DOCSLIB.ORG

The Western Cedar Pole Borer Or Powder Worm

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Western Cedar Pole Borer Or Powder Worm R EC V Z- Í- ^ MAR ^ ^ ^'^^ CO0»S TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 48 ' FEBRUARY, 1928 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. THE WESTERN CEDAR POLE BORER OR POWDER WORM By H. E. BxTBKE Entomologistj Division of Forest Insects, Bureau of Entomology^ CONTENTS Page PsLge Introduction 1 Description of the insect 7 History 2 Life history 11 Economic Importance 3 Habits 11 Distribution 4 Seasonal history 12 Food plants 4 Natural enemies 13 Character of the injury 5 Methods of preventing loss 13 Indications of injury 6 Summary 13 Cause of the injury 6 Literature cited 14 INTRODUCTION Hundreds of the finest standing trees of the western red cedar or giant arbor vitae (Thuja plicata Don.) in the Paciñc coast region of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia have a large proportion of their timber riddled by the flattened, oval worm hcues of the western cedar pole borer or powder worm {TrachyheU hlondeli Mars.). These holes wind through the sapwood and heartwood of the main trunk of infested trees and render the timber almost worth- less for the higher grade uses, such as shingles, cooperage, doors, furniture, finishing, cabinetmaking, shipbuilding, and other high- frade products, for which it is otherwise especially suited. Worm oles do not seem to injure cedar timber seriously for use for fencing, sills, posts, piling, poles, or other construction purposes. Worm holes in timber, however, give it the appearance of being damaged, and, even if it is just as good as sound timber for certain purposes, the price is lowered and the manufacturer suffers a real loss. iThe writer Is under obligations to the following fellow workers for assistance In the Investigations treated in this bulletin : B. C. Van Dyke, S. A. Rohwer, Ralph Hopping, and W. S. Fisher for suggestions on classification ; W. J. Chaml)erlin for the loan of specimens of the beetle; George Hopping for specimens of the laryae; J. H. Baxter & Co. for speci- mens of the work of the borer ; A. G. Böving for a critical review of the larval descriptions and drawings ; and Miss E. T. Armstrong for the drawings of the Insect. The drawings ©f the work were made a number of years ago by the Jate J. F. Strauss. G9721—28 1 2 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 48, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE HISTORY As will be seen by the following history as recorded in literature, the western cedar pole borer or powder worm {Truchykele hlondeli Mars.), as now recognized by taxonomists, is one of a group of five more or less closely related species which form the genus Trachykele of the family Buprestidae (flat-headed borers) of the order Cole- óptera (beetles). The genus Trachykele, with the species hlondeli as the type, was named and described by Marseul {32Y in 1865 from a specimen said to have been found in the Custom House at Paris, France, by M. Blondel. The specimen was supposed to have emerged from the wood of a cedar of Lebanon. Gemminger and Harold {17) listed the species in 1869 with the locality New Orleans, and placed with it in the genus Trachykele the species Dicerca lecontei^ which had been listed by Dejean (i^) in 1837. described by Gory {19) as Buprestis leeontei in 1841, and mentioned by Leconte (^7, 28^ 29) as Buprestis leeontei in 1858 and 1859, and as Dicerca leeontei in 1863. Saunders {SJf) in 1871 changed the locality of hloTideU to Mexico. Crotch (i^, 13), writing in 1873, said the species appeared to be North American and might be the same as Dicerca leeontei Gory. He listed both species under the genus Trachykele in his check list. Stein and Weise {35) in 1877 gave Georgia as the locality for hlondeli and said that the species was introduced into Europe. Waterhouse {36) in 1882 figured hlondeli for the first time and stated that it was said to come from Mexico, but expressed some doubt about that locality. LeConte and Horn {30), in their " Classification of the Coleóptera of North America" published in 1883, gave characters for separating Trachykele from other members of the group Buprestes. Heyden, Keitter, and Weise {23) listed hlondeli from Georgia in 1883 and noted that it had been introduced into Europe. Henshaw {21) in 1885 considered the species to be North American. Kerre- mans {24j 25^ 26) stated in 1892 that hlondeli Mars, is the same as leeontei Gory and that the habitat is Mexico, and repeated his state- ments in 1903 and 1904. He gave no evidence for his positive state- ments and said he had never seen either species. Hamilton {20) wrote in 1894 that the species hlondeli had been omitted from the latest European catalogue because it did not successfully acclimate in Europe when introduced. Wickham {37) in 1902 recorded leeontei from Garland, Colo., and Blaisdell in 1903 from Tulare County, Calif. Fall {16) in 1906 questioned the localities of Mexico and New Orleans and recorded specimens of hlondeli from Santa Fe, N. Mex. He gave a complete review of the genus and described two new species, opulenta close to hlondeli^ and nimbosa close to leeontei. Fall and Cockerell {16) listed hlondeli from Santa Fe, N. Mex., in 1907. Wright and Coolidge {38) in 1908 listed opulenta from Placer County, Calif. The present writer noted in 1908 that all the species of Trachykele apparently live upon cedar of some kind; and in later papers {1^ 2^ 3^ 4, S, 6, 7) he described for the first time the larvae and work of 2 Reference is made by italic numbers to " Literature cited," p. 14. THE WESTERN CEDAB POLE BOREB OR POWDER WORM 3 hlondeti^ lecontei^ opulenta^ and nimbosa^ described a new species, hartmani^ and recorded numerous observations on the distribution, habits and host plants of the various species. Casey {8), writing in 1909, gave " Pacific coast to Gulf of Mexico " as the distribution for the genus Trachykele. Gibson {18) reported hloiidéli from Goldstream, B. C, in 1914, and Chrystal {11) reported it in 1917 as a destructive wood boret of green and dead cedar in British Columbia. Chamberlin {9) in 191T noted the occurrence of opulenta and nvmhosa in northern Cali- fornia, and in 1924 {10) reported serious damage by hlondeU to^cedar in western Oregon. Herbert {22) in 1920 recorded 'blandeli as an associate of the cypress bark scale, Ehrhomia cupressi (Ehrhorn), on Monterey cypress. Leng {31) in 1920 listed opulenta^ hlondeli^ nimbosa^ and lecontei from North America, and Nicolay {S3) in 1921 recorded hartmani in his list of new North American beetles. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Supervisor G. T. Allen of the Mount Eainier National Forest, in a letter to the Forester dated June 11, 1905, said : "A very large part of the cedar (in this forest) is worm eaten." Again on Jime 29, 1905, in a letter to Doctor Hopkins, he wrote : " The worm eaten trees often are green and apparently thrifty when the timber is so full of holes as to be of little value." And again on July 12, 1905 : " I think it very possible that the insect does not attack living trees, but the holes are very common in both green and) dead timber not long after the tree has been felled. As the timber is spoiled for shingles and most other purposes; and, as the insect appears to be common in certain localities on this reserve and its vicinity, I should like to be informed of its name and whether it attacks the living trees." In June, 1905, a shingle man near Portland, Oreg., sent in shin- gles from cedar heartwood, which were badly riddled by the flattened oval worm holes. (Fig. 2.) He reported a large amount of timber severely damaged. During the same year the shingle men at a mill at Hoquiam, Wash., struck because so much of the timber that they had to handle was worm eaten. As they worked by piece work, all of the worthless stuff that went through their hands was a direct loss to them, repre- senting that much time thrown away. In Pialschie, Wash., in 1906, the writer found the mines numerous in both the sapwood and heartwood of standing dead and living trees, and in piling used for a railroad bridge. In 1912 B. T. Harvey reported that in the lower Columbia Kiver Basin in Oregon worm holes often reduce from 30 to 50 per cent of the best grades of cedar to lower-grade material. Some- times fully 70 per cent of the tree is entirely destroyed as far as its value for shingles is concerned. During 1914 and 1915 the writer found many juniper trees in the Lake Tahoe section of California with the wood of the trunks badly riddled by the worm holes of this species. As the juniper has a probable value as a producer of pencil wood, this damage in time may become the deciding factor in determining its commercial value. 4 TECHNICAL BULLETIN 48, U. S. DEPT. OP AGRICT7LTUBE In 1917 Chrystal {11) reported worm holes as a source of con- siderable loss to both green and dead cedar in British Columbia. In 1924 Chamberlin (lO) wrote that the work of the borer was common in Oregon from the coast up to about 2,000 feet elevation, and that some shingle manufacturers estimated their loss at from 15 to 30 per cent of the cut on limited areas. During the last few years manufacturers of cedar poles in Wash- ington and British Columbia have reported numerous cases of wormy timber and have requested information on the habits of the worm causing the damage. DISTRIBUTION Trachyhele hlomdeli has been recorded from the following locali- ties: Lebanon, Turkey (Marseul) ; New Orleans, La.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Western Cedar Pole Borer Or Powder Worm
    1128 i.i.i iP 8 !~ "1 2 5 1.0 Iii II==: 1l1E:. 1.0 ~ 1111=== 11111 . ~W 2.2 ~W 2.2 Iii Iii &0; W &O;W iii iii J:j J:j ~ ~ ~ I 2.0 ~ " .. " 1.1 ........ 1.1 .."" ... -- 111111.8 111111.8 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 MICROCQPY RESGLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART ~~rIOli"l BUREAU OF SlANDARDS·196i-l· ~~~==~==~~ TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 48 ~ FEBRUARY, 1928 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. THE WESTERN CEDAR POLE BORER OR POWDER WORM By H. E. BURn JiJ,dotllologist, Divis-ian of Forest Insects, Bureau of l!lntomololl1l 1 CONTENTS Page Page lntroductlon ,____________________ DescrIptIon ot the InsecL_________ _ HIstory __________ .. ____________ 1 LIte hlstory_____________________ 7 2 Rnblm _________________________ 11 Economic Importancc_____________ _ :{ Dlstrlbutlon_____________________ Seasonnl history _________.--____ 11 Food plnn 12 ts______________________ 4 N Iltural enemles_________________ 13 Charncter of the Injury __________ . ],{pthods of preventing ioss_________ "Ii Summary______________________ 13 Indications .of injury_____. ______ _ 6 13 Cnuse of tllu inJury______________ • Ii ,Literature clted _________________ _ 14 INTRODUCTION Hundreds of the finest standinO' trees of the western red cedaL'or giant arbor vitae (Thuja pUaata Don.) in the Pacific coast region of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia have a large proportion of their timber' riddled by the flattened, oval worm holes of the western cedar pole borer or powder worm (Traahykele blondeli Mars.). These holes wind through the sapwood and heartwood of the main trunk of infested trees and render the timber almost worth­ less for the hi~her grade uses, such as shingles, cooperage, doors, fu.rniture, finiShing, cabinetmaking, shipbuilding, and other high­ QTade products, for which it is otherwise especially suited.
    [Show full text]
  • Biodiversity and Coarse Woody Debris in Southern Forests Proceedings of the Workshop on Coarse Woody Debris in Southern Forests: Effects on Biodiversity
    Biodiversity and Coarse woody Debris in Southern Forests Proceedings of the Workshop on Coarse Woody Debris in Southern Forests: Effects on Biodiversity Athens, GA - October 18-20,1993 Biodiversity and Coarse Woody Debris in Southern Forests Proceedings of the Workhop on Coarse Woody Debris in Southern Forests: Effects on Biodiversity Athens, GA October 18-20,1993 Editors: James W. McMinn, USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Athens, GA, and D.A. Crossley, Jr., University of Georgia, Athens, GA Sponsored by: U.S. Department of Energy, Savannah River Site, and the USDA Forest Service, Savannah River Forest Station, Biodiversity Program, Aiken, SC Conducted by: USDA Forest Service, Southem Research Station, Asheville, NC, and University of Georgia, Institute of Ecology, Athens, GA Preface James W. McMinn and D. A. Crossley, Jr. Conservation of biodiversity is emerging as a major goal in The effects of CWD on biodiversity depend upon the management of forest ecosystems. The implied harvesting variables, distribution, and dynamics. This objective is the conservation of a full complement of native proceedings addresses the current state of knowledge about species and communities within the forest ecosystem. the influences of CWD on the biodiversity of various Effective implementation of conservation measures will groups of biota. Research priorities are identified for future require a broader knowledge of the dimensions of studies that should provide a basis for the conservation of biodiversity, the contributions of various ecosystem biodiversity when interacting with appropriate management components to those dimensions, and the impact of techniques. management practices. We thank John Blake, USDA Forest Service, Savannah In a workshop held in Athens, GA, October 18-20, 1993, River Forest Station, for encouragement and support we focused on an ecosystem component, coarse woody throughout the workshop process.
    [Show full text]
  • Pinyon-Juniper Woodland
    Historical Range of Variation and State and Transition Modeling of Historic and Current Landscape Conditions for Potential Natural Vegetation Types of the Southwest Southwest Forest Assessment Project 2006 Preferred Citation: Introduction to the Historic Range of Variation Schussman, Heather and Ed Smith. 2006. Historical Range of Variation for Potential Natural Vegetation Types of the Southwest. Prepared for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southwestern Region by The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, AZ. 22 pp. Introduction to Vegetation Modeling Schussman, Heather and Ed Smith. 2006. Vegetation Models for Southwest Vegetation. Prepared for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southwestern Region by The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, AZ. 11 pp. Semi-Desert Grassland Schussman, Heather. 2006. Historical Range of Variation and State and Transition Modeling of Historical and Current Landscape Conditions for Semi-Desert Grassland of the Southwestern U.S. Prepared for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southwestern Region by The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, AZ. 53 pp. Madrean Encinal Schussman, Heather. 2006. Historical Range of Variation for Madrean Encinal of the Southwestern U.S. Prepared for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southwestern Region by The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, AZ. 16 pp. Interior Chaparral Schussman, Heather. 2006. Historical Range of Variation and State and Transition Modeling of Historical and Current Landscape Conditions for Interior Chaparral of the Southwestern U.S. Prepared for the U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Southwestern Region by The Nature Conservancy, Tucson, AZ. 24 pp. Madrean Pine-Oak Schussman, Heather and Dave Gori. 2006. Historical Range of Variation and State and Transition Modeling of Historical and Current Landscape Conditions for Madrean Pine-Oak of the Southwestern U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Redcedar Extends Into Northern Idaho and Western Montana
    ijut; A 13.31:C 32/8/984 Forest J An American Wood Service Western ited States epartment of Agriculture Redcedar FS-261 Primarily a west coast species, western redcedar extends into northern Idaho and western Montana. An associate in many forest types, this long-lived tree attains its best growth on relatively moist sites. Although comparatively light in weight-average specific graY- ity 0.31-the wood is among the most durable of the native tree species; its reddish-brown color, straight grain, good stability, and excellent paint- holding ability make this a preferred siding wood. Practically all shakes and shingles are made of this wood. Other important uses are poles, grape stakes, and paneling. < r ? - s F-388357 1N72'84 4 J I,71 An American Wood Western Redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) David P. Lowery' Distribution - Q \ A / ' .VNN Western redcedar grows from the A / / / / coastal regions of southern Alaska \)(J )o/ south through the coastal ranges of /°0'L)c \ ¡o \/ o \ British Columbia through western /\ ' / ,> / Washington and Oregon to Humboldt o/ County, Calif. In British Columbia, the /</1A I species grows east to the western slope y / /\ A of the Continental Divide and thence /\ / // / /ç / south into the Selkirk and Bitterroot 7 N/ / /)ç // I Mountains of Idaho and Montana (fig. 1). ç / '/ »/ Western redcedar grows best on moist flats, terraces, gentle lower slopes, stream bottoms, moist gulches, and ravines. A northerly aspect is generally more suitable than a southerly aspect. Occasionally, redcedar grows on moderately dry and warm sites, but its growth there is poor.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Some Western Buprestidã¦
    June, '17] BURKE:NOTESONWESTERNBUPRESTIDAE 325 The paper was followed by a discussion by several members as to more detail in the methods used. CHAIRMANA. W. MORRILL: The next paper will be presented by H. E. Burke. NOTES ON SOME WESTERN BUPRESTIDlE' By H. E. BURKE, Specialist in Forest Entomology, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture During the past fifteen years various members of the Branch of Downloaded from Forest Insect Investigations, Bureau of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, have made a number of observations on the life-his- tories and food plants of numerous species of western flathead borers or Buprestidre. Some of these species are injurious to native and intro- duced fruit and shade trees and some other species may soon become http://jee.oxfordjournals.org/ so. One wood-infesting species has become a household pest and is doing some damage to interior wood work in the mountain towns. Most of the species discussed inhabit deciduous trees but a few that may become pests of coniferous shade trees are included. In all cases the host plants listed are those from which the larva or adult has been taken from the wood or bark and not just resting on the foliage or bark. The fact that adults are found on the foliage or bark of a by guest on June 7, 2016 plant time after time is a good observation and worthy of record. It is also a good indication that the borer lives in the plant. There are cases, however, where it is not true and, in the writer's opinion, no plant should be listed as a host plant of a boring insect unless the insect is found living in the plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Classification and Phylogeny of the Buprestoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera)
    ISSN 1211-8788 Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 85: 113–184, 2000 Classification and phylogeny of the Buprestoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) JIØÍ KOLIBÁÈ Moravian Museum, Department of Entomology, Hviezdoslavova 29a, 627 00 Brno, Czech Republic; e-mail: [email protected] KOLIBÁÈ J. 2000: Classification and phylogeny of the Buprestoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera). Acta Musei Moraviae, Scientiae biologicae (Brno) 85: 113–184. – Selected species of 19 buprestid genera were studied in holomorphological fashion. The genera represent all the subfamilies described within the Buprestidae LEACH: Schizopodinae LECONTE (Schizopus LECONTE), Julodinae LACORDAIRE (Julodis SOLIER), Thrincopyginae LECONTE (Thrincopyge LECONTE), Acmaeoderinae KERREMANS (Acmaeoderella COBOS), Polycestinae LACORDAIRE (Ptosima SOLIER, Polycesta SOLIER, Sponsor LAPORTE & GORY, Paratrachys SAUNDERS), Buprestinae LEACH (Buprestis LINNAEUS, Melanophila ESCHSCHOLTZ), Chrysobothrinae LAPORTE & GORY (Chrysobothris ESCHSCHOLTZ), Chalcophorinae LACORDAIRE (Chalcophora SOLIER), Sphenopterinae LACORDAIRE (Sphenoptera SOLIER), Mastogeniinae LECONTE & HORN (Mastogenius SOLIER), Galbellinae REITTER (Galbella WESTWOOD), Agrilinae LAPORTE & GORY (Coraebus LAPORTE & GORY, Agrilus CURTIS), Trachyinae GORY & LAPORTE (Trachys FABRICIUS) a Cylindromorphinae PORTEVIN (Cylindromorphus THÉRY). Some of the body parts studied were figured. Eighty seven characters of larvae and adults were used in a character state matrix. The matrix was mostly based on the material studied, although, literature data were also used (especially for larval and anatomical characters). The families Derodontidae, Bostrichidae, Dermestidae, Dascillidae, Byrrhidae, Elateridae, and Dryopidae were used as outgroups. The Hennig86 program (commands mhennig*bb*, successive weighting) was used for computing the matrix. Only one tree is a result of the matrix and that shows high congruence of matrix data. The resulting tree is congruent with a general opinion on a higher taxonomy for Buprestoidea. Family rank is confirmed for Schizopodidae.
    [Show full text]
  • A Field Guide to Diseases and Insect Pests of Northern and Central
    2013 Reprint with Minor Revisions A FIELD GUIDE TO DISEASES & INSECT PESTS OF NORTHERN & CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAIN CONIFERS HAGLE GIBSON TUNNOCK United States Forest Service Department of Northern and Agriculture Intermountain Regions United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service State and Private Forestry Northern Region P.O. Box 7669 Missoula, Montana 59807 Intermountain Region 324 25th Street Ogden, UT 84401 http://www.fs.usda.gov/main/r4/forest-grasslandhealth Report No. R1-03-08 Cite as: Hagle, S.K.; Gibson, K.E.; and Tunnock, S. 2003. Field guide to diseases and insect pests of northern and central Rocky Mountain conifers. Report No. R1-03-08. (Reprinted in 2013 with minor revisions; B.A. Ferguson, Montana DNRC, ed.) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northern and Intermountain Regions; Missoula, Montana, and Ogden, Utah. 197 p. Formated for online use by Brennan Ferguson, Montana DNRC. Cover Photographs Conk of the velvet-top fungus, cause of Schweinitzii root and butt rot. (Photographer, Susan K. Hagle) Larvae of Douglas-fir bark beetles in the cambium of the host. (Photographer, Kenneth E. Gibson) FIELD GUIDE TO DISEASES AND INSECT PESTS OF NORTHERN AND CENTRAL ROCKY MOUNTAIN CONIFERS Susan K. Hagle, Plant Pathologist (retired 2011) Kenneth E. Gibson, Entomologist (retired 2010) Scott Tunnock, Entomologist (retired 1987, deceased) 2003 This book (2003) is a revised and expanded edition of the Field Guide to Diseases and Insect Pests of Idaho and Montana Forests by Hagle, Tunnock, Gibson, and Gilligan; first published in 1987 and reprinted in its original form in 1990 as publication number R1-89-54.
    [Show full text]
  • Western Redcedar
    Thujaplicafa Donn ex D. Don Western Redcedar Cupressaceae Cypress family Don Minore Western redcedar (Thuja plicata), also called Pacific redcedar, giant-cedar, arborvitae, canoe-cedar, and shinglewood, is the only Thuja species native to western North America. Extant redcedar volumes are estimated to be 824 million m3 (29 billion R3) in British Columbia (43) and 228 million m3 (8 billion ft3) in the United States (16). Most of this volume is in mature trees, which have tapered, often-fluted bases, drooping branches, thin fibrous bark, and small scalelike leaves arrayed in flat sprays. Many have forked tops (fig. 1). They often reach ages of 800 to 1,000 years. One particularly large specimen in Washington has a d.b.h. of 592 cm (233 in), a height of 54.3 m (178 ft), and a crown spread of 16.5 m (54 ft). The wood is valuable and extensively used in a wide variety of products. Habitat Native Range Western redcedar grows along the Pacific coast from Humboldt County, CA (lat. 40” 10’ NJ, to the northern and western shores of Sumner Strait in southeastern Alaska (lat. 56” 30’ N.) (fig. 2). In California, it is common only in the lower Mad River drainage and the wet region south of Ferndale in Humboldt County; it is found elsewhere only in iso- lated stands in boggy habitats (19). North of the California-Oregon border, the coastal range broadens to include the western slopes of the Cas- cade Range north of Crater Lake and the eastern slopes north of about latitude 44” 30’ N.
    [Show full text]
  • Fsveg Data Dictionary
    FSVeg DATA DICTIONARY SECTION II: REFERENCE TABLES February 2014 Reference Tables FSVeg Data Dictionary TABLE OF CONTENTS Reference Tables Page NRV_COUNTIES...................................................................................................................................... DD/RT-3 NRV_COVER_LAYERS .........................................................................................................................DD/RT-31 NRV_COVER_REFERENCES .............................................................................................................DD/RT-32 NRV_DATUM_CODES .........................................................................................................................DD/RT-41 NRV_DISTURBANCE_AGENTS ........................................................................................................DD/RT-42 NRV_DISTURBANCE_CATEGORIES ..............................................................................................DD/RT-60 NRV_EV_COVER_TYPES ....................................................................................................................DD/RT-61 NRV_EXAM_PURPOSE_CODES ........................................................................................................DD/RT-94 NRV_FUEL_MODELS ...........................................................................................................................DD/RT-96 NRV_FUEL_PHOTOS .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Coleoptera Spectral Reflectance
    Kansas State University Libraries New Prairie Press Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture 2014 - 26th Annual Conference Proceedings MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COLEOPTERA SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE Sarah E.M. Herberger University of Idaho Bahaman Shafii University of Idaho Stephen P. Cook University of Idaho Christopher J. Williams University of Idaho William J. Price University of Idaho See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://newprairiepress.org/agstatconference Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Applied Statistics Commons This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. Recommended Citation Herberger, Sarah E.M.; Shafii, Bahaman; Cook, Stephen .;P Williams, Christopher J.; and Price, William J. (2014). "MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF COLEOPTERA SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE," Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture. https://doi.org/10.4148/2475-7772.1002 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences at New Prairie Press. It has been accepted for inclusion in Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture by an authorized administrator of New Prairie Press. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Author Information Sarah E.M. Herberger, Bahaman Shafii, Stephen .P Cook, Christopher J. Williams, and William J. Price This event is available at New Prairie Press: https://newprairiepress.org/agstatconference/2014/proceedings/1 Conference on Applied Statistics in Agriculture 26th
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of Arizona and New Mexico Forests
    United States Department of Agriculture Field Guide to Forest Service Insects and Southwestern Diseases of Region MR-R3-16-3 Arizona and New Mexico Forests Ips galleries Pinyon ips and armillaria mycelial fans Southwestern dwarf Pandora moth mistletoe caterpillar broom on fire The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, marital status, familial status, parental status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TTY). To file a complaint of discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TTY). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Revised and printed on recycled paper • December 2013 Field Guide to Insects and Diseases of Arizona and New Mexico Forests USDA Forest Service Southwestern Region 333 Broadway Blvd., SE Albuquerque, NM 87102 www.fs.usda.gov/main/r3/forest-grasslandhealth 2013 Acknowledgements Thanks to all current and former pathologists and entomologists, who worked on the original insect and disease field guide developed in the 1980s or the current version. Special thanks to our printing specialist for the Southwestern Region in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • 1. the Hymenoptera
    ,QH'54 1 .5 F6 C 6 11' no. 6 COMPACT w Th,e- Insect C om m unity, of Dead and Dying, p,4up,[.-Fir 1. The Hymenoptera MaikAO n p. I Wre ril0n+I6 r Coni1gC0us'DTEFII UYIle -i'oy§{im,Anacyfsi 5(udies i THE INSECT COMMUNITY OF DEAD AND DYING DOUGLAS-FIR: I. THE HYMENOPTERA MARK AMIDON DEYRUP University of Washington, Seattle Bulletin No. 6 Coniferous Forest Biome Ecosystem Analysis Studies ii The work reported in this paper was supported by NationalScience Foundation grant no. GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome,Ecosystem Analysis Studies, U.S./International Biological Program;publication was funded by NSF grant no. BMS74-20744 to the Coniferous ForestBiome. This is contribution 100 of the Coniferous Forest Biome. Any portion of this publication may be reproduced for purposes of the U.S.Government. Copies are available from the Coniferous Forest Biome,University of Washington AR-10, Seattle, WA 98195. September 1975 iii ABSTRACT The insects that invade a dying or dead tree are the immediate cause of death and the principle mediators of early stages of decomposition of the tree.These insects form a large and complex community, the species components of which are restricted to particular habitats.A study of the insect community associated with dead Douglas-fir has revealed an intricate assemblage ofspecies;in this publication only the 70+ species of the order Hymenoptera are discussed.Keys are provided for identifi- cation of all taxa, and there are discussions of the families, genera, and speciesrepresented. The known biology of each species is described, and an attempt is made to suggest the ecological role of each species within the deadtree.
    [Show full text]