dharwar and Belgauro districts* On the east« it extended upto Bellary# iCumool and districts^^.

Ma&qaleta At the time of Kirttivarman's death (in 597-98 A«D«) his son Pulakeli was a minor and too young to rule# so his •• 84 younger brother MaAgale&a probably a half-brother took over as regent* MaAgale&a«» 95 (meaning 'the auspicious lord'} had the birudas Rana-vikr^ta# 'the valorous in war* and Uru-Ranavikranta# 'valorous in war as Uru'i the other epitheti being Prithivlvallabha and Sripritliivlvallabhendra or 'chief of favourites of fortune and the earth** He is also describm as a Paramabhagavata# i*e* the most devout worshipper of the Bhagavat (Visnu).• • The arecords highly eulogise him as being endovred with the virtues of statemanship* modesty# charity# tenderness# sincerity# truth96 # polity# refinonent# 97 knowledge# liberality# kindness and civility besides the three regal powers and of extraordinary strength# bravery and perseverance* He is praised for his knowledge of all sciences 98 * He is compared to god Purondara (Indra) 99 and nr^t;hical heroes like Vainya^^®# Mahendra# Rama# sibi# son of U&Ina# YUdhisthira# Vasudeva# Mahdhatri# Brihaspati and Ufeanaa^®^* He was equally proficient in the field of 42 administration and battle which is worded thus i-

"Whose heroism has for (its) faultless eye (his) servants the spies who are intent upon scorching up the wholeaggregate of the fear (that displays itself) in the multitude of the faces of (his) enomiesi who has exterminated (other) lion«like kings with the majesty and vigour and speed of (his) fore-arm; (and) who is well skilled in counsel# in (the selection of) apieB and messengers, in (arranging) peace and war# in encamping and in moving forward# in attacking in the rear# in the invasion of territories# in the construction of fortresses# and in the apportioning of honours among country-people and tovmsfolk"^®^*

We again get an exceptional but interesting emblem in his Huli plates^^^f^ It is a figure of a standing tiger with its tail turned upward and^sucking cub below. MaAgale&a continued the task of expanding the empire* This is seen in his victory over the Katachchuris or Kalachuris and in his conquest of Revatidvlpa. These are considered to be his greatest achievements* From the Mahakuta pillar inscription and Nerur grant# we understand that the » Kalachuri king Buddha# the son of saAkaragana# was defeated by MaAgale&a before April# A*D* 602 whereby the Chalukyas acquired the whole of the northern territory upto the river IcDn or perhaps even to the Bat sastri opines 43

that th« campaign was raore of a raid which brought back booty. It hardly helped to expand their territory^®And alsewhara sircar has shown that tha Nasik district was under the Kalachuris as late as A*D« 608^^®^^. This observation is probably due to the statement in the Mahakuta pillar inscription that the wealth of tha Kalatsuri (Kalachuri) was expend^ in the idol-proceasion of their god* This suggests that after conciuering king Buddha he got a m y with all his wealth^^^ and used it for religious purposes* The Aihole inscription 106 also refers to his victory over the fortune of the Katachchuris* Then« after this victory, desirous to erect a religious pillar of victory (dharrna jayastarnbha) on the bank of the BhaglrathI (Ganges), he made endowments for the benefit of Makute- « • &varanatha which is recorded on the Mahakuta pillar. / The Nerur grant of MaftgaleSa informs us that swarairaja of Chaliikyan descent# who had bean victorious in eighteen battles, was slain by him. siraroiraja who was governing in the KOnkan area with his headquarters at Revatidvlpa 107 or island of Revati may have rebelled and had to be suppressed by MaAgale&a.

when it was time for MaAgale&a to hand over the throne to Pulakeli# his nephew, he became ambitious. He desired to put his own son on the throne and this was 44 his imdolng. Pulake&l asserted his right and after leaving the kingdcxn he formed his own army and met Mailgale§a on the battlefield* Here MaAgale&a was defeated and killed. Before concluding it should be noted that the informati

Pulakefei ZZ Pulake&i ZZ (610*11 to 642 A.D,)« son of xlrttivaxman* succeeded to the throne after MaAgalela. His epithets were Vallabha# Vallalc^-raja# Vallabhandra# Prithivl-vallabha or sri-prithivt-vallabha. His own u charters describe him as Maharaja. But subsequent charters use the imperial titles of Maharajadhiraja# . He acquired the title of Parame&vara, • • 'supreme lord* after defeating Harshavardhana* the Lord of all the region of the north108 . But he is best known by the title of satya&raya# *the abode of truthHia full title is satyelraya - SrI-prithivI - vallabha • maharajadhiraja - paramefevara - Sri pulakefei - vallabha - 45 maharajah^^^. The Lohnsr grant of A*D« 630 re£ers to him as a Paramabhagavata# l«e« a davout worshipper of

Visnu• • and gives him the epithet of Ranavlkrama** Ha Is described In his records as 'abode of the power of statemanshlp and huunlllty and other good qualltles^^^ and having dignity like Nahusha^^^* The Inscriptions of his son ^Ityavarman^^^ and one Nagavardl:«aie^^^ refer to him as an asyliua of virtues like prudent behaviour# modesty# universal sovereignty* He Is compared to the monntalns Meru and Malaya and Mandara for his steadfastness.

Zn the resultant confusion after the civil war between Maftgalela and Pulakefil II, almost all th« feudatories and others subjugated earlier by Klrttlvazman and MaAgalela asserted their Independence by withdrawing their allegiance to the Chalukyas* But Pulake&l ZZ proved ecpial to the task and want about subjugating t h ^ and made his power felt* An Inscription of Nagavardhana^^^ says that he acquired his kingdom and conquered the three hereditary kingdoms of the Cheras and the Cholas and the Pandyas* The Alhole Inscrlptlon^^^, dated 634-35 A*D*# Is qiilte eloquent about the conquests and achlev«nents in the career of Pulake&l ZZ* This pralastl or eulogy was composed by a Jalna poet named RavlkTrtl who claimed to be an equal In fame to poets such as Bharavl and Kalidasa* According to this record* two chiefs named Appaylka and Govlnda^^® 46 threatened the new ruler by appearing on the northern banlc of the Bhimarathi river* Pulake&i IX defeated the former and made the latter his ally. He then turned towards Banavasi# the capital of the Kadambas# formerly subdued by his father and recaptured it* Moraes 117 is of the view that Pulake&in XZ« with the intention of removing the Kadarabas completely from the political sphere, divided their kingdom and distributed it amongst his faithful feudatories# the Klupas and the SendraHas* This he did because the Xlupas were in possession of tha 118 Kadamba - mandala• • , which was probably a major part of che Kadamba kingdom; while the Sendrakas had the Nagar - Khanda district# i.e. Nagar - Khanda division of the • • • • ^ •• 119 • Banavasi - nad • Next the GaAgas of Talakad and the Alupas of south Kanara district were brought to accept his overlordship. The Gaflga ruler is identified with Durvinlta and he is supposed to have given one of his daughters in marriage to Pulakefei• II 120 who later was the mother of . Pulakeli II then svibdued tho Mauryas of » Konkan and like the destroyer of Pura (Siva) attached i 0 i Purl # the Lakshnni of the western ocean# with a fleet of hundred ships and captured it. The Latas# # and the Ourjaras were reduced to siibmission. Thus the Chalukyan anpire extended upto the river Mahl. was a small territory south of the river Kim# having its 47 capital at Navasarlka#• th« present Navsarl in Baroda • 122 In 643 A«D« we find Vljayaraja of the fanlly In charge 123 of this area • The Gurjaras ruled the area between the klm and the Mahl rivers# with Latas to their south and the t^lavas to the east* ♦

The inscription next speaks of the defeat of Harshavardhana# the king of KanauJ# at the hands of Pulakeli IX and the presence of the Chalukya king in the region of Reva i»e* the Narmada* # the ruler of the north, intended to extend his i^wer to the south of

Narmada# but was repulsed To y Pulake&i* After this victory PulakeSi IX assumed the title of Parame6vara which was alone mentioned in later records. Bat according to 124 Desai 0 this is not correot since this title is applied to him even in an early inscription of 613 A«D* This event is amply illustrated toy the Chinese traveller Hiuen • Tsiang who visited the kingdoms of both Harsha and Pulake&i i

"Siladityaraja (i.e. Harsha)# boasting of his skill and the invariable success of his generals# filled with confidence himself# marched at the head of his troops to contend with this prince (Pulake&i) - but he was unable to prevail or subjugate hira"^^®* 48

Thus the inscription states that Pulake&i II who like sakra (Indra) lay virtue of his powers o£ mastery* good counsel# and energy# and by his noble birth attained sovereignty of the three Maharashtrakas comprising 99#000 villages* The three Maharashtrakas weare probably # KOnkana and Karnataka# thus extending the empire from to southern Mysore* The next to face his onslaught were the •' 126 (probably Panduvam&is of Central ) and the Kalingas (probably the Eastern GaAgas of Orissa in Oanjam district}* He laid siege to the fort of Pishtapura (present Plthapuram on the coast in Godavari district) and reduced it* Soon after he attacked the fort on an island in the Kunala# KOlanu or iColleru (south of Pithaptiram between the rivers Godavari and Kvishna)# 127 then in possession of the Vishnxikundins of * Then Pulake&i II marched further south and defeated the Pallava king Mahendravarman X and compelled him to take refuge behind the ramparts of Kanchl# his capital* The fact that the Chalukyas had almost reached i^chi# is corroborated by the Pallava records which claim that Mahendravarman X annihilated his "chief enemies" i*e* the Chalukyas of Badami# at a place called Pullalura# a village close to i^chi^^^* He next crossed the and made allies of the Cholas# Keralas and Pahdyas who 49

were hostile to the Pallavas. sometime* In the cotirse of his reign* PuXakeli IX# appointed his yoimger brother Vishnuvardhana as XUvaraja and leaving the country in his care* he must have proceeded further in his trail Of conquest 129 •

Thus after having completed his mission of conquest# he retiimed to Vatapi as supreme sovereign and went about the task of governing his newly acquired territories. Fleet^^^# on the basis of the I^derabad grant of 612 A«0«# assigns these events to 608-609 A.D. since Pulakefei II was in Badami and had the title Paramelvara. Yazdani disagrees on this point because according to Kopparam plates 131 • Pulake&i •• II was present in the east coast in 631 A,D« Scholars also differ on the date of his battle with Harshavardhana. while some assign it to 620 A.D* others believe that it took place after 630 A.D* Since 132 it is not mentioned in the Lohner plates * As mentioned above* all these events must have taken place prior to the execution of the Aihola record which is dated to 634-35 A.D*

A notable historical event initiated by Pulake6i II was the establishnnent of the 5astem Chalukyan dynasty* vvhile he appointed his brother Dharaferaya JayasiAha as governor in the Nasik area* he put his other brother 50

Vishnuvardhana I as governor of Veflgl territory# which was ccmquered by him along with the fort of Plshtapura* He went on to become the founder of the eastern branch of this Chalukya family (In 624 which ruled for at least five centuries# to be finally taken over by the Cholas*

No doubt PulaJceSl II proved to be one of the greatest kings of the family as well as of those times* Under his rule# the Chalukyan suprwnacy reached Its height of glory with Its efficient syst^ of government* His fame and Influence went beyond the limits of India* An Arab chronicler Tabari# records that In the thirty- sixth year of reign (625-26 A*D*) of Khusrau II# the Persian king# letters and presents were Interchanged between him and Pulakell II* A painting In one of the caves of AJanta depicts a Persian ambassador presenting a letter to an Indian king* This scene Is believed to represent Pulake&l II receiving an embassy from Khusrau II, scholars differ on this Identification because It Is based on an assumption^^^*

The Chinese pilgrim Hluan - Tslang who travelled In India between 629 A*D. and 645 visited the court of Ho-ll-sha-fa-t*an-na# otherwise called shl-lo- # ^ -o-t*le-to# l*e, of Har&havardhana - slladltya of KanauJ* He visited the northern part of the chalulcya kingdom i«e« Maharashtra and calls it Mo*ho->la-cha*a. Before entering this country# he says that he had '*to enter a great forest wild, _ Western Ohats^^^® where savage beasts and bands of robbers inflict injxiry on 137 travellers'* » He gives the name of the king as Pu-lo-^i-she* The country and its people are described by him as follows t "This country is about 5000 11 in circuit. The capital borders on the west on a great river* It is about 30 11 round* The soil is rich and fertile; it is regularly cultivated and very productive* The climate is hot# the disposition of the people is honest and simple# they are tall of stature; and of a stem# vindictive character* To their benefactors they are grateful; to their enemies relentless* If they are Insulted# they will risk their life to avenge themselves* If they are asked to help one in distress# they will forget themselves in their haste to render assistance* Zf they are going to seek revenge# they first give their eneny warning; then# each being azmed# they attack each other with lances (spears)* When one turns to flee# the other pursues him# but they do not kill a man doi*m (a person who submits)* Zf a general loses a battle# they do not inflict punishment# but present hJih with Wcxnan’s clothes# and so he is driven to seek death for 52 himself. The country provides for a band of champions to the number of several hundred* Bach time they are about to engage in conflict they intoxicate themselves with wine# and then one man with lance in hand will meet ten thousand and challenge them in fight* Zf one of these champions meets a man and kills him# the laws of the country do not punish him* svery time they go forth they beat drums before them* Moreover# they inebriate many Imndred heads of elephants# and# taking them out to fight# they themselves first drink their wine# and then rushing forward in mass# they tran^le everything do%m# so that no enemy can stand before them*

The king# in consequence of his possessing these men and elephants# treats his neighbours with contempt* He is of the Kshattriya caste# and his name is Pulake&i (Pu-lo-ki-she)"*

"so much for their habits* The men are fond of learning# and study both heretical and orthodox (books)* There are about 100 saftgharanfias# with 5000 or so priests* They practise both the Great and small Vehicle* There are about 100 twnples# in which very many heretics 138 Of different persuasions dwell** * The capital which is about thirty li (say six miles) in circuit# and whic^ lay 1000 li (about 200 miles) south-west of Broach is identified by Fleet and Yazadni and smith with Nasik 53 while some others Identify it with Ellora to the west of which there is a river.

In 642 A.D* Pulake&i*s successful rule was brought to a disastrous end by the Pallavas* Narasimhavaman Z who succeeded Mahendravarma Z# inarched against Badami to avenge their earlier defeat at the hands of Pulake&i and defeated and probably killed him. According to the Pallava records# Marasimhavaxman Z defeated Pulakeli IZ # e» on the battle fields at Pariyala# Manimaftgala# suramara and captured and destroyed Badami^^^ and "according to one record# wrote the word "victory **« as on a plate# on Pulakelin's back which was visible as the Chalukya king took to flight^^^". This victory is conimemorated by the Pallava king by engraving an inscription on a rock behind the t«nple of Mallikarjunadeva at Badami and by assuming the title of Vatapikonda (conqueror of Vatapi).

For the next thirteen years# the Cl^ltikya kingdom was plxinged into oblivion. Pulakeli XZ had left behind five sons i.e. Xdityavaxman# Chandraditya# Vikramaditya X# • 142 Ranaragavarman and jayasiAha and a daughter named Ambera who is mentioned in the Hosur copper plates^^^. We get no information to ascertain the conditions during that period. The country was probably without a central authority and confusion prevailed. Badami and some parts of the Chalukyan territory were probably still [34 under th« Pallavaa* Zt is believed that several of the sons aspired for the throne^^^ or were trying to become independent^^The feudatories asserted their independence. The Kaira^^® and Bagxarara^^*^ grant indicate this because no paramount king is mentioned. This state of affairs was brought to an end with the accession of Vikran»ditya Z* Pulake&i married a 148 Xadamba princess who is described as the senior queen •

One record mentions Durvinlta's daughter GaAgamahadevX as mother of Vikramaditya which seems to suggest that she was another wife of Pulake6i ZZ^^^. This can be corroborated the GaAga record of 1077 A.D, which says that Durvinlta set up his own daughter's son (Vikramaditya 1] in the hereditary kingdom of JayasiAhavallabha. The Gadval plates^®^ also record that Vikramaditya Z made a grant at the request of GaAga « mahadevT*

152 A Merur grant in the Sawantwadi state mentions Pulake&i ZZ*s son Vikramaditya Z and the latter*s elder brother Chandraditya and records a grant made by the letter's wife Vijayabhat^rika. Chandraditya*s epithets are given as Prithivlvallabha and Meiharaja* The inscription is dated in the fifth year of the reign described as *Sva-rajya'« still another grant from Kochrem in the Ratnagiri district^®^ gives the genealogy % in the same manner and records a grant made by Vijaya- D'O mahadevl. The seal on the ring holding the plates# bears at the top the emblem of sun and Mo<»i» la the middle* the words SrI«Chandraditya and at the bottom# a lotus* Here Chandraditya has the suprmne title of Maharajadhiraja. severaltheorles aare put forth by several scholars* Fleet and sircar are of the opinion that since in both cases the record is made during the rule of Vikrarwdltya Z and highly etilogises him# it suggests that chandraditya was ruling as a feudatory# the title Maharaja having by then acquired a feudatory status^While some scholars believe^®® that he did rule for some time and that these inscriptions were issxied by his wife when she was a widow and ruling as regent on behalf of her minor son# till his subsequent death*

A copper-plate grant from the Kumool district^ ^^# mentions another son of Pulake&l II, named Xdityavarman whose blrudas are given as Prithlvlvallal:^# Maharaja* dhiraja and Paran^&vara* He is referred to as the "dear or favourite son* of Pulake&i IX# and as one who "possesses the supreme sovereignty over the whole territory of the world# which has been ovemin by hie own strength of arm and his pro^^ss^^*^*" Vikramaditya Z is not mentioned here and neither is he mentioned in any other recorde^^®* But the Kauth

These inscriptions have led some scholars like Yaadani« K.A.N* Sastri# etc* to conclude that the three kings# mentioned in Vikramaditya I*s records and from whom he had to wrest the fortune of his father# included the two above mentioned brothers namely Chandraditya and Adityavarman^^^# the third being the Pallava Harasimhavarroan^^^*

It is most unlikely that ^ityavarman or Chandraditya could have succeeded Pulakefii II because neither of thos are mentioned in the subse

lesides we have got the Nelkianda grant of Abhinavaditya^®^# son of Xdityavarman* This charter again refers to the rajyasa^atsara of Abhinavaditya which sugvjests his paramount position* Ho calls himself Satya- lraya->prithivlvallabha and claimed imperial titles of 57

MalwrSjadhlraJa and Paramelvara (Madhav Kattl assigns his rule to the thirteen years of Interregmw^®^ while Desal assigns the rule of both Xdltyavarman and Abhlnavadltya to this period) • He probably ruled In the Kumool district and parts of the adjacent Bellary and Chltradurg districts^*®.

VlXramadltva 1 Vlkramadltya Z (655-81 A.D«)« with the help of his maternal grand-father# the GaAga king Durvlnlta# was successful in dislodging the Pallavas from the Chalukyan domains* A GaAga Inscription dated 1077 A*D. speaks of Durvlnlta capturing the Kaduvettl (Pallava king of KSnchl) and setting his own daughter's son In the hereditary klngdcmt of JayaslAhavallabha*

The interregnum was brought to an end with the accession o€ Vlkramadltya Z who once again established the klngdcxD and restored It to Its foziaer glory and fame* Inscriptions refer to him as Pulake6l*s *prlyatanaya* # favourite son* Indicating that he was chosen as the successor to Pulake&l IX* Vlkr^nadltya had the blrudas of satya&raya# Ranaraslka* "delighting In war*** His epithet was Sriprlthlvlvallabha* Besides he had other titles like Maharajadhlraja and ParameSvara and also Bhattaraka In the later records* His full title was 58

w Vikramadltya - satya&raya • srl-prithivlvallabha • loaharajadhlraja • paramelvara-bhattara. sometimes • « the prefix Anivarita is added to his name^^^* Ihe sanjan plates^®® and the Manor platea^^® give him an added appellation of Jaya Sri KolOculla or KOkkuli* Vikramaditya Z styled himself as *Haj€unalla* after he defeated the family of MahSmalla (Pallava King Narasiifthavarman !)• In some records he is described as a parama-^nahelvara (devout worshipper of Siva) and as meditating on the feet of Nagavardhana# probably his guru# while the Talamanchi grant^"^^ refers to Megha- charya as the king’s *svaklya-guru*• Ha was well-versed in politics and conversant with the art of government and was compared to Indra and Arjuna*

The records say that ViJcramaditya Z conquered in many battles with the help of his charger Chitrakantha and his sword. Ha acquired for himself the royal fortunes of his father which had been interrupted by 172 the three kings (Avanipati tritaya)* Ha restored the properties belonging to gods and brahmans which had been confiscated by tho same three kings. He birought the whole kingdan under his sway. Having thus fought several battles he acquired the fortune and sovereignty of hia ancestors as well. The Gadval plates and another grant . 173 of Vikramaditya I state that he fought with three i9

Pallava kings namely NaraslAha (l.e, Narasijnhavaxman I)« Mahendra (I.e. Mahendravaxman II) and T§vara^^^ (i.e. Parame&varavannan I)« This is corroborated by the £act that Vikramaditya Z was in a camp at Malliyur to the %#est of KSnchI during 670 Th® Gadval •« 176 and Savnur plates were Isstied from a victorious canp at Uragapura (Uralyiu:) In Chollka - visaya# on the southern bank of the l€veri* From these accounts it can be sxirmised that the struggle between the ChaluJcyas and the Pallavas was a long and protracted one* The 177 identification of three kings arevaried. Vfhlle Desal 178 — and Panchmukhi identify them as Chola« Xeralas and • 179 Pandyas, Fleet identifies than with the three afore- mentioned Pallava kings. Sastri identifies them with the two brothers of vikraraadltya namely Chandraditya and Adityavarman and the Pallava king Naraslmhavarman. scholars 180 like Venkataramanayya equate avanlpati - tritaya with Trairajya • Pallava* or Trairajya «• Kanchipati mentioned in Vinayadltya* 8 records which refer to the Pallavas and their three allies. This argument is more convincing slnc« generally the records are reluctant to mention the names of kings by whcxn they were defeated. They mention only those whom they have conquered like Cholas«• Pandyas# • • Keralae and Kalabhras and others and Trairajya • KSnchipati. i.e. the Pallavas and their two or three allies. The GO avanlpati • tritaya mentioned In the records could be any of these defeatedJdngs, The Tralrajya • K^chlpatl and the avanlpati * trltaya seoa to be synonymous* Hence one o£ the allies must have been the Pallavas* The other two or three (If it means three allies Including Pallavas or three excluding Pallaves) allies being l^dyas*^ Cholas and Kdralas* And again while we yet the names of the three# Cholas# pSndyas and i^ralas in almost all records# it may be that besides Pallavas the other three powers were Cholas# Pandyas and f^ralas* This is further made • • • • 181 concrete by the lnscrlpti«i of vinayaditya %^ere Tralrajya is mentioned separately from the Pallava king while generally in other inscriptions Tralrajya la hyphenated with the suffix Pallavapati or Kanchipati*

185 « Subsequent records talk of surrender of Kanchi to Vikramaditya Z# stxbjugation of the Cholas# Pandyas • • • ^ 183 and Keralas and also Kalabhras « In the l

In Vikramaditya*s absence# the maintenance o£ peace and order on the home front was left in the capable hands of his scm and grandson 186 • Vlnayadltya• la said to have arrested* at the coromand of his father# the exalted power of the Tralrajya•• - Pallavapati 187 • Vljayadltya Is said to have wiped out his envies while his grandfather was dealing with the enennias in the south •

The records of the Pallavas give their own version of their confrontation with the Chalxilcyas* Parame&varavarman 1, claims to have defeated Vikramaditya Z in a battle at Peruvalanallur and destroyed his city of Badami* A verse in a Tamil poem Periyapuranam of 12th century says 0 that Vatapi was attaciced by Paranjoti slruttondar# a Tamil • # general# >dio brought much booty with him to be given to his king.

Vikramaditya is responsible for the establishment of the Gujarat branch of the Chalukyas* He placed his brother Dharafcraya Jayasiilkhavarman as viceroy of tl» 189 Gujarat region with Nausari for its capital • Thus Vikramaditya Z was able to rebuild his empire including the regions of Gujarat# Lata# Malava upto the river Reva (Narmada) in the north and the coastal lands in the west besides Maharashtra and the Karnataka area* 62

Vinayaditva Vikramadltya I was succeeded by his son Vlnayadltya (681-96 A.D.). Vinayadltya had the

^ 4 QQ blrudas of satyafcraya# Raja&raya # •asylxim of kings#** 191 and Yuddhamalla « *the champion of war*. Besides ha # had epithets of Sriprlthlvlvallabha# Maharajadhlraja#

Paramefivara and Bhattaraka• • or Bhatara • and Prlyatinajah^^^. He was called Vlnayadltya • Satyalraya - Sri - Prlthlvl • vallabha - roaharajadhlraJa - paran^&vara-bhattara* He Is • ♦ I ^ referxred to as Ourdharamalla In Ranna*s Gadayuddha.' He Is compare«2 to Gods and legendary heroaa like Vasudava# Nrlpai^kula# Sri Rama, Paraliirama, Y\idhlsthlra» Bharata and Tarakaratl or senanl (Kumarasv^l) # son of Balendu- # &ekhara (Siva)•

193 The Balagamve stone tablet again deviates from the general noxm of bearing the Chalukyan emblwn of « Instead It has a standing elephant to the proper left. This Is supposed to be the earliest stone-tablet bearing an emblem194 • He was probably appointed as YUvaraja during Vlkramadltya I*s rule because as seen earlier* he took an active part In the various military campaigns and In the administration of the klngdc»n« His 195 Inscriptions attribute to him the success of arresting the exalted power of the Pallavas [[ whose kingdom consisted of three (components) dcxnlnlons (Tralrajya - 63

Pallava^ at tha coimiand o£ his father* It Is also said that h« had brought the Pallavas# the Kalabhras* the i^ralas# the Halhayas# the ViXas# the MaXavas# the • • ChoXas# the P^dyas and others# into a simiXar state of • • servitude with the AXuvas* and Gaftgas and others# who were 196 hereditary servants of hiia • This is rejected by schoXars Xike Yazdani and is considered as being mere 197 einbeXXishment by court-poets • Subsecjuent inscriptions say that he Xevied tribute fixxn tt» kings of Kamera or Kavera 198 (probabXy of the Kaveri vaXXey), Parasika (Persia) and simhaXa(GeyXon) and other dvlpas^^®* whiXe according to one inscription# tributes aXso can» from the Mushaka kin<^« Lata# queen of t^rirajya# Kama king# kings of the Trairajya country and fr

Aa surmised from his inscriptions# Vinayadltya had comparatively a peaceful reign. His queen was Vinayavatl# mother of Vijayadltya (called Rajamata and Mahadevl^®3* An inscription of 699 during ViJayaditya*s reign# records that she Installed the deities Brahma, vlsnu and Mahefivara at Badami. He had a daughter named Kumkumamahadevl. ^ e was married to the Xlupa chief Chitravahana. Panchmukhi Introduces another son of Vinayadltya# Arikesarin I on the basis 209 Of the KDlipara copper-plates of Arikesarin 1«

Under Vinayadltya# the kingdom extended fixxn Gujarat in the north to Dellore district in the south which included the Kumool# Guntur and districts in Andhra Pradesh and the whole of Mysore area down to the river Kaverl. The Lata region was under the vice- # royalty of Dharalraya JayaslAhavarman who was assisted by his son# Yuvaraja srya&raya siladltya. The Kannada 65

area# previously held by the Xade»nbas# was placed under • the Sendraka Maharaja Pogllll|l«e« Hagarakhanda division (Nagarkhanda division of the Sanavasi province) and the village of Jedugur* which is identified with Jedda in the Sorab taluk# in the neighbourhood of lanavasi^^^J], The Xlupa ruler# Ganasagara-Xlupcndra*s son Chitravahana (of the P^dya lineage) was ruling over Bdevolal • • • • 212 district in Banavasi province •

Vijayaditva Vijayaditya# son of Vinayaditya# succeeded him to the throne (C« 696«-733 A.D»). He was already ruling as a Y\ivaraja in the reign of Vinayaditya# for a record of Vinayaditya in his 11th re;jnal year refers to vijayaditya• as Yuvaraja • 213 • His inscriptions and also the later ones refer to him as "dear or favotirite son** of his father* Moreovsr we have seen that during the xreign period of his grandfather and father# he was helping them in administering the kingdom as well as in their expeditions from which he gained enough experience for ruling his empire in later years when he succeeded to the throne. His inscriptions also say that in his 214 childhood itself he had leamt the use of all weaix>ns «

His birudas were Satya&raya# srl-prithivl- o 215 vallabha and samastabhuvanafiraya * *asyltam of the G6 Universe** Hs had titles like MaharaJadhlraja# Paramelvara* Bhattaraka or Bhatara and In one • • . • Inscription he Is Parama-bhattaraka 216 • His fiill • • title was Vljayadltya - satyaSraya - srl-prlthlvl- vallabha-inaharaj adhlraj a«>i)€iramelvara-4>hattaraka* He • • Is ccKapared with Indra^^*^ and some legendary hero ^ 218 Vatsaraja for his proficiency on the battle field .

We again get an e n b l ^ on a stonch-tablet bearing an inscription of Vljayadltya and his son Vikramadltya ZZ« It bears the figure of NandT# couchant to the proper left 219 • The records again mention Palldvaja. They say that ha ‘acquired a Hingdom resplendent with the Palidhvaja• and other tokens of supreme wealth* • 220 His reign was the longest and generally a peaceful one except for one Instance in the Ulchala stone Inscription221 0 dated in the thirty-fifth year of vljayadltya i.e* 731 A.D. Here it is stated that Yuvaraja Vlkram^itya levied tribute from the Pallava king Parame&varavarman ZZ after an expedition to i^chi. There is also a reference to the Gaftga prince Durvinlta Ereyappa who was presented with the territories of ulchala and l^rlyala« probably for assisting in this campaign 222 • This escpedition Is considered as the first of the three expeditions of Vlkranwditya 11 led by him against l^chl which is

M A referred to in an inscription of queen Lokamahadei^ • G7

Hai vas a great patron o£ art# architecture and religion* Due to his peaceful reign# he could devote much of his time in furtherance of these faculties* Hs 0 patronised all religions* Ha built the Siva temple at and named it Vijayefevara (present sangamesvara)• Yasdani thinks that the name sangamesvara was acquired during the reign of KJrttivarman II since the invocation in his inscription is dedicated to Hara-<3aurI-SaAgaina i.e« the union of Hara and Gaurl • He gave donations to Jaina ascetics and monasteries 225 • His sister Kumkumamahadevi# who was a Jaina devotee# built a called XneseJJeya • basadi at Purigere (Lakshmeswar) < The shiggaon plates record that Vijayaditya made the grant at the request of Chitravahana# to the Jaina monastery which was caused to be constructed by Kiimkumamahadevl at

Purigere*• • It is possible that this monastery is the same as that mentioned in the Oudigere Jaina inscription of 227 998 A*D* * There is an interesting inscription at the temple at Mahakuta which records gifts made by the courtesan Vinapoti described as **the soul's darling" (Pr^a-vallabhe) of vijayaditya# the gifts being the dana (the gift of the golden egg) and gifts to the deity like a pitha (pedestal) set with rubies with a silver umbrella and a field called MaAgalulle measuring • • • 800 \mits* G8

The viceroyalty of tha Lata region during Vljayadltya's rule was under Jayaferaya Maftgalaraja (with surnames Vlnayadltya and YUddhamalla)# younger brother of YUvaraJa sryalraya slladltya# In about 731-32 A«D* The ^ndraka ruler« Pogllll Maharaja# was governing the NSyarkhanda• • region while the Turamara vlsaya 229 comprising the Gooty and Jammalamadgu TaltaH In Anantapur district was under the Banas. The region of Banavasl was \inder the governance of the Xlupa king •• 230 • Chltravahana • A Bana• king was also ruling the VaAganur 231 vlsaya which Is Identified with the region round the modem village Vanganuru In the Tadpatrl taliak of Anantapur district* Thus the empire extended from Gujarat and Lata In the north to the territory of sastem Chalukyas and fran to tha limits of SCanchl^^^*

Vljayadltya Is said to have had two sons# Vlkramadltya XI and Milma«Ilie Later Chalukyas claimed their descent from the latter^^^.

Vlkramadltya U Vlkramadltya IZ« son of Vljayadltya# succeeded him (733*745 A.D«)« Ha had the usual blrudas Satyafiraya# Srlprlthlvl - vallabha and tiles of Maharajadhlraja, ParameSvara# Bhattaraka or Bhatara# His full name was $ VlkraiiiSdltya • satyalraya - Srl-prlthlvl-vallabha- G9

MaharaJadhlraJa*>Paramttlvara-bhattaraka. Ha was already associated with the affairs of the state during the period of Vijayaditya as vikramaditya IX was ncxninated as Yuvaraja* As early^^^ as in the 14th year of reign# Vijayaditya made a grant at the request of Vikramaditya II, 23S Another inscription records a grant made by both vijayaditya and vikramaditya II and still another made by Vikramaditya II as probably ICUvaraJa.

The war with the Pallavas seems to have continued into his reign because the Vakkaleri grant of idCrtti- vaxtnan II records that desirous of completely uprooting their "natural enomy"# the Pallavas# Vikramaditya II made a surprise invasion into the Tundaka• • (Pallava) country# He put to flight the Pallava king Nandipotavarman i*e« Nandivarman II Pallavamalla 238 , the successor of Paramelvaravarman I* From this expedition he acquired a considerable amount of spoils consisting of the musical instruments called Katumukha and Samudraghosha# the Khatvaftga dhvaja (club-banner with a skull at the top}# elephants and rubies. He then entered I^nchi# but did not destroy it* Hs was probably overwhelmed by the sight of the RajasiAholvara temple# because he donated heaps of gold to it and other shrines which were built by Naraslmha • varman II* He is said to have Inspected the wealth belonging to the Rajasiifkheivara temple and returned 70

239 thorn again to th« god • Het also proved his magnanimity by making gifts to Bralvnanas# the poor and the helpless of that city. That he entered i^chi is prtjved the existence of a Kannada pillar inscription of Vikramaditya ZZ at the Rajaslihhefevara (Kalia6anatha) t«nple at Oonjee- varam^^®* Itiis was probably in xraply to the inscription left by Narasif^havazman at Sadami when he cont^ered it* He is then said to have siibjugated^*^ the Pandya# <3»la, • • • Kerala# Kalabhra and other kings# and set up a pillar of victory (Jayastambha) on the shores of the southern Ocean*

Later on another incursion into the Pallava territory vas led by YUvaraja Klrttivannan ZZ who succeeded in defeating the Pallava king (who took refuge in a fort) and presented his father with the spoils of gold# elephants and rubies^^^* The inscriptions say that Yavaraja idtrtti- Varm an ZZ had requested his father to entrust him this task of leading the expedition into f^chi * This Pallava king was probably Handivarman ZZ Pallavamalla^^* These were the second and the third conquests respectively of K^chi by vikramaditya^ alluded to in the inscription at Pattadakal where LokamahadevI is described as the queen- consort of Vikraniaditya who conqurad KSnchi thrice^^®

Very early in his career# his e^npirc was threatened by an Arab invasion* This information can be had from the 71

Nausarl grant of AvaniJanalraya Pulakefeln of Late# son of DharaSraya JayasiAhavarraan, datad C# 739 Zt says that Gujarat was Invaded by the Tajlkas or Arabs* They were said to have already defeated the (ruler of ), Kachchella (ruler of tCachh or Cutch)# (king of Valabhl) Chavotaka m « 247 (Chapotkata• or chavada • prince) # Maurya and Gurjara kings* Aspiring to conquer the southern kin'^js# they started off their e3Q>editian with the iTavasarika district (i.e. Lata). But the chalukyas were successful in r«pelling them and also annexing the Gurjara country to ■■ 248 the chalukyan territory • For accomplishing this formidable task* AvaniJana%raya Pulakefein was bestox^ed with titles such as Dakshinapatha-svadharana and Anivartaka* nivartayitri by the king i.e. Vikramaditya II. However . this area was« a few years later# usurped hy the «. _ 249 Rashtrakuta king • • •

Vikramaditya II married two sisters of the Haihaya (Kalachuri) family i.e. LokamahadevI and her uterine younger sister Trailokyamahadavl# mother of ld[rttivannan 250 «. II . According to Gai# Vikraiaaditya II had a daughter* Vinayavatl# married to a Rashtrakuta chief Govindaraja* who ruled over KDnkan . LokamahadevX built the temple # 252 * Of Siva at Pattadakal which was called Lokefevara (modem Virupaksha) to the south of Vijayelrvara teiTiple. 72

The architect (S^tradharl) of the teaple was Gunda • • Anlvaritacharya who was bestowed with the title of Tribhuvanachaxya and the badge of honour called Mtune- perjerepu patta* Donations were made to the temple for • • • Its maintenance and dally offerlng*^®^. TrallokyamahadevI # built another Siva te.T)ple and named It Trallokyefivara* to the north of Vljayefivara temple* These details have been mentioned In the Pattadakal Inscription of the time of Klrttlvarman

In the Maravana grant of vlkramadltya II# mention Is made of Rashtrakutam m m, Qovlndaraja# m son of *slvaraja# — • • probably a feudatory* The king was then camping at ^Ityavatlka (Altavada In }* Honce Govlnda* raja was probably holding the Satara Ratnaglrl area* To cite sircar* "In the northern part of the Deccan, two houses of the Rashtralcutas appear to have been growing • • powerful during the weak rule of the emperors of Badaml 255 In the first half of the eighth century *'•

Kirttlvaxtnan II Klrttlvarman II« son of Vlkrainidltya 11, was the last ruler of the Chalukyas of Badanil (c* 74S<-757 A*D*}« • •• 256 His blrudas were the usual satyaftraya# UrlpaslAharaJa # •a very lion of a king" and srlprlthlvlvallabha* Some Inscriptions give him the titles Maharajadhlraja* Paramefevara 73

and Bhattaraka and Rajadhlraja, His full title being # •* Klrttl-vajcinma-satya&raya-srl«prithlvl-vallabha«

His feudatories were the sindas# ^ndrakas# and •• 258 others like king Madhavatti of the Adur record • sometime in the course of his reign# it is said that Kljrttivarman II with his Gaftga feudatory Sripurusha clashed wftth the Pandya king i^jasirhha I who intended to extend his • # dominion over the Koftgu cowitry and beyond. The Pan^a king crossed the river Kaveri and conquered the territory of Malakoftgam situated between Tiruchirapalli and Tanjore # districts. He then defeated the Chalukya king and his feudatory on the battlefield at Venbai and peace was restored by marriage of a Gaflga princess to the son of the Pandya ruler^^®* sa«tri fixes this event to 750 A.D* while • • Dikshit argues that it would be more correct to assign it to 748 7 1

During Klrttlvazman ZZ's ralgn« the Chalul^aa lost th« northern part of their kingdom I.e. Maharashtra to their Rashtrakute feudatory Deuntldurga* This was because of the constant struggle with the Pallavas and their pre-occupatlcm on the southern front which had a telling effect on their strength and their hold over their entire kingdom especially on the far north* Later recoxds say that **ln his reign the Rajyalrl of the •• 261 Chalukyas disappeared from the face of the earth** • The feudatories were waiting for an opportune nicxnent to throw off the yoke of Chalukyan authority* One of them was the Rashtrakuta chief Dantldurga* He went about • • very systematically strengthening his power* He started the Initial part of his campaign on the banks of the Mahl# Reva (Narmada) and Mahanadl* He conquered the Gurjaras of « the rulers of and Kallftga and the Telugu-Chodas of the srllallam country* Next he subjugated the Pallavas and made an ally of Nandlvarman Pallavamalla •• •• 262 and also gave his daughter Reva In marriage * Thus he acquired his hold on the outlying provinces and succeeded In Isolating idtrttlvarman ZZ and was ready to assert his 263 Independence* In the Ellora grant of Dantldurga • C* 742 A*D* (even though he had not become completely Independent since he uses the feudatory titles of MahasSnaantadhlpatl and epithet swnadhlgatapanchamaha&allda) # he had ventured to Issue this Inscription without 75

acknowledging the overlordship of Vikramaditya 1Z« 264 Later on in 754 A«D«« his Samangad plates show that he had by then taken possession of the northern provinces of the chalxikyan territory. In this inscription Dantidurga calls himself Maharajadhiraja# Parainefivara and Paramabhattaraka and also says that • • ho acquired supreme overlordslUp by conquering vallabha (a Chalukya king)* He further claims to have conquered the Karnataka army (Army of Chalukya) which had earlier managed to defeat the king of KAnchi« the king of Kerala# Chola, Pandya# Sri Karsha* and Vajrata. This was the • • • • final blow to tdTrttivarman ZZ and must have taken place sometime in c* 752 or 753 A.D« But idtrttivarroan Z1 probably ruled for another few years because Dantidurga's successor# Krishna Z« also claims to have conquered the Chalxikyas^®®* The Vakkaleri^®® grant of idtrttivarman IZ# dated 757# A*D* says that fdtrttivarman IZ issued his grant frcxn the bank of the Bhijnarathi (Bhima) at

Bhandaragavittage• • • • in Sholapur district* This suggests that Kirttivarman IZ probably made a last attempt to regain the lost glory of the family but was overthrown by Krishna Z# the Rashtrakuta king*

We have discussed above# the origin# the date and the personal achievements of the kings individuallyi their total exploitation of the situation# conquests and 76

the expansion o£ the kingdom and their feudatories* The relation with their feudatories# the iii^ct and the intensity of the relation and the scope of feudalism and the relation with the subjects# will all be dealt with in a separate chapter*

FrcMn the above accounts we can conclude that the ^nall dynasties ruling over various pairts of the country south of the Hazmada# were conquered by the Chalxikya kings and brought under a single banner by giving than a feudal status* These included the Alupas# Sindas# *^lugu • sendrakas# Banas# • GaAgas# Cholas# Nalas and others* The origin of the Chalukyas is obscure and every conceivable theory on their origin put forth by different scholars is controversial and questionable* Yet we can say this such that the Chalukyas held a subordinate position imder the then ruling dynasty (most probably Kadainbas)* They had gained enough power and strength whereby they could afford to declare their independence and carve out a kingdom for themselves* By the time of Pulakeli IJ, when the ChalxiJtyas were at the height of their glory# roost of the kings around v;ere subjugated and their territories annexed* The regi

Kazmarashtra in the east l*e. parts of vrere included in the Chalulcyan domain* Zt is said that Pulakeli IZ had reached Narmada at one time but this rmist have been for a short period. Gujarat was also brought under the influence of the Chalukyas* An inscription of Vikram^itya X was found at Darsi in Nellore district while other records speak of his canqp at Malliyur and Uragapura on the bank of the Kaveri in cholika-visaya near Kanchl* Records of vinayaditya and Vijayaditya have been discovered in (Cumool and Anantapur districts v;hich were governed hy the Bonaa who were the feudatories of the ChaluJcyaa. Thus the Chal\ikyas ruled over an extensive empire which extended to the rivers Nannada* Mahi and Kim in the north including Konkan on the vfest coast* parts of Kumool# Guntur and Nellore districts of Andhra Pradesh in the east* the whole of Mysore area upto the river Kaveri in the south* But we can deduce that at any given time# Badami and the surrounding areas in Maharashtra and Karnataka were generally under the Chalukyas*

By giving th^ir political background* it is intended to show that this war of expansi(Xi br>>ught different regions with their different cultures and tradition \inder a single rule* This* besides broadening their outlook, was bound to bring about an interaction 78

betweftii the cultures* This must hav« had an impact on the art and architecture* social# economic and religious li£e of the people* This unification seems to have had a positive effect on the subjects which is to be seen in the advancement made in all apheres of life* They evolved a very efficient administratives system* maintained an efficient army and navy* The ChaluJcyan army knovm by the name *Kamatabala* was known for its valour and military competence* It is spoken highly of in the records of the Rashtrakutas* • • HinenoTsiang*s account is also quite eloquent on the bravery and the performance of the subjects when challenged on the battlefield* The religious tolerance and patronage of the rulers to all religions enabled th«n to flourish side by side* This is reflected in the form of art* architectiire and sculptures belonging to all religious faiths* During this period the form of architecture acqtiired a distinct style of its own called the style (a fine blend of Morthem and souhem types)* The kannada language* script and literature developed considerably* Ho less importance was given to Sanskrit as it was one of the languages used in the records of the period* Thus the Chalukyas of 3adami may be considered as pioneers in all aspects that go to form the culture of Kaxmataka* 70

Howsver this brief report on the political history la given to guide ua in understanding the socio^ccanoroic and cultural life dxiring the prevailing political atmosphere. Political stability leads to a gradual revolution in the upliftment of a cultural and social institution* This* coupled with a irall-balanced econoaiic front# better and well-organised military system# open-mindednoss in acquiring morality and righteousness and a secular religious principle must have been advantageous for a peaceful and cohesant society* we shall be looking into these aspects in subsequent chapters in the light of this political unity which gave rise to such a society and kept it unified* such an administrative set-up for a period of 200 years can be considered a golden era in the # a system that has carved out an important niche for itsalf in the field of art# architecture# social and religious institutions* 80

Rs£8rsnces

1« JRAS.. ZZZ, p. 268* 2* V l X l , p. 12r Xauthem grant of VlXramadltya V of 1009 A.D., I.A,> XVZ« p. 15. 3* Bhandeurkar# R.O., 1928« Early History of ^M_JMkkan# p« 56. 4. GA.# p. 229# Desal, P.B., 1970, A History of Karnataka^ p. 92# 5« Desalt P«B», op» cit«# p. 92* 6* Sircar# D.C*# 1939# The aacceaaora of the satavahanaa In Lower Deccan# p. 254. 7« ^ . « p* 200. 8. Ibldy PIHC# 1969# pp. 200-21; Panchmukhl# R.S.# 1967# Kamatakada Itihasa* Dharwar# pp. 156«7. 9. Fleet# J.r.# Botnbay Gaaetteer# Vol. Z# Pt.ZZ# p. 343. 10. Yaadanl# G.# 1960# The Early History of theDeccan# p. 207/ I.A.# XZX# p. 18. 11. Yazdani# Q.# op. cit.# p. 207; Fleet# J.F.# op. clt.# p. 343i Kane# P.V.# Dharmafeastra# Vol. ZZ# Pt. ZZ# p. 861. IIA . Desai# P.B.# op. cit.# p. 61. 12. S.Z.. XXVZZ# p. 4| ig^.# ZZ# p. 4. 13. The Sadami Fragmentary stone Inscription (NO.l of 1939«40# 1941# la.# Z# p. 1) refers to Badami as Vijaya • Vatapyadhisthane "the victorious metropolis of Vatapi” which can be cotnpared to vijaya «• Vaijayantyani i.e. the victorious city of vaijayanti (Banavasi) of the eeurly Kadamba inscriptions of the Sth and 6th centuries A.D. 14. ^ . # VZ# p. 32. 15. Raghavendra Rao# y.# The Kadand»as of Banavase# QJMS.# XXZ# p. 314| Fleet J.F.# op. cit.# pp. 565-566. 81

16* Horaes# 0«M»« Kadacnba Kula« 1931» p. 51| Jouvoau Dubrvull# G«# 1920f Ancicnt Hlatorv of tha Deccan* p« 102* 17. VZ, p, 30t Ibid.# p. 31. 18« ZA.« ZIZ, p. 306. 19. JBBRAS, XVI# p. 226; ZA«# XIX# p. 18, 20. JBBRAS, XX# p. 45* 21. JA.# VIII# p. 241. 22. JA.# VII# p. 106. 23. lA.# VIII# p. 27. 24. # ZIZ# p. 4. 25. The name Chalxik/a was used by Taila ZZ. Fleet# i7«T.# op. clt>.# p. 337. 26. XX# p. 19. 27. Ranu» Rao# M.# 1974# Karnataka Andhra Ralationa# Dharwar# pp. 4«7. 28. Raniakrishnan# R.# *The Origin and Early Hcxne of the Chalu)ryas of Badaml*# 'flia quarterly Review of Historical otudies# Vol. XZX# 1979-80# No. 1*4# p. 61. 29. smith# V.A.# Early Klatorv of India# 4th edition# p. 440. 30. 227. 31. Rao# N.L.# The Chalukyas of Badaml# Maharashtra State Gaaetteer# sd.# BcMiihay# 1967# Vol. Z# p. 202| Oesal# P.B.# op. clt.# p. 91; Rangaswaml, C.V.# 1969# Goverranent and Administration iftider the Chalu]c/as of ladami (Thesis)# p. 10. 32. Ramakrishnan# R.# op. clt. Hs does not consider it proof enough to establish this theory. 33. Yazdanl# O.# pp. clt.# p. 204. 34. ^ . # XVZ# p. 15. 35. 2A.# p. 230. 36. Ibid. 82

37* p. 230. 38. ZA«, X2V# p. 48; ZA«« XX, p. 274. 39. The white parasol* tha single conch# five maha&abdas# palldhvaja# the dnun called pratldhakka# boar emblem# peacocks tail# spear# ma3cara arch# golden sceptre and the signs of GaAga and Yamuna* 40. CPIAPGM.# Vol. Z# pp. 40*45« 41. Fleet considered Pulakefti Z as a cousin of Vijayareja of the Khaira grant (Z.A.# VIZ# p. 241) and that he came to the south and established himself at Vatapi after ccmquering the Pallavas (ZA.# ZZ# p. 247). On the basis of the Aihole stone tablet Fleet suggested that Pulakeli Z had a capital called *lndukanti* before he came to Badami (ZA.# VZIZ# p. 239/ Bomb. Gaz.# Z# Pt. ZZ# p. 344). 42. JQKU.# Z# p. 202. 43. XL# p. 43. 44. Lohner grants refer to them as katrigana# EZ.# XXVZZ# p. 38. 45. Desai# P.B.# op. cit.# p. 91 - "It indicatas that like Lord in his Varaha incarnation they took upon themselves the task of uplifting the world and saving it from political chaos.” 46. The grant of Pulakefii ZZ. J[^.# VZ# p. 74. 47. ^ . # VZZ# p. 249| ZA.# VZZZ# p. 97; ^ . #VZZ# p. 162. Svami « Mahasena# Matrigana (group of mothers)# Mmavya gotra and the birth from Hariti is generally referred to in the Kadainba grants. 48. ZA.# XZX# p. 18. 49. ZA.# ZIZ# p. 306. 83

50. Digest of Annual Report on Kannada Research in acxnbav Province. Por the year 1940«41» p* 9« 51* lA*, Vlll, Pm 44. 52. El.« XXVIZ« p. 38« 53* Ranianappa Venkata# M#N., 1975# Outlines of South Indian History* p. 56. 54. gA«# p« 228; Amudalapadu plates of Vikramaditya 1« £!•# XXXII, p. 177. 55. lA,# VII# p. 211. 56. Fleet# jr.y., op« cit.# p« 342. 57. JayasiAha is compared to god Maghavan (Indra) for his virtuous qualities and god Vai&ravana (Ku}3era) for affluence. 58. Fleet# J.F.# op. cit.# p. 343. 59. Yazdani# G.# op» cit.# p. 27. 60. Nilakantha sastrl# K.A.# 1966# A History of # 3rd edition# p. 48. 61. £1.# XXVIII# p. 60. 62. Ibid. According to Desai this title v/as last used by the Kadambas. The Kadaniba pra&asti adopted by the Chalukyas was later expanded and given a standard form by the time of Pulakefii II# the Hyderabad grant (E.I.# VII# p. 72) and Kopparam plates <££.# XVIII# p. 257) being the first of them. 63. El.# XXVII# p. 4. 64. ^ « # XIX# p. 9. 65. ^ . # VII# p. 214. 66. ^ . # VII# p. 162. 67. ^ . # XIX# p. 18. 67A Ibid. 68. Mentioned in the htudhol plates as son of PrithvTvallabha — maharaja# who is no doubt# Pulake§i himself. Desai# P.B.# M . # XXXII# p. 295; JQKU.# V# 1969# p. 177. 84

69* Oesai* P«B«, c^. cit*« p, 93; Rlttl# S«H. and Gopal# B«R« (£d.)« studies In Indian History and Cultiire# p. 220; Progjresa of iCannada Research In aombay Province* 1941-46# p. 70. 70, Rittif S«H. and Gopal^B.R., op, cit.« p. 220* 71* Jouveau Dubreull# 0«« op. clt«« p« 111; Fleet in also o£ the same opinion* 1A»# VZZZ, p. 239* 72* Chiplxm grant, EX.# ZZZ, p. 52* 73. XXVZZZ, p. 61. 74. JA,, 111, p. 305; VZ, p. 363;X, p. 57. 75. Ih., XZX, p. 14. 76. XXVZZ, p. 37. 77. ZA., XI, p. 70. 78. EZ., XXVZZZ, p. 62. 79. Mahafcuta pillar inscripticm. ^ . « XZX« p. 19. 80. Ihia information ia emphasised in the records of the later ChaluJcyas too. 81. Sircar# D.C.« 1939# op. cit.« p. 274i "A reference to Kadamba - Kadamba - Kadairbakula in the Aihole record appears to suggest that icirtivarma Z had to fight with the combined army of a confederacy of Kadamba kings." 82f Z^.» XZ« p. 66; VZ, p. 74; EZ.# ZX« p. 101; Z^.« XZX« p. 151; JOKU.. 1, p. 225; ZX« p. 204. An inscription of Kirttivarman I found at Adur (ZA.« XZ« p. 74) in the ancient Kadamba territory* corroborates with the infoi:ination given by the Aihole inscription at Meguti that the Kadambas were conquered him. 83. Fleet# iJ.F.# op. cit.# p. 345. 84. Yazdani# G.# pp. cit.# p. 208. 85. ZA.# XZX# p. 19. 86. Yazdani# O.# c^. cit.# p. 208. 87. ZA., XZX, p. 19. 85

88, rUat, J.F.* pp. clt.« p. 34S| JBBRAS.* X, p. 365. 89* Desai# P«3«» op. clt.« p. 93. 90. Bhandarkar# R.O., op. clt.« p. 59. 91. CA.< p. 234. 92. Desai# P.B.# op. sit.# p. 94. 93. Dikshlt* D.P.# 1980# Political Hlatorv of tha Cl^lukvas of Badaml# p. 44. 94. Tha Mahakuta pillar inscripticm (1A.« XZX# p. 19} refers to DorlabhadevI# not as his ovm mother# but as the wife of his own father. 95. ether forms being MaAgalaraJa (lA.# VIZ# p. 161)# MaAgalela in the Aihole inscription of Pulakefti ZZ (EZ.# VZ# pp. 1-12) and Maftgalt&vara in the Badanii Cave inscription

111. £1., VI, p. 9. 112« XI# p« 68# IIU 2A«, XX, p. 125. 114. Zbid. 115. gi., VI, p. 1, 116* They are Idantlfied as of the RashtraJcuta • • family* Prasanna Kumud* 1978* Identic of Oovlnda# XppaylXa* llladltya and Mahendra* The Chalu^as of Badaml (Soinlnar popex-g) (Ed* Nagaraja Rao M*S*} p* 123* 117* Moraes George* M*, 1931, The Kadairiaa Kula, p* 76* 118* EC., VI, iq;>, p. 36. XIX, p. U5. 120* Yazdanl, O., op. cit., p. 213. 121* Purl was most probably on the island of Oharapuri or Elephanta near Bombay or Rajpuri in the KOlaba district or Rajapur in the Ratnagiri district, rleet, J.F., pp. cit., p. 284# p. 235; Yazdani, G., op. cit*, p* 213. 122. Fleet, J.F., op. cit., p. 310. 123. VII, p. 250. 124. Desai, P.B., pp. cit., p. 97. WhileSircar thinks that Pulake&i II assumed the title after restoring Chalul^a sovereignty in the territories siezed by the enemies, £1., XXXII, p. 176. 125. Beal Samuel and shaman Hwui Li, 1973, the Life of Hiuen » Tsiang, p. 147; Tr. by Beal Jamuel, 1884, Buddhist Records of the Western world. Vol. 2, p. 256. 126. Desai, P.B., op. cit., p. 97. 127. Vazd€uii, O., cit., p. 215/ VI, p. 11. 128. Fleet,

129* It Is not certain whather this took place before or in the middle of his conc^sts* But it can be deduced from the satara grant of 618 A«D» (lAe, XZX« p* 304) that his younger brother Vishnuvardhana Z is called his priyanuja or "dear younger brother" and was governing as yuvaraja in aoms part of the vrastezn region. Prthiviyuvaraja tnentioned in the Kopparam plates of Pulakesi ZX XVZZZ« p. 260) is also identified by Hultzsch as Vishmuvardhana Z* But Lakshroan Rao in the Annals of the Bhandarkar Institute* Vol* ZV# p* 49, identifies him with satyalraya Dhruvaraja Indravarman* 130* Fleet, c^. cit.# p« 351. 131. £1., XVIXZ, p. 257. 132. Desai, P.B., op* cit., p. 98; Raroesh is of the view that according to the >^derabad plates dated in his 3rd regnal year he had earned the title of Parainelvara testifying to his victoxy over Harsha. Ratnesh, K.V.# 1978# Pulakelin ZZ •> His carear and personalia# The chalukyas of Badami (Seminar Papers) (Ed. Nagaraja Rao# M.S.)# p. 59. 133. Oopal# B.R.# Kannada Dynasties outside Karnataka# QJMS# LVZIZ# p. 43i Chhabhra# B. Ch.# Rao Laxminarayan# N. and liusain Ashraf# M.# Ten years of Zndian Epigraphy (1937-46)# Ancient India# Jan 49*# No. 5# p. 49. 134. Refer to JRAS# 1879 (N.S.)# vol. ZZ# p. 155 for Fergusson's identification. Doubted by sten Konow# Peb. 1908# p. 24. 135. Fleet# J.F.# op. cit.# p. 353. 136. anith Vincent# A.# 1919# The Oxford History of Zndia# p. 200. 88

137* Tr« by Beal Samuel# 1884# Buddhist Racords of waatem World# Vol. 2, p. 255. 138. Ibid. 139. Yazdanl# G,# op. clt., p. 219/ Fleet, J.r«« op. clt.f p. 355; smith Vincent# A.« op. cit.# p. 200. 140. 311.# I# p. 144. 141. Ckm0 p. 240. 142. Honnur plate# MASR# 1939# p. 129. 143. ^ . » IX# p. 129| Rangaswami# C.V.# 1969# Government and Adminiatration Under the chalvJcyaa of Badami (Thesis)# p. 15. 144. Chm, p. 241. 145. Yaadani# G.# op. cit.# p. 219. 146. ^ . # VII# p. 241# dated to 643 A.D. Issued by Vijayaraja# of chal\j]cya family# probably a a feudatory ruling in Oujarat. 147. I^.# XVIII# p. 265. Of the Jendraka chief Prithivi-vallabhe NikumbhallaSaJcti granting a land in Treyannahara visaya identified with • • m o d e m Ten# near Bardoli# in the Baroda territory. Dated to 655 A.D. 148. Nagaraja Rao# M.S..# (Ed.)^op. cit.# p. 161. 149. EC.# VIII# Wagar# No. 11. 150. £C.# VIII# NO. 35. 151. El.# X# p. 105. 152. £\.# VII# p. 163. 153. lA.# VIII# p. 44. 154. Fleet# J.F.# op. cit.# p. 366/ ^ . # p. 242. 155. Dikshit# D.P.# op. cit.# p. 117| Fleet also had the same opinion while editing the Kochre plates of vijayamahadevi (I»A.# VIII# p. 45) and other inscriptions (lA.# VII# 163/ lA.# X# p. 58). 156. JBBRAS.# XVI# p. 233/ lA.# XI# p. 67. 89

157* XX, p. 66. 158» Floct# <7*F»# 0p» p* 367* 159* XVZ« p« 17» This name Nedamarl is not present between Pulakefii ZZ and Sdityavannan in the genealogical table given by the Kannada poet Ranna (982 A«D») in his Sadayudda* ItM list by Walter Elliot instead has Amara between Pulakefii ZZ and ^ityavarman (JRAS.# 1837^ vol. ZV* p. 12)* 160« Yazdani# op. cit«# p« 220* 161* Zt is generally taken to be the Chola» Pandya mm • • • and Xsrala kings who were feudatories of Pallavas* 162* The Honnur plates of Vikramaditgr^ records a grant made at the request of the GaAga prince Madhava# ' the son-in-law of Vikramaditya's elder brother Ranaragavarman# MAR« 1939* NO. 30. 163* EZ.# XXXZZ# pp« 213* 164. Nagaraja Rao« M.S.# (sd.)^op. cit.« p. 66. 165. £Z., XXXZZ, p. 214. 166. Fleet* J.F.# Op. cit.« p. 361. 167. This title was acquired by him by regaining the lost royalty of the family frcnn the enemies. £Z., X# p. 105. 168. §1^, XXXZZ« p. 176# X, p. 105. 169. JBBRAS.# XX# p. 45. 170. gZ., XXVZZZ, p. 18. 171. ZX« p. 101. 172. JBBRAS., XVZ# p. 228| ZA.# VZ, p. 78| JBBRA3.# XVZ# p. 226i R.S. Panchmukhi who believes (EZ.. XXZZ# p. 26# Dayyamdinne plates of Vinayaditya) the three kings fr^i whcxn the territory was recovered to be P^dya# CIk > ^ and Kerala# concludes <»i the basis of this theory# that the Chalukyan territory was not in 90

the hands of the Pallavas In or immediately before 655 A.D. 173 • l A w VI, p, 78. 174. Mentioned as 7£vara - Potaraja In Gadval plates. £!•• X# p. 105. 175. Hoimur plates, MAR, 1939, Ho. 30. 176* Gadval plates dated 674 A.D.; X, p. 105 savnur plates, EX., XXVZI, p. 116. 177. Desal, P.B., op* clt., p. lOli Fleet Is also of the same opinion. lA., VZ# p. 87. 178. £!., XXZX, p. 26/ Digest of Annual Report on Kannada Research in Bombay Province for the year 1940-41, p. 10. 179. Fleet, J.F., op. clt., p. 362. This is very contradictory to his earlier statements made (ijA., VI, p. 78 and 87 and 3^., VII, p. 218). 180. Nagaraja Rao, M«S. (Ed.)^op. clt., p. 7Qf Fleet also gives this as an alternative (lA., VI, p. 78). 181. la., II, p. 11. 182. XIX, p. 151. 183. £1., XXV, p. 221 lA., IX, p. 129; lA., VIII, p. 27| E^a, IX, p. 205. 184. lA., VII, p. Ill* 185. £1., X, p. 1051 lA., VI, p. 78. 186. gl., XXV, p. 22* 187. lA., IX, p. 129. 188. £1., IX, p. 205. 189. This branch was probably founded in the year 669*70 A.O. according to the Manor plates of Vinayadltya MaAgalarasa dated !^ka 613 o£ the 21st regnal year (SI., XXVIII, p. 18). 190. ^ . , XIX, p. 145; VI, p. 94. 191. lA., XVI, p. 21. 91

192. JOKU.« It p. 225. 193 • lA., VI, p* 94f 3^., XIX, p, 143. 194* Accoirdlng to Fleet. X, p. 165* 195. lA,, VI, p. 87, 88. 196. lA., VII, p. 303f lA., VI, p. 93. 197. Yasdanl, G., op. clt., p. 225. 193. SCKi® scholars Identify It with Cambodia.Nagaraja Rao, M.S., Ud.) op. clt. p. 92| Rlttl, 3.H. and Oopal, B.R. (£ds.). Studies in Indian History and culture (Prof. P.B. Desal Fellcltatlcn Volume), pp. 222-225. 199. CA., p. 245| ^ . , XXV, p. 22| El., IX, p. 205# lA., VIII, p. 27/ JOKU., I, p. 225. 200. i^., II, p. 10/ Digest of Annual Report on Kanneda Research In 3orobav Irovlnce. For the year 1940-41, p. 9. 201. Choiachagudda plates of Vljayadltya, JOKU., I, p. 226/ lA,, IX, 129/ £1., IX, p. 205. 202. ^ . , VIII, p. 28/ El., XICV, p. 22. 203. gl«, IX, p. 205. 204. Fleet, J.F., op. clt., p. 368/ Yazdanl,G., op. clt., p. 225/ Nandlmath (JOKU., I, p. 209}/ lA., XI, p. 114. 205. joigj. I, p. 226/ El., IX, p. 205/ El., XXV, p. 22. 206. I4aj\iivJar, R.C., 1952, Ancient India* p. 294/ CA., p. 246/ Desal, P.B., op. clt., p. 103. 207. El., XXV, p. 289. 208. 1^., I, p. 3/ lA., X« p. 60. 209. Pi tost of Annual Raixtrt on Kannada Raaearch in Bcxnbav province for 1940-41/ KI., II, p. IV, No. 3< 210. JA., XIX, p. 145/ EC., VIII, 3k, p. 154. 211. SI«« XXXII, p. 318. 212. lA., XIX, p. 147. 92

213. lA., VI# pp, 80-9O. 214. XX# p. 134| JOKP,# Z# p. 226. 215* BZ«# XXV# p. 22, 216. g£.# VII (I), p. 145. 217. JA.# VIII# p. 28. 218. lA.# IX# p. 129| lA.# VIII# p. 28| El.# IX# p. 205. 219. ^ . # X# p. 165. 220. 111.# IX# p. 205| lA.# VIII, p. 28| I.A.> VII# p. 111. • 221. Ancient India# Jan. 1949# No. 5# p. 54. 222. DDcslilti# D.P.# op. cJLt..# p. ICO. 223. gA.# p. 346; Yazdanl# 6.# p. 226i lA.# X# pp. 164-51 Ancient India# No. 5# 1949 Jan.# '^n years of Indian Epigraphy# p. 54. 224. BI.# Ill# p. 1. 225. II., XXXII# p. 318. 226. ^ . # XVIII# p. 38| El.# XXXII# p. 319. 227. lA.# XVIII# p. 35. 228. ^ . # X# p. 103. 229. 311.# X# No. 23. 230. Nagaraja Rao# M.S.# (Ed.)^op. cit.# p. 100| £j[.# XXXII# p. 318. 231. gl.# XXX# p. 70. 232. Dikshit# D.P.# op. cit.# p. 161. 233. Nagaraja Rao# M.S. (£d.)^op. cit.# p. 100; gl.# XXXII# p. 309. 234. JEI.# XXVI# p. 323. 235. ^ . # X# p. 165. 236. ^ . # IX# p. 134. 237. ^ . # VIII, p. 28/ El.# V# p. 203. 236. 2^.# p. 247| Ancient India# Jan. 1949# No. 5# Ten years of Indian Epigraphy# p. 54; El., V# p. 201; El.# IX# p. 206; ^ . # VIII# p. 28. 93 239* ZIZ, p. 306. 240. Ibid. 241. El., IX, p. 206. 242. VIII, p. 28. 243. SI., IX, p. 206. 244. Yazdanl, O., op. clt., p. 229| Alnuli plates, MAR., 1909, p. 12a. 245. lA., X, pp. 164-5f SI., Ill, pp. 1-7. Hs la referred to as *the bruiser of the town of Kanchi.' 246. Fleet, J.P., op. cit., p. 375| Yazdani, G., op. cit. p. 227| p. 248} Desai, P.B. op. cit., p. 104. 247. Fleet, J.F., op. clt. p. 375. 248. Fleet, J.F., op. cit., p.375| Yazdani, O., op. cit., p. 226. 249. Gc^al, B.R., Kannada I^asties outside Karnataka, QJMS, LVIII, p. 43. 250. El., Ill, p. 6. 251. El., XXVII, p. 335 and 145/ Nagaraja Rao, M.S., (£d.), op. cit., p. 105. 252* lA*, X, p. 165. 253. Ibid., pp. 165-167. 254. El., Ill, pp. 1»7. 255. CA., p. 248. 256. ^ . , III, p. 1. 257. £1., IX, p. 206? m , , VIII, p. 208. 258. KI.# I, p. 4. 259. Nilakantha Sastri, K.A., op. cit., p. 156; I)esai, P.B., op. cit., p. 185. 260. Dikshit, D.P., op. cit., p. 185. 261. Yazdani, G., ^P*^# P* 230. 262. Nilakantha sastri, K.A., op. cit., p. 156. 263. El., XXV, pp. 25-31. 264. J3BRAS., II, p. 375/ lA., XI, p. 114. 265. lA., XII, p. 162. 266. El., V, p. 201.