United States Department of Agriculture SPECIAL FOREST PRODUCTS Forest Service Species Information Guide Pacific Northwest Research Station for the Pacific Northwest General Technical Report PNW-GTR-513 Nan C. Vance, Melissa Borsting, David Pilz, and September 2001 Jim Freed Authors Nan C. Vance is a principle plant physiologist, and David Pilz is a botanist, For- estry Sciences Laboratory, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331; Melissa Borsting is a graduate student, College of Forest Resources, University of Wash- ington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195; and Jim Freed is an extension special forest products specialist, Washington State University, PO Box 4703, Olympia, WA 98504. Disclaimer This publication reports research and management information involving mush- room and plant harvesting. It neither recommends the use and ingestion of mush- rooms and plants nor implies that using wild plants and mushrooms is without risks.

CAUTION: Mushroom and wild plant consumption can pose a serious, even fatal, risk to humans. It is strongly recommended that you spend your first collecting season using field identification guides and collecting with an expert if you intend to collect wild plants or mushrooms to eat. Abstract Vance, Nan C.; Borsting, Melissa; Pilz, David; Freed, Jim. 2001. Special forest products: species information guide for the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-513. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 169 p. This guide is a collection of information about economically important vascular and nonvascular plants and fungi found in the Pacific Northwest that furnish special forest products. Many of these plants and fungi are also found in Alaska, northern Idaho, and western Montana. They contribute to many bo- tanical, floral, woodcraft, and decorative industries and to the rapidly growing medicinal, herbal, and natural foods industries. Internet commerce has made these products available to consumers worldwide and expanded interest in medicinal plants, decorative floral products, and edible wild fruits and mush- rooms. This guide provides a consolidated information resource that briefly describes biological, ecological attributes of over 60 plants and fungi, and their wild harvest methods, alternatives to wild harvest, and uses. The harvest tech- niques described in the guide are based on the recommendations of experi- enced harvesters and experts who have worked with these botanical resources and support sustainable practices. Information for this guide was gathered from various documents and other sources. The technical areas of expertise con- sulted spanned a wide range of knowledge including plant biological and eco- logical sciences, ethnobotany, horticulture, mycology, and forest ecology.

Keywords: Special forest products, nontimber forest products, medicinal plants, edible fungi, botanical industry, herbs, wildcraft, Pacific Northwest, sustainable forestry. Contents Introduction ...... 1 How to Use This Guide ...... 2 General Harvest Guidelines ...... 6 Harvesting Responsibilities ...... 7 Transplanting Tips ...... 9 Harvesting Mushrooms ...... 10 Methods ...... 11

Explanation of Information Categories in This Guide ...... 13

Plants...... 17 Abies procera...... 17 Acer circinatum ...... 19 Achillea millefolium ...... 21 Anaphalis margaritacea ...... 23 Angelica spp...... 25 Aralia californica ...... 27 Arctostaphylos spp...... 29 Arctostaphylos uva-ursi ...... 31 Arnica spp...... 33 Artemisia douglasiana ...... 35 Asarum caudatum ...... 37 Berberis spp...... 39 Bryophyta ...... 43 Calocedrus decurrens ...... 45 Capsella bursa-pastoris ...... 47 Ceanothus spp...... 49 Chimaphila umbellata ...... 51 Coptis laciniata ...... 53 Crataegus spp...... 55 Cupressus lawsoniana ...... 57 Cytisus scoparius ...... 59 Dipsacus spp...... 61 Equisetum spp...... 63 Eriodictyon californicum ...... 65 Frangula purshiana ...... 67 Gaultheria shallon ...... 69 Gentiana spp...... 71 Gypsophila paniculata ...... 73 Hypericum perforatum ...... 75 Juniperus spp...... 77 Ligusticum spp...... 81 Lomatium dissectum ...... 83 Oplopanax horridum ...... 85 Pachistima myrsinites ...... 87 Petasites frigidus var. palmatus ...... 89 Polystichum munitum ...... 91 Prunella vulgaris ...... 93 Pteridium aquilinum var. pubescens ...... 95 Rosa spp...... 97 Rubus idaeus ...... 99 Rumex acetosella ...... 101 Rumex crispus...... 103 Sambucus racemosa...... 105 Scutellaria spp...... 107 Taxus brevifolia ...... 109 Thuja plicata ...... 111 Trillium ovatum ...... 113 Urtica dioica ...... 115 Usnea spp...... 117 Vaccinium spp...... 119 Valeriana spp...... 123 Verbascum thapsus...... 125 Xerophyllum tenax ...... 127

Fungi ...... 129 Boletus edulis ...... 129 Cantharellus spp...... 131 Leucangium carthusianum ...... 133 Morchella spp...... 135 Tricholoma magnivelare ...... 137 Tuber gibbosum ...... 139

Acknowledgments ...... 141

Illustration Credits ...... 141

Conversion Table ...... 142

References ...... 143

Appendix 1: List of Species Not Described inText ...... 156

Appendix 2: Common and Scientific Names ...... 159

Introduction Abundant biotic resources of North American forests have provided not only recreational and personal collecting opportunities but also profitability in prod- ucts that come from various plants, lichens, fungi, algae, and micro-organisms. These special forest products are the basis of many botanical, floral, wood- craft, and decorative industries; they also contribute significantly to the rapidly growing medicinal, herbal, and natural foods industries (Schlosser et al. 1992, Schlosser and Blatner 1994, Vance and Thomas 1997).

Species harvested from forests for other than timber commodities have been referred to variously as special forest products, nontimber forest products, nonwood products, botanical products, and secondary forest products. They refer to the same group of species—plants, lichens, fungi, and other organ- isms—collected from the forest for various uses including subsistence, educa- tion, research, recreation, and commercial enterprise. The process of collecting from the wild is termed wildcrafting and is generally a term applied to collect- ing material from the wild to sell or trade. Native Americans regarded the use and often the maintenance of the many species found in forests and prairies as a fundamental part of their world and life, and would take exception to the concept that they are “special.” It is important therefore to acknowledge that the species we are discovering to be beneficial today were already intimately known by people who lived on this continent and who collected and used these fungi and plants for thousands of years.

Interest in special forest products has increased along with demand for herbal medicines, decorative floral products, and edible wild fruits and mushrooms. This increasing interest in the use of many of the wild botanical resources in the Pacific Northwest accompanies a corresponding increase in questions about how to determine what species are used for which purpose and how are these species properly collected. At the same time, the forested and nonforested habitats where many of these species normally thrive may be altered by land management practices such as clearcutting and wildfire suppres- sion, catastrophic wildfires, and other environmental disturbances. Species such as beargrass, salal, and several medicinal plant species have been so heavily harvested that the quality of the product may have changed. Species growth and reproductive capacity may be affected as well as genetic and popu- lation structure. With few exceptions, these species have been harvested with- out inventories or monitoring, and without addressing sustainability or conservation of the resources or their habitats.

How do all these pieces fit together? As people collect plants and fungi for commercial products, how do they ensure that these species are not overex- ploited, that their habitats and environments are not being damaged, and that

1 they are not adversely influencing important ecological functions such as critical interactions with insect and animal pollinators, other mutualisms, and the provision of food and habitat for wildlife. Many of the species being collected in commercial quantities have not been thoroughly studied, yet there is considerable information in the literature and among practitioners that collectively is informative and educa- tional. This guide is a compilation of the information we found to date about se- lected species in the Pacific Northwest. It is incomplete because new information is continually being generated. We have focused on that information most relevant and useful to sustainable management and conservation of these valuable biological resources growing in the wild.

Based on the information compiled for this publication, we list in table 1 the vascu- lar plants covered in this guide noting species that are exotic, species that can be cultivated, and species deemed vulnerable because the plant and or its habitat may be jeoparized by harvest. Of the 76 vascular plant species, 59 species or about 78 percent are available commercially as plant or seed; 10 species or about 13 percent are exotic weeds. About 32 percent are considered vulnerable based direct and indirect effects of harvest. The nonvascular byrobphyes (mosses and liverworts) and the lichen Usnea are not cultivated and are also considered vulner- able. Harvest pressure on these byrophytes continues while similar species in other parts of the world are disappearing or threatened by habitat loss, environmental pollution, and overharvest.

Although this guide is a collection of information about economically important plants and fungi species found primarily in the Pacific Northwest, many of these species also are found in Alaska, northern Idaho, and western Montana. The spe- cies lists were developed with the input of local harvesters, botanists, land manag- ers, and researchers. This is not a comprehensive list of all plants with medicinal, edible, or decorative uses. It is a compilation of species that commonly are har- vested for commercial purposes and found on Forest Service lands. Many of these species were and are important to indigenous people, and many tribes today have first rights to collect and use these species. We hope the user of this guide will be sensitive to tribal and treaty rights and the feelings of others who care about these species.

How to Use This Guide This guide primarily provides information that describes the biological and ecologi- cal attributes of each species. The guide is comprehensive but not detailed. It sum- marizes information while referring the reader to sources that have more specific information. For those interested in harvesting these plants and fungi, this guide includes useful information about low-impact harvest techniques. We also intend for the information to be used to increase awareness of the importance of ethical

2 Table 1—List of vascular plants indicating those species that are exotic, commercially available (CA) seed or plants (native species), and native plants that are vulnerable or have vulnerable habitats if harvested

Seed or plant Botanical name Common name Exotic CA Vulnerable

Abies procera Noble fir X Acer circinatum Vine maple X Achillea millefolium Common yarrow X Anaphalis margaritacea Pearly everlasting X Angelica genuflexa Kneeling angelica X A. arguta Lyall’s angelica X Aralia californica Spikenard X X Arctostaphylos columbiana Hairy manzanita X A. nevadensis Pinemat manzanita X A. patula Greenleaf manzanita X A. viscida White-leaved manzanita X A. uva-ursi Kinnikinnick X Arnica cordifolia Heart-leaved arnica X A. latifolia Broadleaf arnica X Artemisia douglasiana Mugwort X Asarum caudatum Wild ginger X X Berberis aquifolium Tall Oregon grape X B. nervosa Dwarf Oregon grape X Calocedrus decurrens Incense-cedar X Capsella bursa-pastoris Shepherd’s purse X Ceanothus velutinus Snowbrush ceanothus X C. sanguineus Redstem ceanothus X Chimaphila umbellata Pipsissewa X X Coptis laciniata Oregon goldthread X X C. trifolia Threeleaf goldthread X C. occidentalis Western goldthread X Crataegus douglasii Black hawthorn X C. monogyna Oneseed hawthorn X X C. suksdorfii Suksdorfi’s hawthorn X Cupressus lawsoniana Port-Orford-cedar X X Cytisus scoparius Scotch broom X Dipsacus fullonum Common teasel X D. sylvestris Wild teasel X Equisetum arvense Common horsetail X E. hyemale Scouring-rush X Eriodictyon californicum Yerba santa X Frangula purshiana Buckthorn X Gaultheria shallon Salal X Gentiana sceptrum King’s gentian X X

3 Table 1—List of vascular plants indicating those species that are exotic, commercially available (CA) seed or plants (native species), and native plants that are vulnerable or have vulnerable habitats if harvested (continued)

Seed or plant Botanical name Common name Exotic CA Vulnerable

G. calycosa Mountain bog X X Gypsophila paniculata Baby’s breath X Hypericum perforatum St. John’s wort X Juniperus occidentalis Western juniper X J. scopulorum Rocky Mountain juniper X Ligusticum apiifolium Celeryleaf lovage X L. canbyi Canby’s lovage X L. grayi Gray’s lovage X Lomatium dissectum Desert parsley X X Oplopanax horridum Devil’s club X X Pachistima myrsinites False box X Petasites frigidus v. palmatus Coltsfoot X Polystichum munitum Western sword fern X Prunella vulgaris Selfheal X Pteridium aquilinum Bracken fern X Rosa gymnocarpa Dwarf rose X R. nutkana Nootka rose X Rubus idaeus Red raspberry X Rumex acetosella Sheep sorrel X R. crispus Curly dock X Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens Red elderberry X S. cerulea Blue elderberry X Scutellaria lateriflora Blue skullcap X X S. galericulata Marsh skullcap X S. nana Dwarf skullcap X Taxus brevifolia Pacific yew X Thuja plicata Western redcedar X Trillium ovatum Western trillium X X Urtica dioica Stinging nettle X Vaccinium membranaceum Black huckleberry X V. deliciosum Cascade bilberry X V. ovatum Evergreen huckleberry X Valeriana sitchensis Sitka valerian X X V. occidentalis Western valerian X X V. scouleri Scouler’s valerian X X Verbascum thapsus Mullein X X Xerophyllum tenax Beargrass X X

4 and ecologically sensitive collection and use of these species. For example, it is important to be certain of the exact botanical identity of the plant or fungus being harvested. There are species look-alikes that are federally or state listed as sensitive, threatened, or endangered; other look-alikes are poisonous or toxic. Some species are exotic and invasive. It is important not to spread these invasive or exotic species because of carelessness in harvest and transport. Land managers who make decisions about how to structure permits or man- agement plans, who are responsible for sensitive plants, or who determine harvest impacts also may find this information useful. It is also useful for har- vesters who simply want to learn more about the species they are working with. There are also gaps in information revealing where further knowledge may be needed. This guide is intended to increase awareness of the use of many plants and fungi and of their importance to people and the ecosystem. It is also intended to increase knowledge of techniques, whether cultivation or careful harvest, that will promote sustainability and conservation of species, plant and fungal communities, and habitats.

The harvest techniques described in this guide are those recommended by local harvesters who have worked with the plants for years developing techniques that promote sustainable harvest. These techniques have not been, for the most part, field tested, monitored, or scientifically evaluated. Most of these harvest recommendations are locally specific. Changes in climate or the environ- ment can result in different reactions from species being harvested. There- fore, always consider the environment when collecting. For example, many species grow in road cuts and fills. Before harvesting a species on a steep slope, consider the consequences of that action to slope stability and erosion. Before collecting along roadsides in particular, the application of herbicides or pesticides should be determined. Consider any potential for adverse impacts on both the species and the land. Note that for species growing on public lands, transplanting is permitted for a limited number of species and not on all forests. Transplanting is total removal of a plant with disturbance of soil and forest floor. It is usually permitted only in areas where destruction of vegetation and soil disturbance have to occur owing to such activity as increasing or maintain- ing power lines or road rights-of-way.

For many species, it is difficult to locate patches in the wild that are large enough to harvest without impact and still collect enough to be economical. Many are suitable for cultivation, but for some species, successful propagation still eludes growers. Cultivation for commercial markets is not developed for many species, so they tend to be collected only in the wild. In some cases, a price difference exists between wildcrafted and cultivated species, but this is more the exception rather than the rule. In fact, many cultivated species can be

5 certified organic, which increases their value, although as yet there is not a formal process to certify wildcrafted species. For many species in this guide, cultivation is a recommended alternative to wild harvest. For more detailed information on culti- vation of the native plant species listed in this guide, we have referenced, for ex- ample, the journal Hortus West (1998), the publications “Seeds of Woody Plants in the United States” (USDA Forest Service 1974), “Propagation of Pacific North- west Plants” (Rose et al. 1998), “Collecting, Processing and Germinating Seeds of Wildland Plants” (Young and Young 1986), and the web site http://gardenbed.com. Over the timespan of preparing this guide, web-based information has increased exponentially. We encourage using the Internet to find additional information but caution that reliability of sources should be checked.

The publication is just a guide. The collector should make personal observations about the effects of any harvest and note any significant changes in populations or habitats across the landscape.

General Harvest Guidelines

Know the species that is to be collected. Be sure of its identification before harvesting a plant or mushroom. Many plants look similar but do not necessarily have the same properties. There are species in the same genus that look similar to the more common species but may be rare, at risk, or federally or state listed as threatened or endangered. Another reason for careful identification is that certain plants and fungi have poisonous look-alikes! If you are uncertain, take a small sample and consult a qualified botanist. You may find one at most colleges and universities, or you can call your forest or agriculture extension agent who will know where to refer you. Native plant societies have local chapters and provide excellent opportunities to identify plants and fungi, and dis- cover and learn the local flora as well.

Know the end use. If collecting plants to sell, you should first contact the buyer and a discuss what criteria and quality standards are to be met. Many buyers will only take products that have been collected, dried, or processed in a certain way. Many plants are sensitive enough that just a few days or even hours of improper handling can result in unusable products. Know how to handle collected material properly and use proper storage facilities or materials.

6 Pay attention to the environmental conditions. Avoid harvesting during extreme conditions. After heavy rain, the soil will be more prone to compaction or slippage. When harvesting plants that grow in riparian areas, avoid taking plants that are critical to maintaining the integrity of the streambanks. When it is particularly dry, some plants may become stressed. Harvesting parts of a plant at this time may add to stress and negatively impact regeneration. In addition, be aware of plants or plant parts that are diseased or infested with insects so as not to spread contamination.

Learn about the life cycle of the plant you are harvesting. Plants need to be able to reproduce or regenerate to continue to exist. For ex- ample, if you are collecting roots and the plant reproduces by seed, is it possible to collect in fall after the seeds have dropped? This type of awareness will help assure there are plants in the area to harvest again next year.

Harvesting Responsibilities Wildcrafter training and responsibilities:

• Have in-field instruction on how to identify, harvest, and handle plant material properly including quality control, sustainable harvest guidelines, bagging, bundling, tagging, storing, and transporting. • Know land and landowner regulations including use permit requirements with location, harvest dates, full name of harvester, and owner’s signature; land use ethics. Collector responsibilities:

• Train and supervise wildcrafters. • Weigh, tag, and document harvested plant material including location. • Transport plant material to processor. • Communicate regularly with landowner and assure permit compliance. Processor responsibilities:

• Train and supervise collector. • Receive plant material and harvest documentation from collector. • Inspect and process product. Bag tags identify each wildcrafter’s product. • Communicate with landowner and be involved in use permit process.

7 Monitor and observe a patch over time. Notice what impact your harvest is having. Take notes with map locations so you know how to return to the same area. Evaluate harvest recommendations for your area. Surprisingly, some plants may actually increase if harvested in the right quan- tities and if the right techniques are used.

Always secure permission to harvest on anyone’s land. This applies to public land as well as private. In Oregon, a permit is required to carry commercial quantities of product in your vehicle. This can a handwritten permit from a private landowner. Other states in the Pacific Northwest have or are now enacting similar laws. Know the requirements set forth in these laws. Public lands also require permits for harvesting. Some public lands are off-limits to har- vesting (such as national parks and many special management areas on national forest lands). Presently, public land managers will sell permits for many of the spe- cies listed in this guide. They often want to know generally where harvesting is occurring so that they can track areas of heavy use in order to balance impact across the landscape. Personal-use permits are available for noncommercial har- vest. Even if you do not like the current permit systems, getting involved with them is the best way to have input into future changes.

Use harvest techniques that minimize disturbance. This means using the right tools and using them correctly. If you are collecting leaves and stems, gently clip them off of the plant. Do not simply break them off or pull them out of the ground, as you tend to get more of the plant than you can use. Also, breaking stems may produce more extensive injury and create sites for pathogens. With roots, dig gently with a small shovel, trowel, or your hands (de- pending on the conditions). Avoid disturbing surrounding vegetation. Fill in any holes you make after you finish collecting. Take out litter and trash with you.

Sustainable harvest does not come with a formula. There are no bottom line numbers that work for each species. Think of the species in context, as part of the ecosystem. For some species, ecological function or im- portance has already been documented and is described in this guide. Many spe- cies, however, have not been thoroughly researched. Draw conclusions about the sensitivity of a patch by using observation and the information contained here. Harvest conservatively. Then watch the results. Over the next few seasons, ob- serve what impact harvesting had on the species collected as well its surroundings.

8 Transplanting Tips The following transplanting tips have been adapted from the brochure “Col- lecting Native Plants Permit Conditions and Transplanting Tips” (Johnson and Warner 1997).

• Be sure you have written permission first from the landowner or land manager. • Important! Know where your transplants will be located in your yard before finding them. Select plants growing in conditions that match where they will be planted; e.g., sun exposure, moisture, soil drainage, frost, etc. • Reduce transplant shock by collecting plants between October and May, when soils are moist and plants are not actively growing. The best days for transplanting are cool-overcast days. • Avoid collecting on steep slopes to prevent soil erosion. • Dig plants carefully, retaining as much soil around the roots as possible. Keep roots moist at all times. Wrap wet newspapers or burlap around the outside of the root ball. • Completely cover your plants when carried in the back of an open truck. The air movement will rapidly dry the foliage and roots, which severely stresses the plants, possibly causing them to die. Roots must be kept covered and moist at all times as they die rapidly when exposed to air. • Replant your newly collected plants as soon as possible. Until then, keep them cool, shaded, and slightly moist. • Trees take 1 to 2 years to reestablish themselves in your landscape. Supplemental watering is advised during this period. Keep shrubs, grasses, and herbs watered until they are actively growing. During dry summer months, water every 1 to 3 weeks (depending on species). • Even with the greatest care, the establishment rate of transplanted herbs can be low. We encourage you to propagate herbs with seeds or cuttings, or obtain from a nursery.

9 The commercial value of the special forest products industry to the Pacific Northwest has been reported in excess of $190 million (Schlosser and Blatner 1992). It is estimated that the value of the personal-use sector exceeds the commercial value by 3 to 1. Today, as in the past, a major value of special forest products from native plants and fungi of the Pacific Northwest is their use by the ordinary person. Over 85,000 people enter the public forest each year to collect plant material and mushrooms for their own personal use. Also 65 percent of 90,000 nonindustrial private forest land owners stated that a primary reason for owning forest property was for other products besides timber. These products represent the full range of commercial, educational, environmental, and aesthetic uses for the owners, their families, friends, and others. Protecting plants and fungi helps maintain forest complexity and is an inclusive activity not only for ecosystem and species diversity but also for engaging people who represent all of the values for which public forest lands are managed.

Harvesting Mushrooms The following harvest guidelines are adapted from the brochure “Mushroom Picking—What Makes a Good Harvest?” (USDA Forest Service 1995).

Know where mushrooms grow. Forest ecosystems provide diverse plant, animal, and fungal species. Unlike green plants, fungi cannot use sunlight to make food but use other living organ- isms or dead organic matter for food and moisture. Mushrooms can be found in different forest and nonforest environments. They commonly are found in leaf litter or other plant organic material, and near trees in deciduous and conif- erous woodlands as well as in nonforest lands. When locating mushrooms for harvest, disturb the ground as little as possible as many grow during the rainy season when the ground is soft.

Know the mushroom. Know the mushroom before picking it! Remember, not all mushrooms are edible, and some are poisonous. There are many guidebooks available at book- stores, local libraries, and county extension offices to assist with mushroom identification. Picking mushrooms and identifying them later may result in contamination and throwing out mushrooms that could do more good left on site.

10 Take care of mushroom habitat. Improper techniques, such as raking, can damage mushrooms by breaking caps and stems. It also can damage mushroom habitat. Remember areas that are disturbed because of picking should be carefully restored. This protects the underground portions of the fungi, which produce the mushrooms. Mushrooms will return almost every year if they are harvested carefully—and the weather cooperates.

Know good harvesting techniques. Depending on the type of mushroom, there are three methods a picker should use to minimize resource damage during harvest:

• Grasp the mushroom at its base and gently rock and twist until it comes loose. • Use a sharp knife to cut the mushroom off at ground level. • Insert a narrow object like a stick or knife under the base while prying straight up and out of the ground. This method “pops” the mushroom out without disturbing the surrounding area or damaging the mushroom. Mushrooms damaged by improper harvesting or storage have little or no com- mercial value.

Methods This information guide was developed in multiple stages. First, a selection process was developed for including species in the document. Second, infor- mation categories were defined and refined. Third, information was collected and carefully documented for each of the species. Finally, the document was reviewed for completeness and content accuracy.

The species list for this guide was compiled first from permit lists obtained from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI), Bureau of Land Management. These lists provided the names of species for which permits were obtained in the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. Additional species were added based on recommendations from harvesters and business owners who knew that other products were being collected. As other species were suggested, re- searchers determined what quantities were being removed and if the species were commercially important enough to be included on the list.

A draft category list was completed in 1996. The original categories included description, ecology, uses, and harvest suggestions. Throughout the data-col- lection process, these categories were reworked. For example, as more infor- mation became available on the cultivation of medicinal plants, a section on

11 propagation of the species was included. The section addressing markets was re- duced in detail; it became clear that information would be difficult to keep current with market and price information proliferating and becoming more fluid.

Drafts of a prototype were presented at workshops and conferences, which al- lowed an opportunity to refine the format. Feedback was solicited that provided key areas on which to focus the work. Suggestions were made about how a cat- egory could be made more useful. As the document was tailored to fit the needs of the users, additional categories were added and modified when necessary. For example, land managers repeatedly mentioned that the literature would say that nothing was known about many species. Thus, as data were collected, references were listed, thereby allowing end users to followup with their own research as needed. Our goal here was to summarize what information exists while providing extensive references for accessing details on each species.

This feedback also helped streamline the categories that were included in the docu- ment. The result was an emphasis on the resource rather than products. People wanted to know about the species, its ecological attributes and harvest concerns rather than just focusing on its economic attributes. We have accompanied each species or taxon with a botanical illustration, most of which for plant species are from Hitchcock et al. (1969).

Information for this guide was gathered from documents that cover various sci- ences including ecology, ethnobotany, horticulture, and mycology. Other sources were found on the Internet, a growing source of information. Because information on the Internet often is updated more frequently than publications, web-based information was consulted as recently as possible before this document went to press. Important sources of unpublished information were provided by people with experience or knowledge in harvesting these species or in processing their products. They have been added as personal contacts and their credentials confirmed by peers in their field. Information also was referenced against several lists including threatened and endangered species lists, regional sensitive plant species lists, United Plant Savers, and lists of seeds available in cultivation. All citations, including the web sites, were cross checked for accuracy.

As information was collected, decisions had to be made about how to treat special cases. We acknowledge that “moss” harvest includes many liverwort and moss genera. We grouped them under the name “Bryophyta” and provided general infor- mation as applicable. Harvesters are not selective about which species of moss they bring in because the market is concerned about the look of the moss, not the spe- cies. For genera such as Rosa and Juniperus, several species within the genus are collected for the same purposes. We identified the most prominent, but other spe- cies within the genus also may be used. Where information was identical among species, we did not provide species-specific information. Wherever possible when we found species-specific information, we included it.

12 This guide was reviewed by scientists, managers, and special forest products business people at various stages. Several reviewers were asked to review those species with which they work most closely or have the most familiarity.

Explanation of Identification Information Botanical name: Binomial nomenclature is used (genus and species name in Categories in Latin) followed by the accepted abbreviation of the person recognized as first This Guide naming the species. The nomenclature used is primarily from the National Plants Data Center (NPDC). Note exception with “mosses,” which are har- vested bryophytes. Bryophyta is a taxonomic division.

Name: Most common name for the species, or for coverage of multiple species under a single genus, the genus name, additional common names used in the region for the species.

Family: The family name for each species. Nomenclature follows NPDC.

Plants code: Code established by the NPDC. Composed of the first two letters of the genus and first two letters of the species. A number is added if there is more than one species with the same first two letters.

Species names: Botanical, common names, and plants code where only genus is listed. For those species covered together under the generic name, differ- ences relating to an individual species are identified; otherwise a generic de- scription is used.

Ecology This section covers ecology that is most relevant to sustainable management and conservation of the species.

Description: First, nativity to the United States is identified followed by a botanical description of the species including size, shape, and color of leaves, flowers, and fruits. Most species identified as exotics were introduced in the United States for garden plants or for some other purpose.

Range and distribution: A generalized description of the range of the species is given. Distribution includes geographic information and in general how the species occurs; e.g., widely distributed but infrequent.

Associations: In most cases, we have included primary and dominant tree associates, representative for the region. For any particular area, tree series and plant associations can be found in national forest plant association guides within

13 the Pacific Northwest in addition to material we have referenced. We did not in- clude most zones, series, or associations but tried to include representative associ- ated plants from most common habitats. For nonforest, weedy, or roadside species, we suggest several types of plants that commonly would be associated with these species.

Habitat: General descriptions of the types of environmental conditions in which the species grow. If possible, this included general physiographic information, mois- ture, and temperature.

Successional stage: An indicator of the vegetative structure type where the species is typically found, based on ecological theories of succession. For example, early- successional stage refers to recently disturbed areas and open conditions, whereas later successional stage refers to stages of development where the overstory tree structure has developed relatively disturbance free, and in nonforest communities, where the plant community structure is stable over time. It also refers to the re- sponse of a species to disturbance and its shade tolerance.

Ecological relations: Interactions between the species and other plants, animals, the soil, or other components of the ecosystem are listed including pollinator-re- lated information, if found. Also included are fire ecological relations, if known. In some cases where information was not found for a specific species, inferences are made based on associated plants. Far more ecological information exists than we have found or included. The wide body of literature precludes our providing an exhaustive list.

Biology This section includes information on reproductive biology, applied seed biology, and information related to propagation and cultivation of the species.

Flowering and fruiting: Includes the months or seasons that the species typically flowers and descriptions of plant or fruit when fruit and seed are mature.

Seed: Includes seed dispersal and natural germination requirements where found, as well as general germination requirements for artificial seed propagation. Most seeds are stored dried, and noted if stored otherwise. For many species, there is much literature on seed management; therefore, we provided key references rather than details.

Vegetative reproduction: Regeneration in the wild vegetatively by layering, coppicing, or by rhizomes; or in cultivation, species that can be vegetatively propa- gated, for example, by rooted cuttings.

14 Cultivation: Species that have been cultivated, or evidence that they can be cultivated. In addition we denote as “commercially available” those species for which seed and plants can be obtained from commercial nurseries based on plants listed in the “Plant and Seed Directory” (Hortus West 1998.)

Transplant viability: Suitability for transplanting based on using good trans- plant techniques (see “Transplanting Tips”).

Collection Information and recommendations were compiled from local harvesters who emphasize long-term use of the resource, as well as from publications.

Part harvested: The part of plant or fungus that is harvested depending on use.

Harvest techniques: Generally accepted ways to collect fungi, plant, or plant parts.

Harvest season: Season in which fungi, plant, and plant parts typically are harvested.

Regeneration after harvest: Describes how the species reacts to harvest. Harvest of branch tips may stimulate secondary branch growth and increased sprouting. Rhizomatous plants generally have better regenerative potential to limited harvest of belowground tissue. Fungi may regenerate sporocarps after harvest but take a full reproductive cycle.

Uses and Products Lists of most common uses, products, and markets for which species are collected.

Common uses: The primary uses for which the species are collected. This includes personal medicinal, craft, and other uses as well as various commer- cial uses. In this category, there often are more individual uses than we have listed.

Indigenous uses: A general list of various uses by native peoples of the Pacific Northwest. Most likely, there are more specific uses of these species by Native Americans than we have documented here.

Common products: Most common products and representative types of the products distributed and sold in wholesale and retail markets. Many botanical plant products are sold wholesale as bulk dried and cut or sifted. We usually

15 describe the common retail product; however, the diversification of products has increased so rapidly that there are often many more types of products than we list.

Types of markets: Categories of general markets. Extent of the market for the commercial products where known; i.e., local, regional, national, or interna- tional. If local, regional, and national, we indicate those collectively as “domes- tic.” From its inception to when this guide was published, the markets have expanded. Because of Internet commerce, many products find international buyers; small local companies are able to reach consumers worldwide, so the distinction between domestic and international has blurred. Some terms are overlapping such as medicinal, herbal, nutraceutical, or dietary supplement. In addition, the commercial enterprises we list, e.g., nursery, landscape, and horti- cultural, overlap.

Comments and Areas of Concern Comments that may be important to the user or harvester, and additional infor- mation of interest or importance to conservation, sustainable harvest, or man- agement have been placed in this section. We note other species in the same genus as the harvested plants that are federally and state listed. We have in- cluded web sites where information on state listing can be obtained (see “References”).

Referenced Material All referenced material used for each species is listed alphabetically by name and date. The full citation can be found under “References.” This section also includes several publications and web sites of general interest or value to the reader but not cited with any particular species.

Continued

16 bracts. Largesttreesofthegenus cones large(10-15cmlong),erect;scalesconcealedby face, fine,whitestriped;pollenconesreddish;seed mata belowandonetotworowsontopofneedlesur- sided, 2-3cmlong,andbluishgreen;tworowsofsto- breaking upintoplateswithage;needlesroughlyfour- 80 mtall;symmetrical;barksmoothonyoungertrees, Description: Ecology ABPR Pinaceae Noble fir Abies procera er barkedtreesislowtomoderate. noble firisrelativelythin;fire resistanceoflarger, thick- occasionally stripbarkfrom trunks.Thebarkofyoung and cones.Blackbears( Ecological relations: intolerant. cies. Earlycolonizerafterstand-replacingfires.Shade Successional stage: baceous understories. limiting. Growsbestonsitescharacterizedbyrichher- rain. Cangrowonawiderangeofsoilsifmoisturenot forests; shelteredsiteswithmorainesoilandhillyter- Habitat: queencup beadlily, andinside-outflower. berry, variouscurrants,beargrass, avalanchefawn-lily, lock, westernwhitepine,andlodgepolepine;huckle- fir, Pacificsilverfir, westernhemlock,mountainhem- Associations: pure standsormixedwithotherconifers. in OregonandWashington CoastRange.Canoccurin Mountains ofnorthernCalifornia.Scatteredpopulations to BritishColumbia,about900-1700m.InKlamath Range anddistribution: Higher elevationmixed-conifertosubalpine Native. Evergreenconiferoustree,to PrimarilyPacificsilverfirzone.Douglas- Early-successionalorpioneerspe- Insectscommonlypreyonseeds Rehder Ursus americanus Cascade RangefromOregon Abies . Pallas) from thewildforlandscaping. and smallsaplings.Hasbeen successfullytransplanted Transplant viability: 3- to4-year-oldtransplants. usually outplantedas2-to3-year-oldseedlingsor what moistconditions.Initialgrowthisslow;stock several weeks;growthisbestinshady, cool,andsome- from FebruarythroughMarch.Germinationmaytake commercially available.Stratifiedseedshouldbesown Cultivation: vegetatively. Vegetative reproduction: variable. May regenerateafterburns,butregenerationsuccessis be storedforseveralyearsunderproperconditions. seed exceed10percent.Seedmustbestratifiedandcan cone crops,whichmustbemediumsizebeforesound 10 percentviableseeds.Seedqualityiscorrelatedwith Seed qualityistypicallypoor, withanaverageaslow Seed: October. June, andseeddispersalinlateSeptembertoearly May toearlyJune.Pollendispersaloccursin Biology hybridizes withother Flowering andfruiting: Trees beginproducingconesafter 20yearsold. Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Abies Fairlysuccessfulforseedlings Monoecious,outcrosserand Not knowntoreproduce species.Flowersfromearly Abies procera 17

Plants Plants regeneration capacity. years. Shadedbranchesloweronthebolehavepoorer younger treesandcanbereharvestedafterseveral stimulated togrowafterharvestofbranchterminalin Regeneration afterharvest: September. has hardenedoff.Thisusuallyfollowsahardfrostin the largestbuyers.Boughsareharvestedafterfoliage of SeptemberthroughthefirstweekDecemberby Christmas greensarepurchasedfromthesecondweek precipitation andcoolertemperaturesareoccurring. Harvest season: they openasdisintegratequickly. harvestable bough.Conesshouldbecollectedbefore lateral brancheshavegrownsufficientlytoproducea branches canbereclippedafterseveralyearswhen better color, andarecurvedhavelessdamage. Tree bole aregenerallyofbetterquality, haveneedlesof storage topreventdesiccation.Brancheshigheronthe attached. Branchesarekeptcoolduringtransportand needles. Allneedlesshouldbedarkgreenandfirmly free ofdisease,insects,dirt,andbrokenordamaged branches closesttomainbole.Theboughsselectedare strong clippersorpoleprunersgenerallyleavinglateral ing ontheground,harvestercutsboughswith color, desirableform,symmetry, andneedlecurl.Stand- generally lessthan18mtallforblue-greentodarkgreen Harvest techniques: tall forlandscapeindustry. Overstocked treescanbeharvestedwhenlessthan3m tree canbeharvestedfortimberorChristmastrees. Part harvested: Collection 18 Branches,boughs,andcones.Entire Falltowinter, ideallywhenautumn Branchesselectedfromtrees Uncutlateralbranchesare lumber. crafts. Domesticmarketsforlandscapingandspecialty greenery products,bulkholidaygreenery, floral,and tional marketsforChristmastrees,finishedholiday crafts, landscaping,andtimber. Domesticandinterna- Types ofmarkets: plywood, andChristmastrees. wreathes, anddecorativegreens;tree:specialtywood, Common products: of leavesforcoughmedicine. Paiute useddriedfoliageascoldremedyanddecoction Indigenous uses: mental plantingandlandscaping. of itshighstrength-to-weightratio.Alsousedfororna- boughs; woodisvaluedforspecialtyproductsbecause Common uses: Uses andProducts Young andYoung (1992) and MacKinnon(1994),USDAForestService(1963), (1993), HortusWest (1998),Moerman(1998a),Pojar Sales Catalogue(n.d.),Franklin(1974),Hickman Burns andHonkala(1990),Cope(1993),DanishForest References into Denmarkinthemid19 Intergrades withShastaredfir. Noblefirwasintroduced Comments andAreasofConcern been reportedtobedecreasinginwildstands. tries. Noblefiryoungenoughforboughharvesthas commercially fordecorativeusesinScandinaviancoun- mon throughoutthecountry. Boughsareharvested Floral.Christmastrees,decorative Barkoffirtreesusedtotanleather. Christmasgreensandtrees,floral Branches:Christmasdecorations, th centuryandisnowcom- Ecological relations: Moderately shadetolerant; growsincanopygaps. sional stages,mostfrequentinmid-successionalforests. Successional stage: are moistbutnotsaturatedforlongperiods. transition zonebetweenwetlandanduplandwheresoils in forestopenings,openridges,ortalusslopes.Inthe drained sites;generallyunderothertreesbutsometimes Habitat: sword fern,andtwinflower. dwarf Oregongrape,salal,trailingblackberry, western spruce zones.Douglas-fir, grandfir, westernhazel, Associations: when growingintheshade. middle elevations(1500m).Mayformdensestands coast totheeastsideofCascadeRange;low Range anddistribution: yellow (intheshade)toshadesofredopensun). dish brown,widelyspreading.Autumnleavesvaryfrom winged fruits(samaras),2-4cmgreen,becomingred- white petals,6-9mmbroad,inclustersatendofshoots; dense inflorescence,4to10flowers,purplesepals, 3-6 cmlong,seventoninelobes,toothed,andhairy; opposite, deciduous,palmatelylobed,5-12cmacross, fissured; stemspalegreen,becomingdullbrown;leaves, ameter to20cm;barkgrayorbrown,smoothfinely colonies; assumeserect,treelikeforminclearings;di- sprawling branchesoftenrootingandformingnew Description: Ecology ACCI Aceraceae Vine maple Acer circinatum Shadedstreambanks;moisttowetwell- Native. Shruborsmalltree,to7m, Pacificsilverfir, westernhemlock,Sitka Fromearly-throughlate-succes- Wildlife valuehigh.Browsefor Alaska tonorthernCalifornia, Pursh October, anddispersedthroughNovember. June, fruits(samaras)ripen fromSeptemberthrough Flowering andfruiting: Biology turbance. adapted tofire;sproutsfromtherootcrownafterdis- bank stabilization;buffer fromwetlandintrusion.Well sugar contentimportanttobees;nestmaterial;cover; and smallmammals;abundantpollennectarhighin elk anddeer;seeds,buds,flowersfoodforbirds FlowersfromAprilthrough Acer circinatum 19

Plants Plants branches areclipped,regeneration isgood. Regeneration afterharvest: taken infallorearlyspring incool,dampweather. from latefalluntilspringbudbreak.Transplants are can beharvestedyear-round.Wholeplantis dormant. Branchesbestharvestedwhendormantbut October. Stem,branchesclipped preferablywhenbuds Harvest season: nurseries.) ings upto1minheight.(Note:widelyavailablefrom with pruners.Wholeplantsaredugupasyoungsapl- by shakingontarp.Branchesandstemsareclipped Harvest techniques: seeds. Part harvested: Collection be dugupandpottedimmediately, wellintospring. patch ofvinemaple,ifnotfloweringorleafedout,may Transplant viability: dance oforganicmaterial. mentation. Growsbestinslightlyacidicsoilwithabun- stock. Fourrecognizedcultivarsdevelopedfororna- lishment. Seedlingscanbetransplantedas2-year-old mulched beds.Shadeisimportantduringseedlingestab- commercially available.Seedsshouldbesowninfall Cultivation: propagation bylayeringslow. ly bylayeringshadedforests.Cuttingsdifficulttoroot; Vegetative reproduction: nation. fication; mechanicalruptureofpericarpmayaidgermi- not beallowedtodry. Seedsrequireacold,moiststrati- Samaras collectedwhenwingsaregreen.Seedshould mineral soilrequiredfornaturalseedgermination. annually; dispersedinfall,germinatespring.Bare Seed: 20 Poorseedproducer, smallquantitiesproduced Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Branches,stems,wholeplant,and SeedcollectioninSeptemberand Seedsarecollectedbyhandor Seedlingsgrowingaroundadense Naturalregenerationprimari- Ifasmallproportionof restoration plantings,andspecialtyfurniture. crafts. Domesticmarketsfornativelandscapeplants, silk treestocks,specialtywoodandfinishedtraditional scaping. Internationalanddomesticmarketsforfloral, Types ofmarkets: decorations, driedflowerarrangements. traditional crafts,basketsandfurniture,homeinterior mental plants.Nativelandscapeorrestorationplants, Common products: and woodforsmokingfishorfowl. small implements,baskets,salmonscoopnets,bows, Indigenous uses: crafting. firewood, roundwoodfurniture,andhomedecoration ornamental silktrees;usedlocallyfortoolhandles, Common uses: Uses andProducts (1997) Service (1988),Vance andKirkland(1997),Whitney and Schumann(1993),Uchytil (1989),USDAForest (1994), Roseetal.(1998),Sudworth(1967),Thomas Olson andGabriel(1974),PojarMacKinnon (1978), HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993), (1992), Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCronquist Burgett etal.(1989),Cooke(1997),Flessner References for reclamation,restoration,anderosioncontrol. adaptability andfibrousrootsystem,vinemapleisused pied bybryophytesandassociates.Becauseofwide isms. Theyshouldnotbeharvestedwhenheavilyoccu- (mosses, liverworts,andlichens)associatedorgan- provide importanthabitatformanybryophyticspecies and maturePacificcoastalforests.Vine maplestems The treegrowstoitslargestsizeinoldersecond-growth Comments andAreasofConcern Freshanddriedfloralgreenery Snowshoeframes,drumhoops, Floral(silktrees),crafts,andland- Silktreestemsandindoororna- sites. Becauseofextensive rhizome sprouting,yarrow rhizomes andairborneseeds thatspreadfromadjacent may damagerhizomes.Regeneration afterfireisfrom intensity. Severefiresthatburnintothesoil,however, ly undamagedoronlyslightlydamagedbyfiresofany control becauseofextensiverhizomes.Yarrow isusual- nance ofbiodiversity. Goodsoilbinder, usedinerosion insects yetattractsothers,therebyresultinginmainte- by sheep,pronghorn,anddeer. Pungencyrepelsmany unpalatable toanimals,butflowerheadsmaybegrazed Ecological relations: disturbed sites,roadcuts,etc.Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: ments suchasroadsidesandvacantlots. rie, overgrazedgrasslands,andopendisturbedenviron- Habitat: groundsel, bluebunchwheatgrass,andfescues. sa pine,Douglas-fir, grandfir, snowberry, bitter-brush, forb prairie,andgrasslandplantcommunities.Pondero- Associations: and scatteredacrossopenhabitats. ally atelevationsof1200-3350m.Widely distributed America, fromsealeveltoabovetimberline,butgener- Range anddistribution: achenes. Nametranslatesto“thousandflowers.” flowers 10to30,creamcolor;fruitshairlessflattened usually five,2-4mmlong,whitetopinkorreddish;disk flower head,bothrayanddiskflowers;flowers long; umbelinflorescence,flatorroundtoppedcluster; cm; erectstems;alternate,fernlikeleaves,3-15cm Description: Ecology ACMI2 Asteraceae Common yarrow, yarrow Achillea millefolium Openforest,drymeadows,brushlands,prai- Native andexotic.Perennialherb;10-100 Mixeddryforesttypes,brushfield,tall Early-successionalspecies,oftenin Thisaromaticherbisgenerally Common throughoutNorth L. utilization. Often anindicatorofpastoverstockingandexcessive and coverforatleastthefirstfewyearsafterafire. usually increasesimmediatelyindensity, frequency, moderate temperatures. ready tobecollected.Germination requireslightand When flowerheadsturnbrown, theseedismatureand Seed: fruiting occursfromAugustthroughSeptember. elevations, throughSeptember, athigherelevations; Flowering andfruiting: Biology Seedsarepersistentandgenerally abundant. FlowersinApril,atlower Achillea millefolium 21

Plants Plants ing mixtures,andfoodadditive; landscapeplant. Common products: headaches. gesic, andsweatinducer. Used totreatear, tooth,and Fresh herbusedasastypticpoultice,expectorantanal- indigestion, gastricinflammations,andinternalbleeding. Indigenous uses: Whole plant:erosioncontrolandxericlandscaping. beer. Driedflowers:summerand winterbouquets. facial steams;foodseasoning,bitters,vermouths,and menstrual cramps.Skinandhairtonic:antidandruff, European phytomedicineherbforfeverandcolds, matory, styptic, astringent,andacutefever-reducer. Common uses: Uses andProducts by producingmoreshoots. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: should beleft. during flowering;somestemandleavesofmatureplant leaves arecollectedbyusingsharpclipperstoclipstem be largerinwettermoreproductivesites.Flowersand Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection rhizomes. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: divided fromparentplantandrhizomes. Vegetative reproduction: 22 Widely cultivated.Plantsandseedsare Flowers,leaves,andstems:anti-inflam- Generallyduringbloomingperiod. Leaves,stems,andflowers. Usedtotreatcolds,fevers,anorexia, Teas, tinctures,decorative, smok- Inflorescencesdifferandtendto Good;regeneratesnaturallyvia Canbepropagatedbysprigs Plantrespondstoclipping potential. there isriskofincreaseinslopeinstabilityanderosion unstable slopesandroadcuts;shouldnotbecollectedif have requestedlimitedcommercialuse.Oftengrowson used byNativeAmericantribes,andAlaskaNatives areas whereyarrowiscommon.Yarrow istraditionally pregnancy. Herbicidesoftenareusedinroadsidesand May causedermatitis;notrecommendedforuseduring Comments andAreasofConcern NRCS (1999),Young andYoung (1986) (1989), Tilford (1998),USDAARS(2000), Rose etal.(1998),RossandChambers(1988),Seda (1998), Moore(1993),PojarandMacKinnon(1994), West (1998),LeungandFoster(1996),Mizerak man (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978),Hortus Franklin andDyrness(1973),Hickerson(1986),Hick- Duke (1997),EverettFosterand(1990), References restoration. nal, pharmaceutical,herbal,floral;regional,nursery, Types ofmarkets: Internationalanddomestic.Medici- attracted tonearbygrowingfireweed. August. Flowering andfruiting: Biology butterfly ( Ecological relations: tolerant. ably todisturbance;hasinvasivecharacteristics.Shade Successional stage: areas. meadows, fields,roadsides,burned-overandcut-over Habitat: grasses suchasredfescue. herbs, brackenfern,commonyarrow, fireweed,and Associations: United States.Maygrowindensepatches. Alaska toeastcoast,andmostofnortherncentral from lowtosubalpineelevation,Californiathrough Range anddistribution: achenes. bracts; fruitsmall,rough,hairlesstosparselyhairy yellow diskssurroundedbydry, pearlywhiteinvolucral cence, headsindense,flat-toppedclusters;flowersare leaves, narrowlanceshaped,5-15cm;umbelinflores- multiple unbranchedleafystems;20-100cm;alternate Description: Ecology ANMA Asteraceae Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea Benth. Rockyslopes,semidryopenforest,clearings, Vanessa virginiensis Native. Perennialherbfromrhizomes; Mixedforesttypes,brushfieldshrubsand Earlysuccessional;respondsfavor- LarvalfoodforAmericanlady FlowersfromJunethrough Common andwidespread, Drury);usedbybees (L.) time totransplantisspring or fall. replanted whentheclumps becometoodense.Best Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: pieces ofrhizome. Vegetative reproduction: nate easily. difficult toseparatefromthefluffychaff.Seedsgermi- dispersal, carriedlongdistancesbyhairsonseeds, Seed: MaturesfromJulytoSeptember, wideseed Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Canbedugup,divided,and Easytopropagatefrom Anaphalis margaritacea 23

Plants Plants and personalcare. Types ofmarkets: teas, andingredientinpersonalcareproducts. Common products: softener andsmokingherb. stalks usedfordiarrheaanddysentery. Alsoahand herbal steamforrheumatismandparalysis.Roots colds, andsorethroat.Infusionofflowerusedasan leaves appliedtoburns,plantsusedfortuberculosis, Indigenous uses: Leaf andflowerpoulticeforbruisessunburn. inflammatory properties,forsoothingirritablestomach. decorations. Infusionorteasforastringentandanti- everlasting usedtomakelong-lastingbouquetsand Common uses: Uses andProducts same season. harvested, itdoesnotproducenewfloweringstemsthe Regeneration afterharvest: flowers andintolatesummerforherbaluse. Harvest season: stem wellaboverootcrown. Harvest techniques: inflorescence. Part harvested: Collection 24 Floral arrangements.Driedpearly Aerialpartofstemwithleavesand Whenfloweringisatitspeakfordried Influenzamedicine,poulticeofboiled Primarilydomestic.Floral,herbal, Driedfloraldecoratives,herbal Theherbisharvestedbyclipping Onceinflorescenceis (2000), USDANRCS(1999),Whitney(1997) (1998), USDAForestService(1988),ARS Keck (1959),PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Roseetal. (1993), MacFarlane(1985),MooreMunzand Hickman (1993),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg Burgett etal.(1989),FranklinandDyrness(1973), References other majordisturbanceonerosivesites. be agoodcandidateforrestorationfollowingfireand Considered arangeweed;unpalatabletolivestock.May Comments andAreasofConcern Range anddistribution: similar butdoesnothavebentleavesandleafstalks. 3-4 mm,broadlywingedlateralribs. 20 perumbel;involucralbractslacking;fruitsrounded, arranged inseveralumbrella-shapedclusters,morethan white orpinkish,smallinnumerouscompactheads with inflatedbasessheathingthemainstem;flowers tending toendatthepointsofteeth;leafstalks leaflets egg-tolance-shaped,coarselytoothed;veins bent abovethefirstpairofprimaryleaflets;ultimate major divisions,primarydivisionsbentback;leafstalk glaucous; leavescompound,4-10cmlong,withthree bered stembase;1-1.5m,oftenpurplishand hairless, hollow, arisingfromerect,tuberous,cham- al fromtaproot,insiderootusuallysolid;stemleafy, Description: Ecology ANGEL Apiaceae Angelica Angelica ponded marshes. streambanks, wetditchesand clearings,andfloodedor Habitat: and commonhorsetail. fern, Sitkavalerian,sedges,cow-parsnip,stingingnettle, western hemlockzones.Redalder, thimbleberry, lady Associations: in dispersedstands. genuflexa bia toCalifornia,morecommoninOregon. A. arguta Klamath MountainsandnorthernCaliforniacoast; region, sporadicsouthwardsinWashington andOregon, at lowtomiddleelevationsinnortherntwo-thirdsof A. arguta A. genuflexa Moistthickets,forestopenings, swamps, : scatteredfromsouthernmostBritishColum- forms large mats; Nutt.,Lyall’s angelica-ANAR3 Native. Mountainhemlock,Pacificsilverfir, L. spp. Nutt., Kneelingangelica-ANGE2 Angelica genuflexa Angelica genuflexa A. arguta Angelica arguta in highelevation : stoutperenni- Angelica : common able tostartfrom seed. Transplant viability: ( are commerciallyavailable for speciessea-watch Cultivation: Vegetative reproduction: fication togerminate. more seasonstoproduceseed.Seedsrequirecoldstrati- Seed: August. Flowering andfruiting: Biology decomposer contributessubstantiallytosoilstructure. and mammals,concealment;pollinatorattractor;rapid Ecological relations: shade tolerant. but alsopopulatesopeningsorcanopygaps.Moderately Successional stage: Angelica lucida Angelicaisaperennialthatmayrequiretwoor A. arguta Can becultivatedfromseed. Plants ). Partofstableplantcommunities Habitatforground-nestingbirds Notknown;probablymore reli- BloomsfromJulythrough Unknown. Angelica genuflexa 25

Plants Plants medicinal, foodadditives,and fragrances. Types ofmarkets: additive, fragrance,herbals. Common products: ing tubes. soap andfragrance;spice;stemsasunderwaterbreath- analgesic, headache,intestinalcramps;cookingtools; Indigenous uses: beverages, bakedgoods,etc. ingredient inmostmajorcategoriesoffoodproducts; soaps, detergent,creams,lotions,perfumes;flavor pharmaceutical preparation;fragranceingredientin modic, anddiuretic.Nowangelicarootrarelyusedasa to inducesweating,antibacterial,antifungal,antispas- nal, tea,tincturesformenstrualregulation,expectorant, Common uses: Uses andProducts kills theplant. Regeneration afterharvest: have completelygone. Positive identificationismoredifficultaftertheseeds ripened. Rootsaregatheredinlatesummertoearlyfall. possible, latesummertoearlyfallafterseedshave Harvest season: sensitive todigging. ed onlyfromplantsgrowinginareasthatwillnotbe Most oftheplantsinapatchareleft.Rootscollect- away soil.Unharvestedpartsofplantareleftformulch. roots arecollected.Sizeischeckedbygentlybrushing fall off,preferablywhenslightlygreen.Onlymature Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 26 Seeds:upsetstomach.Roots:medici- Rootandseeds. Seedsaregatheredaslateinseason Spiritualuses,medicine,cathartic, Internationalanddomestic.Herbal, Tea, tinctures,foodandbeverage Seedsarecollectedbeforethey Gatheringrootsgenerally References genuflexa important Chineseherbalmedicine,interbreedswith Angelica polymorpha courage cultivationofthisplantratherthanwildcrafting. harvested isnotaNativeAmericangatheringsite.En- poses. Precautionsshouldbetakenthatthepatchbeing Americans useAngelicaforspiritualandculturalpur- streambanks susceptibletohumandisturbance.Native tion. hemlock ( Similar inappearancetopoisonousDouglas’water- Comments andAreasofConcern MacKinnon (1994),Tilford (1993,1998) (1996), Moerman(1998b),Moore(1993),Pojarand Cooke (1997),HortusWest (1998),LeungandFoster Riparian soilscompacteasily. Riparianareas and . Cicuta douglasii , primarysourceofDongQuai,an ); becertainofidentifica- A. best inearlytomidwinter. division. Vegetative reproductionbyroots.Cuttingsroot Vegetative reproduction: germinate. be propagatedfromseed;seedneedsstratificationto are blackwhenseedismatureandreadytoharvest.Can late summer. Fermentberriesto getviableseed.Berries Seed: August, fruitsAugustthroughOctober. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Ecological relations: tolerant. Successional stage: streams, andcanyons. Habitat: sweet-cicely, bedstraw, andwillow. Douglas-fir, tanoak,Oregonash,alder, big-leafmaple, Common associationsinriparianplantcommunities; Associations: Grows inpatcheswithinitsrange. Oregon totheSierrasandalongCaliforniacoast. Range anddistribution: globose clusters. green flowersinpanicles;fruits,blue-blackberries umbels inclustersoftwoorspreadingpanicle;yellow- one tothreelargepinnatelycompoundleaves,1-2m; Description: Ecology ARCA2 Araliaceae California spikenard,spikenard Aralia californica Seedssmall(4mmwide).Fruitsarecollectedin Mixedforesttype;moist,shadyareas;creeks, Native. Perennialshrub;erectstem2-3m; Western hemlock,mixed-coniferzones. Midtolatesuccessional.Shade Streambankstabilizer. FlowersfromJunethrough Below 1800m,southern Sproutseasilyfromroot S. Wats. Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: ripe, lateSeptembertoOctober). fall, aftertheplanthasseeded (berriescollectedafter Harvest season: resprout. leaving thecrownandouternodesingroundto Harvest techniques: ly leaves. Part harvested: Collection Canbecultivated.Plantsarecommercially Root,berriesforseed,andoccasional- Therootiscollectedinwinter orlate Centerportionofrootiscutout, Unknown. Aralia californica 27

Plants Plants and nutraceutical. Types ofmarkets: American ginsengproducts. such ascapsules,powders,andteas.Supplementto Common products: diseases, andasawashforitchingsores. arthritis, consumption,colds,fevers,lungandstomach Indigenous uses: whole plant:gardenlandscaping. Common uses: Uses andProducts determined. harvest, butsustainableharvestintervalshavenotbeen Regeneration afterharvest: 28 Roots:tonicandlungexpectorant; Decoctionofrootsusedasasoakfor Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Tinctures, driedherbalproducts Rootsregenerateafter (1997), UnitedPlantSavers(2000) (1998), Moore(1993),MunzandKeck(1959),Rolle Hortus West (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Mizerak Blakley (1997),Dyrnessetal.(1974),Hickman(1993), References American medicinalplants“To Watch” list. ing harvestpressure;onUnitedPlantSaversNorth after sourceofginsenglikeproductsresultinginincreas- erosion afterrootsareremoved.Spikenardisasought- Grows infragileriparianareas;banksaresensitiveto Comments andAreasofConcern to northernCalifornia. Range anddistribution: like fruit6-8mm. urn-shaped flowers,whitetopink;blackish-red,berry- ascending; inflorescencepanicleorracemoseclusters; alternate leaves,spoontolanceshaped,spreading reddish, smoothorgray, roughandshredded;leathery, resistant burlsometimespresentatbase;barkgenerally small treesupto10m;prostrateerectstems;fire- evergreen, rangingfromsmallmat-formingshrubsto Description: Ecology ARCTO3 Ericaceae Manzanita Arctostaphylos on slightlyacidicsoil. open sites,welldrained,rocky slopesorrockoutcrops Habitat: fern. dendron, ceanothus,groundsel,lupine,andbracken brushfield, andnonforestcommunities;Pacificrhodo- Douglas-fir, whitefir, ponderosapine;oak,chaparral, Associations: stands. 60-2200 m.Widespread; somespeciesformdense California easttoSierraNevadaRange.Elevationsfrom Arctostaphylos viscida Idaho ( A. nevadensis northwestern California. British ColumbiatowesternCascadeRangesouth A. viscida A. patula A. nevadensis A. columbiana A. nevadensis Foothillstohighmontane, semidry todry, Greene,Greenleafmanzanita-ARPA6 Native. Includesabout50species,mostly : Washington southto California,eastto Parry, White-leavedmanzanita-ARVI4 Western hemlock,mixed-coniferzones. Gray, Pinematmanzanita-ARNE Piper, Hairymanzanita-ARCO3 ), easttoColorado( Arctostaphylos columbiana : SouthernOregontonorthern Adans. spp. Arctostaphylos patula British Columbiasouth A. patula and : ). Arctostaphylos cuttings. Vegetative reproduction: sary. embryos sodormancy-breakingtreatmentsareneces- Seed: winter tospring;fruitsripenfromsummerfall. Flowering andfruiting: Biology dieback duringdroughts,andformationofdensestands. tensity includingsheddingofbarkandleaves,plant The planthasseveralcharacteristicsrelatedtofirein- lated germinationofdormantseedsstoredinthesoil. grow backfromrootcrownorregeneratebyfire-stimu- Although firekillsabovegroundportionofplant,may coast. Importantwatershedcoveranderosioncontrol. major nectarsourceintheRogueRivervalleyandsouth and winter. Sourceofnectar fornativepollinators; wildlife; deerandelkmakesomeuseoffoliageinfall Ecological relations: moderate shadetolerance. sponds favorablytomildmoderatefire.Low Successional stage: patula Seedsusuallyhavehardseedcoatsanddormant Earlytomidsuccessional;re- Berrieseatenanddispersedby A. columbiana A. nevadensis A. A. columbiana Smallflowersbloominearly Canbepropagatedbyrooted 29

Plants Plants decoration crafts. herbal products.Localmarkets forspecialtyinterior and internationalmarketsfor decorativematerialand Types ofmarkets: tices. branches andtwigs,preservedstems,salves,poul- Common products: sucked andeatenbychildren;woodhasvarioususes. poison-oak rash;leavesmixedwithtobacco;flowers dried forfutureuse;decoctionofbarkdiarrhea, Indigenous uses: herbal remedies. cause constipation;leavesandberriesareusedfor from preservedbranches.Berriesareediblebutsaidto used forbirdandreptileperches.Artificialtreesmade Common uses: Uses andProducts clipped canresproutthefollowinggrowingseason. Regeneration afterharvest: spring. Late summer, earlyfalluntilnewgrowthstartsin Harvest season: shrub. selected andclippedleavingmostleafybrancheson destroyed, brancheswithleavesonstemsarecarefully bushes thatmayneedthinning.Ifshrubisnottobe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection can betransplanted. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: 30 Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Floralandlandscaping.Branchesare Leaves,branches,flowers,andberries. Oncethenewgrowthishardenedoff. Berriesusedforfoodanddrink, Decorativeandherbal.Domestic Transplants, wreaths,decorative Branchesareprunedoffonlarger Seedlingscollectedinthewild Plantsthathavebranches (1997), Young andYoung (1986, 1992) ford (1998),USDAForestService(1988),Whitney Steinfeld (1996),ThomasandSchumann(1993),Til- (1998), Oosting(1958),PojarandMacKinnon(1994), (1998), Howard(1992a),Kruckeberg(1993),Mizerak (1993), HitchcockandCronquist(1978),HortusWest Franklin andDyrness(1973),Hall(1988),Hickman Burg (1974),Burgettetal.(1989),Everett(1997), References Siskiyou regionofsouthernOregonandgloballylisted. ization. Gasquetmanzanita( range. Manzanitaspecieshaveahighdegreeofhybrid- restoration andslopestabilizationwithinitsnatural Manzanita protectedbyCalifornialaw. Usedinsite Comments andAreasofConcern A. hispidula ) foundinthe of winterforageforbirds,deer, elk,smallmammals, americanus ( Ecological relations: increase inearlyshrubstage.Shadeintolerant. in opensavannaormeadow, declineswithcanopycover pioneer stageorafterfire,reacheshighestcoverearly early-successional communitiesonglacialoutwashin Successional stage: and coniferousforest. slopes, sandysoils,acidicshallowchaparral, Habitat: arnica, beargrass, yarrow, balsamroot,andpenstemon. alpine communities;Oregongrape,pinematmanzanita, or dominantpartofseveralforestcommunitiesincluding fir, subalpinefir, andgrandfirseries.Indicatorspecies Associations: tensive groundcarpets. to alpinetundra.Commonandwidespread;formsex- Rocky Mountains;fromsealevelto3400m,lowslopes to Labrador, coastalCalifornia,Pacific Northwest, Range anddistribution: mm resemblingminiatureapples. drooping, 4-5mmlong;berriessmooth,brightred,7-10 inflorescence; flowersarepinkishwhite,urnshapedand below; long,woody, reddish-brownstems;raceme long, 10mmwide,darkgreenandshinyabove,paler cm long;oppositeleavesroundedtooblong,15-20mm shrub, 5-20cmhigh;erect,woody, branchesupto75 Description: Ecology ARUV Ericaceae Kinnikinnick, bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Ovis canadensis Spreng. Sunorpartialshade,rockyoutcrops,dry Blainville),deer;berriesimportant source Native. Perennial,trailing,lowgrowing PrimarilyPacificsilverfirzone.Douglas- Shaw),mountaingoat( Earlytomidsuccessional.Enters Browsedbybighornsheep Circumboreal species,Alaska (L.) Oreamnos commercially available. Cultivation: are thesurestmeansofpropagation. Vegetative reproduction: for springplantingordirectseedinfall. fied togerminate;collectberriesinfallandfreezethem berries toseparateseeds.Seedsneedbecold-strati- acid bathandwarmcoldstratification.Ferment June toAugust;collectfromplantsorground.Sulfuric Seed: resistant. dispersal fromAugusttoMarch.Seedsomewhatfire to May, fruitripensfromJunethroughAugust,seed Flowering andfruiting: Biology crown orstolons. those horizonswillkillbearberry. Maysproutfromroot organic soilhorizons,however, afirethatremoves rooted inmineralsoil,itcansurvivemoderatefire; with lowfuelbuildupandfireintensities.When sprouting speciesthatisbestsuitedtoshortfirecycles mals andnongamebirds;soilretention-stabilizer. A and hummingbirds;somecovervalueforsmallmam- and forbearinautumnearlyspring;nectarbees Fruitturnsbrightredorpinkonripeningfrom Can becultivated.Plantsand seedsare GenerallyflowersfromMarch Layeringorrootedcuttings Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 31

Plants Plants method ofestablishment. Transplant viability: ceutical, herbal,floralcrafts,andlandscaping. Types ofmarkets: tures, floralbouquetsandfiller, andtransplants. Common products: used asanarcotic;rawberries,laxative. dropsy, urinarydiseases,andbackpain;smokedleaves leaves appliedtoboilsandpimples;ingestedfor to powderplacedoncutforrapidhealing;pasteof mouthwash forcankersandsoregums;leavesroasted Indigenous uses: ing groundcover;dyes. erosion controlalonghighwayembankments;landscap- fruits usedasChristmasdecorations.Plantsfor of diureticsandlaxatives;herbaltea.Branches tions, firstaiddressing.Urinaryantiseptic,component Common uses: Uses andProducts ed tobepoor, especiallyinpoor, high-elevationsites. should bemonitored.Regenerationinthewildisreport- Regeneration afterharvest: are highest. dition; duringspringandsummerchemicalconstituents Harvest season: occurs; gatherconservativelyfromperiphery. checking thattheyhavenotrooted.Significantdieback Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 32 Strongastringent,urinarytractinfec- Leaves,stems,flowers,andberries. Gatheranytimeplantisingoodcon- Plantsalveforrashesandsores;a Internationalanddomestic.Pharma- Tinctures, herbals,smokingmix- Looserunnersaregathered,after Transplantable; stemcuttingsbest Sensitivetoharvestand USDA ForestService(1988),Williams etal.(1995) Thomas andSchumann(1993),Tilford (1993,1998), Pojar andMacKinnon(1994),Roseetal.(1998), (1993), LeungandFoster(1996),Mizerak(1998), Dyrness (1973),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg Craighead etal.(1991),CraneFranklinand References by theWorld Wide FundforNature. for forage.ItislistedasaEuropeanspeciesofconcern when groundiswet;avoidstandsthatanimalsareusing vatively withawarenessoferosionpotential,never Do notuseinternallyduringpregnancy;gatherconser- Comments andAreasofConcern huckleberry association.Moderately shadetolerant. coverage inlate-successionalstagesofgrandfir-globe Successional stage: mineral soils. ous forest.Opencanopy, oftenexposed,moderatelydry Habitat: beadlily, andtwinflower. aspen, huckleberry, bunchberrydogwood,queencup communities; ponderosapine,lodgepoletrembling series. Dominantorindicatorspeciesinseveralforest grand firzones.Douglas-fir, grandfir, subalpinefir Associations: tions, formingalmostpurestands. Grows inlarge,densepatches(colonies)shadyloca- and Californiamountains;1000mtoabovetimberline. the West. CommoninsouthwesternandcentralOregon, Range anddistribution: hybridize andmaybedifficulttodistinguish. or moresetspairedflowers;however, thesespecies Arnica cordifolia flowers 10to15;fruitssmall6-10mmhairyachenes. bright yellow, daisylike;bothrayanddiskflowers, pairs, lanceshapedtoalmostheartshape;flowers heart-shaped andtoothed,stemleaves,twotofour unbranched, whitehairs;leavesopposite,basal long, nakedrhizomes;10-50cm;stemsloose,generally Description: Ecology ARNIC Asteraceae Arnica Arnica A. latifolia A. cordifolia Shaded,highmeadows,hillsidesandconifer- L.spp. Native. Perennialherb,generallyfrom Western hemlock,Pacific silverfir, and Bong., Broadleafarnica-ARLA8 Hook., Heartleafarnica-ARCO9 usuallysingleflower; Earlytolatesuccessional;highest Widespread andabundantin A. latifolia one burned areasbywindborneseed. from survivingrhizomes.Mayalsorapidlycolonize fires tendtoonlykillthetopportionofplant.Sprouts intensity firesreducequantitiesofplant,butmoderate fire andoccasionallyfromwind-borneseeds.High- tant, typicallysproutingfromsurvivingrhizomesafter subterranean insectsandothers.Moderatelyfireresis- sive rhizomesaerateforestfloorandprovidehabitatfor elk; poorcoverforwildlife;pollinator-attractor;exten- important constituentofsummerdietsmuledeerand Ecological relations: wind dispersed. not atallindrought;perennial aftersecondyear. Seeds August, firsttoemergeinearly spring,shortbloomor Flowering andfruiting: Biology Lowpalatabilitytoanimalsbut FlowersfromMaythrough Arnica cordifolia 33

Plants Plants for tuberculosis. swellings, bruisesandcuts; infusionofplanttaken plant usedforsoreeyes;mashed plantusedfor Indigenous uses: sprains. bruises, arthritis,bursitis,myalgia,sorethroat,and Common uses: Uses andProducts intact. lation viabilityamajorityoffloweringplantsareleft ability toregeneratebyseedthatyear. To ensurepopu- regeneration isslower. Removingflowersremoves harvested, canregeneratevegetatively;for Regeneration afterharvest: through July;collectrootafterflowershaveseeded. Harvest season: ing periodindryweathertoavoidsoilcompaction. cultivation isrecommended.Collectduringactivegrow- plants inpopulationintact.Forcommercialquantities, Roots shouldbecollectedleavingsufficientnumberof above rootcrown.Collectingrootsdestroysplants. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection transplant shock. and moistureareimportant.Plantissusceptibleto Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: rhizomes. Vegetative reproduction: fluff. tile. Seedheadsshouldbeharvestedbeforeturningto Seed: 34 Upto80percentoftheseedsaretypicallyinfer- Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Medicinal:usedexternallyforbumps, Flowersandroots. Collectflowersfrommid-June Rootsusedasalovemedicine; Stemisseveredatbasejust Canbetransplanted,buttiming Canbepropagatedfrom Ifupperstemofplantis A. latifolia , by theWorld Wide FundforNature. used inwoundhealing,islistedasaspeciesofconcern European species,mountainarnica( internal use,someusesparingly(seeMoore1993).A Arnica’s primaryuseisexternal,notrecommendedfor Comments andAreasofConcern Forest Service(1988),Williams etal. (1995) ford (1993,1998),UnitedPlantSavers(2000),USDA Chambers (1988),Schofield(1989),SedaTil- erak (1998),Moore(1993),Reed(1993a),Rossand (1978), HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Miz- Hall (1988),Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCronquist References and medicinal. Types ofmarkets: ments, topicalpreparations;ingredientinfootpowders. Common products: and state(Oregon)listed. Watch” list.MountShastaarnica( ed PlantSaversNorthAmericanmedicinalplants“To Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Tinctures, salves,oils,gels,lini- A. viscosa Arnica montana Arnica isonUnit- ) isglobally ), pollen sourceforpollinators. cally wethabitatofmugwort. Importantnectarand most fires.Fireintensitymay bemediatedbythetypi- killed byfires.Probablythe rhizomewillresproutafter mented. Thetopportionoftheplantisdamagedor Ecological relations: tolerance. ble meadowcommunities.Lowtomoderateinshade Successional stage: of inlandfoothills. moist valleys,alongthecoast.Commononwestslopes low gullies,wasteplaces,riparianzones,drainages, Habitat: needlegrasses, andmuhlygrasses. mixed grass-weedtypes,associatedwithfringedsage, meadow communityintheOlympics.Componentof wood. Varied plantcommunities, includingatallforb ern hemlock,Douglas-fir, ponderosapine,blackcotton- Associations: connected byrhizomes. as scatteredindividualsormayformacolonyofplants east toIdaho;below2200m.Locallyabundant,grows Range anddistribution: achenes. 9 to25;fruits,generallysmalllessthan1mm,smooth cence, 10-30cm,3-9cmwide;diskflowersgenerally hairs above,denselymattedbelow;panicleinflores- cleft, upperonesentire,slightlycoveredwithmatted stems; evenlyspaced,lanceolateleaves,lowerones cm fromrhizomes;manyerect,browntogray-green Description: Ecology ARDO3 Asteraceae Mugwort, sagewort,wormwood Artemisia douglasiana Lowersubalpinezoneinopentoshade,shal- Native. Perennialaromaticherb,50-250 Mixed-conifer/hardwoodforests.West- Pioneerspeciesalsofoundinsta- Fireecologyisnotwelldocu- Baja CaliforniatoWashington Bess. stock. Vegetative reproduction: genus storeddry. Seed: October. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Littleinformationonspecies.Mostseedsof FlowersfromJunethrough Rhizomatous;divideroot- Artemisia douglasiana 35

Plants Plants Medicinal andherbal. Types ofmarkets: Common products: caches. to helppreventinsectinfestationsingranariesandfood In adriedbundleusedassmudgeorincense.Used inhaled forgrippe.Placedinnostriltotreatheadache. ache, andpinworms.Theplantcanbeburned to treaturinaryproblems,asthma,diarrhea,stomach Oil linimentforsprainsandbruises.Decoctionofplant rheumatism. Bitterteausedformenstruationproblems. religious ceremonies.Usedascompressforwoundsand pharmacopoeia, aswellinthecleansingritualsand Indigenous uses: and antimicrobial. topical anestheticandanti-inflammatory, antifungal, Common uses: Uses andProducts are harvested. Regeneration afterharvest: before goingtoseed. Harvest season: plants. are prunedtoavoidremovingimportantcoverforother from cutstemsandstoreddrywithoutcrushing.Plants summer orfall.Foliageandinflorescencearestripped spring justbeforeonsetofflowering;othersrecommend Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection Transplant viability: available forcoastalmugwort. Cultivation: 36 Can becultivated.Seedsarecommercially Asateaforgastritis,gastriculcers, Leavesandstems. Annually, latespringandsummer Hasbeenanimportantplantinthe Internationalanddomestic. Herbal,teas,andtinctures. Aerialpartsofplantareclippedin Maybetransplanted. Good,whenonlystems ( and overstimulateheartcirculation.Fieldsagewort do notuseduringpregnancy. Cancausestomachupset cient timesasavermifuge(dewormer).Usemoderately; habitats. Be cautiousincollectingtoavoidsensitiveriparian Comments andAreasofConcern and Young (1986) and Ryan (1997),USDAForestService(1988),Young (1998), Moore(1993),MunzandKeck(1959),Stevens West (1998),KleinandJohnson(1997),Mizerak Franklin andDyrness(1973),Hickman(1993),Hortus References Oregon. Knowidentityofspeciesbeingharvested. Service listedasSpeciesofConcernandin ( in thePacificNorthwestmaybeharvested.Whitesage mugwort( including Suksdorf’s dangered statusinWashington. Other Fish andWildlife ServiceSpeciesofConcern,hasen- A. campestris A. ludoviciana Artemisia ssp. ssp. specieshavebeenusedsincean- borealis estesii ), U.S.FishandWildlife var. A. suksdorfii wormskioldii Artemisia ) thatoccur ), U.S. species survivors oroff-siteindividuals. Reestablishment ofnewplants mustbefromseedingby moderate intensitybecause soilsareusuallyshallow. belowground partscanbekilledbyfiresofevenlightto Wild gingerissusceptibletofire-kill.Abovegroundand floor life;keyelementinforestbiocommunities. infiltration ofwater;structureforsubterraneanforest sive horizontalrootsystemaeratessoilandallowsfor insects, especiallyflies.Seedsdispersedbyants.Exten- Ecological relations: successional stages.Shadetolerant. Successional stage: slightly acidicsoil.Flowersoftenhiddenbyleaflitter. Habitat: goldthread. Douglas-fir; pathfinder, queencupbeadlilyandwestern zones. Grandfir, westernredcedar, westernwhitepine, Associations: Range. Localized,large,loosemats. below 1500m;lessfrequentoneastsideofCascade ton, Oregon,northernCalifornia,Idaho,Montana; Range anddistribution: fleshy capsules. sepals extendingfromacup-shapedbase;fruitsare ish purpletogreenishyellow, nearground,petallike wide, velvetyonunderside;bell-shapedflowersbrown- leaves, twooneachnode,4-10cmlong,to15 rooting freely;alternate,darkgreen,heart-shaped cm, extendingfromcreepingrhizomes;stemstrailing, Description: Ecology ASCA2 Aristolochiaceae Wild ginger Asarum caudatum Old-growth, shady, moist forests; organic, Native. Perennialevergreenherb,15-25 Western hemlock,Pacificsilverfir Mostcommoninmid-tolate- Flowers giveoff odor, attracting British Columbia,Washing- Lind. are met. requirements ofoverstoryshade,soil,andmoisture Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: tively growing. best fromdivisionstakenwhenparentplantisnotac- Vegetative reproduction: difficult. widely dispersed.Timing ofseedcollectionmaybe Seed: July, oneflowerperplant,flowersclosetoground. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Smallamountofseedproducedperflower; Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Transplant successfulifhabitat FlowersfromAprilthrough Rhizomatous;reproduces Asarum caudatum 37

Plants Plants landscape, nursery. Types ofmarkets: flavoring, herbal;ornamentalorlandscapeplant. Common products: Roots canbebakedandeaten. boils; decoctionofleavestowashsores,baby’s navel. for stomachpains,aslaxative;heatedleavesappliedto headache, intestinalandkneepain;decoctionofroots boil forbeverage;decoctionofplantexternally Indigenous uses: ed areas. substitute forgingerroot;groundcoverplantshad- tion, antiseptic,toinducesweating;seasoning,flavor Common uses: Uses andProducts rhizomes. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: ground. clipped off,replacingtherestofrhizomein (will havemanyplantsconnectedtoit).Theendsare Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 38 Secretorystimulant,reliefofindiges- Entireplant;leavesmostflavorful. Anytime. Forstomachafflictions,tuberculosis, Domestic,herbal;international Tea, driedleavesorroots,for Alengthofrhizomeispulledup Readilyregeneratesfrom Tilford (1998),ZimmermanandGriffith (1991) MacKinnon (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Stewart(1988), (1998), Kruckeberg(1993),MoorePojarand (1993), HitchcockandCronquist(1978),HortusWest British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Hickman References disturbed. and sensitivespeciesincloseproximityshouldnotbe compaction anddisturbance.Streamsidepopulations but rarespeciesof fication shouldbeverifiedtoavoidharvestingasimilar else canestablishuntilthesoilisaerated.Speciesidenti- Often growsinstandswithdensecanopieswherelittle Comments andAreasofConcern Asarum . Habitatsensitivetosoil balsamroot. starry falseSolomon’s seal,kinnikinnick, valerian,and lock, oceanspray, white hawkweed,arnica,yarrow, zones. Associations: shrub. Widely distributedinmixedandpurepatches. to westernIdaho;lessthan2200m.Commonunder- British ColumbiatocentralCalifornia(SierraNevada) Description: Ecology BERBE Berberidaceae Oregon grape Berberis broad, conspicuousundershrub. 400-2100 m.Fairlycommonforestfloorcovering, mostly confinedtowesternsideoftheCascadeRange; to CascadeRange,OregonthroughBritishColombia, Range anddistribution: dery coating. of 1-cmdiameter, darkblueberrieswithwaxyorpow- dense clustersofyellowflowersto20cmlong; glossy onbothsurfaces,withthreetofivecentralveins; egg-shaped leaves,spinytipped,leathery, somewhat bark andwoodyellowish;compound,9to19oblong nervosa blue berrieswithwaxyorpowderycoating. ters ofyellowflowers;clusters1-cmdiameterdark above, lesssobelow, withonecentralvein;denseclus- shaped leaves,5-10cmlong,spinytipped,glossy and woodyellowish;compound,5to9hollylikelance- shrub upto2m;woodystems,spreadingerect,bark green forests;westernhemlock, Port-Orford-cedar, and montane andsubmontaneconiferous andmixedever- B. nervosa B. aquifolium Berberis aquifolium : evergreenshrubto60cm;woodystems,erect, Berberis nervosa Native. Western hemlockandPacificsilverfir L. spp. Pursh,DwarfOregongrape-BENE2 Pursh, Tall Oregongrape-BEAQ Berberis aquifolium Berberis aquifolium : Douglas-fir, westernhem- : understorydominantin Berberis nervosa : evergreen Berberis : Coast : Habitat: twinflower, andwesternswordfern. vine maple,salmonberry, huckleberry;snowqueen, Douglas-fir; oceanspray, salal,Pacificrhododendron, ties. component ofbothsuccessionalandclimaxcommuni- Successional stage: Douglas-fir forests. open toclosedforest;commoninsecond-growth exposed slopes. woodlands, shadedrockyslopes,occasionallyopenly B. aquifolium until mid-successionalstages. Moreshadetolerantthan successional andclimaxcommunities, notprominent Berberis nervosa

Berberis aquifolium . Berberis nervosa Berberis nervosa

Berberis aquifolium : importantcomponentofboth B. aquifolium : drytomoistconiferous : drytofairlymoist, : important 39

Plants Plants eris nervosa ed transplantsdopoorlyandareslowtoestablish. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: of disturbance,graduallyspreadsfromrhizomes. taken infallrootbest. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection zomes andstemcuttings. Vegetative reproduction: stratification inthecaseof dormant andcanbestartedafteracoldorwarm-cold mentation neededtoremoveseedfromberry, seeds several seeds.Dispersalbybirdsandmammals.Fer- Seed: fruit ripensfromJulythroughAugust. Flowering andfruiting: Biology stream. intensity fires.Coverincreaseswithdistancefrom killed byfire,resproutsfromrhizomesaftermoderate- soil aerationanderosioncontrol.Aerialportionofplant other pollinators.Therhizomatousplantisimportantfor spring floweringimportantnectarsourceforbeesand white-footed voleintheCoastRangeofOregon.Early small animals. by smallbirdsandmammals.Plantprovidescoverfor moose, bears,rodents;berrieseatenandseedsdispersed Ecological relations: collection becausetheroots arelarger. Onlylowerstems spring. Thisisthepreferred speciesforcommercial collected formedicinalproducts fromfallintoearly 40 Fruitproducedannually. Thefruitcontainsoneto : plantsmaybeslowtoestablish. Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Berberis nervosa Roots,stems,andleaves.

Occasionalbrowsefordeer, elk,

Berberis aquifolium Berberis nervosa Berberis aquifolium Flowersinearlytolatespring; Berberis aquifolium Easily propagatedfromrhi- Berberis aquifolium : importantfoodforthe : intheabsence : rootsare : fieldcollect- : cuttings . Berb- Indigenous uses: scaping borderplant. laxative, andantiseptic;infloralarrangements;land- the leavesusedforyellowdye,goldensealsubstitute, Berberis nervosa dye; landscaping,goldensealsubstitute,andantiseptic. tonic; berriesasedibles;rootsusedtomakeayellow and bloodpurifier, laxative,antimicrobial,digestive Common uses: Uses andProducts and leavestakenfornosebleeds. laxative; berriesusedtomakejelly;infusionofroots eyewash forred,itchyeyes;fruitalsoanexcellent taken orusedaswashforarthritis,syphilis,an Berberis nervosa for thekidneys;yellowdyefromrootsandinnerbark. if eatencausediarrhea,usedaslaxative;roottonic losis, asgargleforsorethroat,washarthritis;fruits root usedforstomachtroubleorhemorrhages,tubercu- nervosa that haveyellowcolorinthemarecollected. vest. differs widelydependingonhabitatandimpactofhar- rhizomes leftafterharvest.Regenerationoffoliage resprout. Studiesareneededtoassesssproutingfrom portion ofrootsandrhizomesareleftinthegroundto reported inproductivehabitatsaslongsufficient Regeneration afterharvest: to midfall.Infall,rootsaremostpotent. mid summertowinter. LeavesarecollectedfromMay Harvest season: are leftinthegroundorreplanted. inal use,portionsoftheroots-rhizomeswithshootbuds stems. Forbothspecies,ifcollectedforpersonalmedic- has 9to15leaflets.Eachbunchcontains2528 dirt andinsectdamage.Eachstemis40-45cmlong : floral:newgrowthisdarkgreenandfreeof

Berberis aquifolium : antimicrobial,tonic,rootsorpossibly : roots:laxative;decoctionofrootbark Roots andstemsarecollectedfrom

Berberis aquifolium Regenerationhasbeen : liverstimulant : decoctionof Berberis and landscaping. ing. Identification ofspeciesmaybedifficultwhengather- The berriesareimportanttowildlifeforwinterforage. Comments andAreasofConcern Common products: ing. Berberis aquifolium Types ofmarkets: greens, yellowdye. nervosa tea, tonics,eyedrops,herbalteas,andtonics. in thewild. list becauseithasbeenheavilycollectedinsomeareas. Savers NorthAmericanmedicinalplants“To Watch” ered aninvasivespecies. Europe andinsomeforestedareasofGermany, consid- mental plantinEurope1822.Itisnownaturalized Berberis nervosa Berberis nervosa : medicinal,herbal,floralcrafts,ornamental Berberis aquifolium Internationalanddomestic. : medicinal,herbal,andlandscap-

: medicinal,herbal,floral,nursery, Berberis aquifolium and Berberis B.aquifolium introducedasanorna- onUnitedPlant mayhybridize : tincture,leaf Berberis Service (1988),Young andYoung (1986) (1990c), UnitedPlantSavers(2000),USDAForest mann (1993),Tilford (1993,1998),Tirmenstein Rose etal.(1998),Seda(1989),ThomasandSchu- (1998), Moore(1993),PojarandMacKinnon(1994), al. (1987),MinoreandWeatherly (1994),Mizerak man etal.(1994),LeungandFoster(1996),Logan cock andCronquist(1978),HortusWest (1998),Huff- Forests (1995),Cooke(1997),Hickman(1993),Hitch- Auge andBrandl(1997),BritishColumbiaMinistryof References 41

Plants Plants 42 Continued leaf litter. a fewalsomaygrowonforest flooroftenobscuredby Some tree(epiphytic)species growonlogsandstumps; wood trees,primarilyvinemaple andbig-leafmaple. Habitat: Oregon grape,andwesternswordfern. redcedar, westernhemlock,vinemaple,big-leaf spruce, hemlock,cedarseries.Douglas-fir, western silver firzones.Mixed-conifer/hardwoodforestsinthe Associations: western MontanaandnorthernIdaho. to northernCaliforniaandinmoist,shadypockets and thewestsideofCascadeRangefromWashington Most speciesfoundinlowerelevationsofCoastRange Range anddistribution: tome) wheresporesarereleased. Capsule ovalorlongwithalidandanopening(peris- top offemaleplants,varyincolor, toppedbyacapsule. leaves; sporophytes:thinstems(seta)emergingfrom and femalemossplants(gametophytes)havesimple ing branchesmayhavesmallrhizoidsorrootlets.Male Liverworts thallose(flatbodied)orleafy. Moss coloniz- vascular plantsconsistingofliverwortsandmosses. Description: Ecology Liverwort: Moss (mostcommonspecies): (hepaticae) moss (musci),liverwort Moss, treemoss,logmoss Bryophyta (division) Frullania nisquallensis Porella navicularis Neckera douglasii Isothecium myosuroides Hypnum subimponens Eurhynchium oreganum Antitrichia curtipendula Growonhorizontalorvertical stemsofhard- Photosynthesizing (chlorophyllous)non- Sitkaspruce,westernhemlock,Pacific Hook. (Lehm.&Lindenb.)Pfeiff Range differsamongspecies. Lesq. Sull. (Sull.)Jaeg. Brid. (Hedw.) Brid. 10 percent. range ofmoisturecontentor about300tolessthan are desiccationtolerantand abletotolerateawide threatened marbledmurrelet. Mostepiphyticbryophytes nesting materialforbirdsandmammalsincludingthe air pollution,bryophytesdisappear. Bryophytesprovide pollutants. Inareasthathaveheavyindustrializationand important airqualityindicators,particularlyofSO nutrient captureandcycling.Certainbryophytesare readily decomposableorganicmaterial,contributeto habitat forinvertebratesandvertebrates,sourceof Ecological relations: ers growingonsubstrateunoccupiedbyanyotherplant. forests, requireshade.Mossesthemselvesarecoloniz- Successional stage: navicularis Porella douglasii Neckera Eurhynchium Growinmid-tolate-successional oreganum Bryophytesprovidefoodand myosuroides Isothecium 2 43

Plants Plants 25-pound balesforshipment. sheets orbags.Whenthoroughly dry, it isboundinto growth. Itiscarriedoutofthe woodsinlargeburlap branches, whichalsoleavessomeinoculumfornew regrowth. Mossisnotharvestedfromthetipsoftree and fragmentsareleftonthestembarkasinoculumfor trees, cleanedofdebris,andairdried.Mossclumps of dirt,needles,andleaves.Drymossisstrippedfrom and offthegroundbecauseitisrelativelygreen,free Harvest techniques: a kindof“pelt.” mat andareeasilypeeledofflimbsstumpsforming Part harvested: Collection conditions. conditions thatreplicatetheiroriginalforesthabitat transplanted andgrowinterrariums,butmostrequire Transplant viability: economic option. ture andshade;thishasnotbeenproventobeaviable kinds ofbarkwithmildlyacidicpH,andsufficientmois- Cultivation: vegetatively. Vegetative reproduction: and growintoaplant. by aircurrentorwater. Requiremoisturetogerminate Seed: cycle issimilar. differ slightlyfrommossintheirstructures,butthelife essential vectortosexualreproduction.Liverworts capsule atthetip,whichproducesspores.Water isan female plantgrowsaleaflessstem(sporophyte)and reproductive cellsofthefemaleplant.Thefertilized (male sexcells),which,viawater, unitewiththefemale Flowering andfruiting: Biology 44 Mosscapsulesreleasespores,whicharespread Somemossescanbecultivatedonproper Wholeplantsgrowtwinedtogetherina Moss isselectedfromvinemaple Somebryophytescanbe Maleplantsreleasezoospores Allcanreproduce large chainstores. Germany. Craftmarket,massmarketoutlets suchas industry, U.S.exportsprimarilytoTheNetherlandsand Types ofmarkets: decorative greens. Common products: dleboards andwrappingmaterial. Indigenous uses: phytochemical, andpharmacologicalproducts. tabolites beinginvestigatedforvariousagricultural, Mosses andliverwortscontainseveralsecondaryme- around pottedplants,anddecorationsinfloralcrafts. Common uses: Uses andProducts (1994), Vance andKirkland (1997),Vitt etal.(1988) (1998), USDAForestService (1965),USDAandUSDI Greenaway (1991),Peck(1997), PeckandMcCune References including rarespecies. high. Bulkharvestdoesnotdistinguishamongspecies, ests. Harvestlevelsincreasedinthe1990sandremain creating andmaintainingmixed-coniferhardwoodfor- Managing fordiverseforeststructureshouldhelpin ports large-diametervinemapleandotherhardwoods. management practicesdecreasedthehabitatthatsup- Bryophytes recoverslowlyfromharvest.Pastforest Comments andAreasofConcern they haverhizoidsanchoredtothebark. branches fromanyremainingmossbranchfragmentsif Plants willregeneratebygrowingnewleavesand Regeneration afterharvest: elevations, mossisharvestedalmostyear-round. primarily insummer. IntheCoastRangeandatlower Harvest season: Packingmaterial,decorativemulch Mossisharvestedandpurchased Usedasabsorbentmaterialforcra- Internationalanddomestic.Floral Drieddecorativemulch;dried Regenerationisslow. thick bark;however, firescarsmaketreessusceptibleto damage. Maturetreesareprotected fromfirebytheir cedar cones,bark,orleaves butrarelycausesignificant Ecological relations: under Douglas-fircanopy. Moderatelyshadetolerant. an earlycolonizerafterdisturbancebutreproduces Successional stage: typically growsinareaswithdrysummers. Habitat: and westernswordfern. manzanita, salal,ceanothus,whipplevine,poisonoak, Pacific madrone.Commonunderstoryspeciesinclude live oak,OregonwhiteCaliforniablackand fer forest:whitefir, ponderosapine,Douglas-fir, canyon Associations: up to50percentofstand. More commononserpentinesoilandmaycomprise individuals orinsmallgroups,rarelypurestands. ern andcentralOregon.Thetreesgrowasscattered western Oregon,distributionmoreinterruptedinnorth- in mixed-evergreenforests.Continuousstandssouth- Baja, Mexico,westernNevada;300-2500m.Common Range anddistribution: green infourrows;seedconesupto2.5cmlong. leaves denselysurroundingbranchlets;yellowish- thick, smoothpurplishbrownbark;smallscalelike Description: Ecology CADE27 Cupressaceae Incense-cedar ( Calocedrus decurrens Libocedrus decurrens Florin) Florin Growswellinvarioussoilandclimatetypes; Native. Tall pyramidaltrees,25-40 m; Western hemlockzoneandmixed-coni- Earlytomidsuccessional,canbe Manyinsectsfeedonincense Oregon toCalifornia,south (Torr.) (Torr.) more uniformemergence. for germination.Seedssown infallhavehigherand Seed: Seed conesarematureinlatesummer. September, pollenshedinlatewintertoearlyspring. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Coleman). the incense-cedarscale( bees havebeenknowntocollecthoneydewfrom mineral soilcreatedbyburnsorlightdufflayers.Honey high-intensity fires;seedlingsdowell,however, inbare fall, creatingathickdufflayerthatfuelsmedium-to tects themfromgroundfires.Trees shedneedleseach thicker basalbark(upto15cm)thatadequatelypro- totally consumedbyfire;morematuretreeshavea seedlings haveflammablebarkandfoliage,usually pocket dryrot.Smalltreeshighlysusceptibletofire; Easilygrownfromseed.Seeds requireprechilling Xylococculus macrocarpae Pollenconesproducedin Calocedrus decurrensCalocedrus 45

Plants Plants able lengthin3to5years. removed correctly, branchsproutsregrowtoreharvest- Regeneration afterharvest: will havelongerstorageandproductlife. for ahardfrost,thetreewillhardenoffandcutboughs Harvest season: velop newtipsforfutureharvest. leaving alivesidebranch.Thispermitsthetreetode- Harvest techniques: pollen cones. least 46cmofbranchtipisclipped.Tips desirablewith Part harvested: Collection transplant easily. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: the bestpotentialforrootingsuccess. root; however, hardwoodcuttingstakeninAugustshow reproduce vegetativelyinnature.Cuttingsaredifficultto from rootedcuttings,thoughincensecedardoesnot Vegetative reproduction: specialty woodcraftsandlandscape ornamentals. greenery, preservedcraftmaterials,driedpotpourri, Common products: leaves: infusionsteamforcolds andstomachtroubles. boughs andtwigs:brooms,implementsflavorings; temporary camphousingandbasketry;roots: Indigenous uses: ing. Primarywoodusedinmakingpencils. tionally durableandresistanttodecay;trees:landscap- wood: homeexteriorusebecausethelumberisexcep- Common uses: Uses andProducts 46 Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Boughs:decorativeandfloraluses; For holidaygreensanddecoratives:at Once thetemperaturesarelowenough Wood: housingandfenceposts;bark: Fresh andpreservedChristmas Smallplantscollectedinthewild The tipsofbranchesareclipped Progenycanbeproduced When boughtipsare important speciesinthehorticulturaltrade. Cupressaceae familythatincludesmanyofthemost morphology. Itisnotatruecedarbutmemberofthe geographic distribution,andvegetativereproductive recently separatedfromthegenus Calocedrus Incense-cedar istheoneofthreespeciesingenus Comments andAreasofConcern Forest Service(1963),Young andYoung (1992) Kruckeberg (1993),Moerman(1998a,1998b),USDA Hall (1988),Hickman(1993),HortusWest (1998), (1999), FranklinandDyrness(1973),Habeck(1992a), Burgett etal.(1989),BurnsandHonkala(1990),Earle References preserved craftmaterialfordriedfloralarrangements. plants; Regional:wholesalebulkcutgreenery;National: holiday greenery:productsandretaillandscapenursery Types ofmarkets: foundintheUnitedStates. Local: directmarketingoffinished Libocedrus Calocedrus basedon was and othermembersofthemustardfamily. bors fungithatcanbetransmittedtocabbage,turnips insects; reportedtoreducemosquitolarvae;oftenhar- rodents; whenwet,seedsbecomestickyandcantrap Ecological relations: following disturbance.Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: disturbed sites. Habitat: and grassesofopen,disturbedland. Associations: Widespread andcommon. most ofNorthAmerica;lowtosubalpineelevations. Range anddistribution: side. seeds, oblong,reddishbrownwithsingleridgeoneach tened, triangulartoheartshapedsilicles;manysmall white flowers,fourpetalseachto4mm;fruitsflat- ly toothed;manyfloweredracemeinflorescence;small stalkless andclasping,lanceshapedtooblong,irregular- toothed topinnatelydivided;stemleavesalternate, rosette, 3-6cmlongincludingthestalks,lanceshaped, to 50cm,simpleusuallybranched;basalleavesin Description: Ecology CABU2 Brassicaceae Shepherd’s purse Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik. Waste places,roadsides,fields,gardens,and Exotic. Annualherb;finelyhairy;stems Mixed-conifer/hardwoodforests.Forbs Earlysuccessional.Colonizes Seedseatenbybirdsandsmall Widespread weedthroughout (L.) vegetatively. Vegetative reproduction: by birdsandforaginganimals. Seed: from ApriltoSeptember. er inspring,floweringandseedproductionmayoccur Flowering andfruiting: Biology Seedsitselfabundantly. Seedmaybe dispersed Oneofthefirstplantstoflow- Doesnotreproduce Capsella bursa-pastoris 47

Plants Plants food, andcondiment. Types ofmarkets: and beverageadditive. Common products: tery anddiarrhea,infusionforrashes,poisonivy. traditionally usedduringchildbirth;analgesic,fordysen- Indigenous uses: otic, andstophemorrhaging(birth). ginger. Possiblytotreatcancerandliverdamage,antibi- styptic; edibleleavesinsalad,seedsaspepper, rootas Common uses: Uses andProducts plants arelefttoproduceseed,thepatchwillcontinue. annual andproducesabundantseeds.Aslongassome Regeneration afterharvest: roots, autumntospring. before floweringstage.Gatherseedssummertofall; seed capsules.Forproperidentification,gatherleaves Harvest season: Keep wholeuntilused;doesnotstorewell. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection production toavoidunwantedspreadofspecies. stage. Donotmoveplantduringfloweringandseed Transplant viability: because ofweedyhabit. Cultivation: 48 Cultivation possible,butnotrecommended Medicinal,diuretic,astringent,and Entireplant. Plantsareharvestedafterplantforms Young, pepperyleavesusedforfood; Domestic.Herbal,natural,health Tea, tincture,herbals,andfood Entire planttakenincludingroots. Transplants bestinearlyrosette Shepherd’s purseisan Schumann (1993),Tilford (1998),Willard (1992) MacKinnon (1994),Schofield(1989),Thomasand Cronquist (1978),Moerman(1998b),Pojarand and Duke(1990),Hickman(1993),Hitchcock Burrill etal.(1996),EliasandDykeman(1990),Foster References family maybemistakenforthisspecies. native plantcommunities.Othermembersofmustard Use carenottospreadtheplantintouncontaminated Comments andAreasofConcern and Colorado; Columbia toCalifornia,eastAlberta,SouthDakota Range anddistribution: single, shinybrownseed. fruits three-lobed,explosivecapsule,4-5mm,eachwith panicle inflorescence,5-12cm;smallwhiteflowers; three mainveins,finelytoothed,oftentightlycurling; long, shinyandoftenstickyontop,velvetybeneath, red; leavesalternate,evergreen,broadlyoval,3-6cm roots oftenknotted,withinnerbarkcharacteristically dish-brown, finelyfurrowedandridgedatmaturity; bark olive-greenwhenyoung,becominggrayorred- cally 1-3m,butcanreach3.7mormoreintheopen; many stemmed,thicket-formingevergreenshrub;typi- Description: Ecology CEANO Rhamnaceae Ceanothus, redroot,buckbrush Ceanothus successional. Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: of persistentbrushfieldsafterfireortimberharvest. wooded slopes,sunnylocations.Importantcomponent Habitat: serviceberry, shinyleafspirea,andoceanspray. mixed conifer, mountainmaple,ninebark,manzanita, grand firzones.Douglas-fir, redfir, ponderosapineand Associations: dense thicketsondisturbedsites. 3000 m.Scatteredindividualsorpatches,oftenforms Johnston), sealevelupto900m;var. C. sanguineus C. velutinus ceanothus-CEVE Drytomoistopenforesthabitats,rockyor Native. Roundedtospreading,single Western hemlockandPacificsilverfir, C. velutinus Dougl. exHook.,Snowbrush L. spp. Pursh,Redstemceanothus-CESA Colonizerfollowingfire,early Coast RangefromBritish var. hookeri velutinus (M.C. , 1000- soil nutrients;aerator. As ashade-intolerantspecies, the rootscontainnitrogen-fixing fungi,whichenhance important inpreventingsoil erosion;noduleslocatedon pollen source;becauseofdeep-rooting habit,canbe bees andotherpollinators;goodsecondarynectar seeds eatenbysmallmammals,birdsandants;attracts moose, mountaingoats,smallmammals;fruitsand various wildlife,especiallyinwinter;browsefordeer, Ecological relations: Importantfoodandcoverfor Ceanothus velutinus 49

Plants Plants transplanting almostimpossible. planted, butforolderplants,thedeeptaprootmakes Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: are takenfromyoungplantsinsummer. sprouting abilitydecreaseswithageofplant.Cuttings tings; cansproutfromthestump,rootcrown,orroots; Vegetative reproduction: Early mortalityofseedlingsishighinthewild. embryo dormancy;seedsareplantedinfallorsummer. prechilling areneededtosoftenseedcoatandbreak explode whenripe.Pretreatmentsofhotwaterand tying clothbagovertheclustersofcapsulesasfruits remain dormantinsoilfor300years;collectseedby Seed: fruits fromMaytoAugust. Flowering andfruiting: Biology brush formsdensestandsafterafire. the soilandsproutsfromrootcrown.Oftensnow- tion; regeneratesfrombothlong-livedseedsstoredin snowbrush ceanothusrequiresdisturbanceforregenera- regenerate ifplantisharvested conservatively. Regeneration afterharvest: higher levelsofactiveconstituents. Harvest season: conservatively. entire root;removedsoilisreplaced;leavesgathered peripheral rootsarecut;notnecessarytodigoutthe Harvest techniques: desirable rootshavereddishorwine-coloredbark. Part harvested: Collection 50 Prolificproduction,butvariesannually;seedcan Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Foliarsprays,leaves,androot.Most Anytime;rootsgatheredin fallhave Nomorethantwoofthesmaller Young seedlingscanbetrans- FlowersfromApriltoJune, Propagatedfromstemcut- Roots andfoliagecan floral materialsandunfinishedwreaths. farmer’s markets,wholesalecommoditymarketsofraw nal andherbal.Retaildirectmarketingatcraftfairs Types ofmarkets: als forwreathsandfloralarrangements. (roots favored),andextracts.Foliage:driedcraftmateri- Common products: aid, fevers,andcoughs;tobacco,soaps,cleaning. Indigenous uses: black tea;crafteddecorations. cold andcoughremedies.Substitutedforcommercial mental. Iscombinedwithpurplebeebalmforusein bleeding andnervousirritability;hairrinse;orna- gent, tonic,antiseptic,fortonsillitis,torelieveinternal Common uses: Uses andProducts (1992) Tirmenstein (1990a), Willard (1992),Young andYoung non (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Tilford (1993,1998), Moerman (1998b),Moore(1993),PojarandMacKin- quist (1978),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993), Dyrness (1973),Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCron- Burgett etal.(1989),Conard(1985),Franklinand References ingested withcaution. known toxins,productsfromthisspeciesshouldbe er headsareshakenwithwater. Becausesaponinsare soapy characteristicandmaycausefoamingwhenflow- factant glycoside,saponin.Thesecompoundshavea Pacific West. There aremorethan30speciesof Comments andAreasofConcern Ceanothus sanguineus Medicinal,lymphaticstimulant,astrin- Tea fortuberculosis,dermatological Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Rootsorleaves:herbal,tincture Ceanothus containsthesur- inthe sites. decline afterfire.Typically absentonhighlydisturbed they aresusceptibletodamage andmayshowastrong sensitive speciesmaysurvivemoderatefire;however, allow theintroductionofair, water, andorganisms. Fire- long, horizontallyspreadingrootsbreakupthesoiland bumblebees andstaphylinidbeetles.Soilaerator:the nent ofwhitetaileddeerwinterdiets.Pollinatedby Ecological relations: tolerant. Successional stage: ing logs. fer andmixedforests,clearings,humusdecompos- Habitat: plantain, bunchberrydogwood,andtwinflower. common snowberry, dwarfOregongrape,rattlesnake silver fir, andnoblefir, subalpinefir, blackhuckleberry, ic silverfir-Pacificrhododendron.Douglas-fir, Pacific zones. Presentinmanyassociations.CommonPacif- Associations: types, butoftendoesnotreachdominance. 2900 m.Commonunderstoryspeciesinmanyhabitat southern CaliforniatoEasternUnitedStates;300- Range anddistribution: fruits, 5-7mm,erectcapsules. 15) insmallcluster, 5-7mmlong,radialandnodding; umbel inflorescence,severalpinktoredflowers(5 3-7 cm,shinygreenabove,toothedabovethemiddle; stout stemsto35cmlong;whorled,oblongleaves Description: Ecology CHUM Ericaceae Pipsissewa, Prince’s pine Chimaphila umbellata Drytomoist,cool,well-drainedsitesinconi- Native. Evergreenperennialsubshrub; Pacificsilverfirandwesternhemlock Midtolatesuccessional.Shade Minorimportancetoelk.Compo- Circumboreal, Alaskato (L.) Bart. freeze-thaw cyclesmayhelp germination. storage survivalisnotknown. Requiresstratification; to collect;gatheredinfalland sownimmediatelyas best propagationoption;small sizemakesseeddifficult grains ofdust,winddispersed.Slowtogerminatebut Seed: Flowering andfruiting: Biology Capsulescontainthousandsofseedsresembling FlowersfromJunetoAugust. Chimaphila umbellata 51

Plants Plants is clipped,willregeneratewithmultiplebranches. of rootsorlargeamountaerialportion.Iffoliagetip Regeneration afterharvest: harvest plantinspring. in fallallowsseedstomature;someherbalistsprefer Harvest season: rhizome isreplacedintheground. gently pulledup.Endsareclippedoffandremaining collect roots,aportionoftheinterconnectedrhizomeis poses, onlycurrentyear’s foliargrowthisharvested.To ed withoutimpactingregeneration.Formedicinalpur- in thisway, manyoftheplantsinapatchcan becollect- stems, leavingtwobracketsofleaves.Ifharvestisdone by usingaknifeorpruningshears,andclippingthe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection planted. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: quickly. stems. Thelongrhizomesoftheplantgenerallygrow Vegetative reproduction: 52 Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Wholeplantandleaves. Theherbisusefulanytime;gathering Aerialportionofplantcollected Difficult; seedlingsmaybetrans- Bydivisionofunderground Generallypoorforharvest age, herbal,andfloral. Types ofmarkets: dried, andfreshfloralgreens. Common products: induce sweating;andtoflavormedicine. kidney orbladderinfection;forloweringbloodsugar;to drops; forchestpainfromheartconditions;tea blisters, afterbirthforinternalbleeding;rooteye- Indigenous uses: herbal teas;floralanddecorative. Flavoring ingredientinsomesoftdrinksandcandy; tions andinflammationofthekidneys;leavesareedible. irritating thanmanzanita,usedforurinarytractinfec- Common uses: Uses andProducts Savers (2000),Willard (1992) and Schumann(1993),Tilford (1998),United Plant non (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Seda(1989),Thomas Matthews (1994),Mizerak(1998),PojarandMacKin- (1998), LeungandFoster(1996),Loganetal.(1987), (1993), HitchcockandCronquist(1978),HortusWest Everett (1997),FranklinandDyrness(1973),Hickman References American medicinalplants“To Watch” list. years. indicating thatrecoveryfromtotalplantharvesttakes Monitoring ofharvestedplantsinnorthernCaliforniais Has beenharvestedinlargequantitiesforflavorings. Comments andAreasofConcern Chimaphila Disinfectant,astringentreportedlyless Forheadcolds,backache,gonorrhea, isonUnitedPlantSaversNorth Internationalanddomestic.Bever- Flavorings,herbal,medicinal, portant tobreakingdowndecayed plantmaterialand the forestfloor, therebyallowingmicro-organisms im- ruffed grouse.Adaptedtodense shadeandbreaksup water infiltration.Usedinsmall quantitiesasforagefor Ecological relations: ground coverinold-growthforests.Shadetolerant. Successional stage: elevation, wetsites,andstreambanks. Habitat: beadlily, andpipsissewa. berry, Oregondogwood,evergreen violet,queencup grape; Douglas-fir, lodgepolepine,grandfir, redhuckle- Western hemlock-Pacificrhododendron-dwarfOregon Associations: and westernMontana;600-1800m. ington. lia Washington toCalifornia;below1000m. Range anddistribution: follicle splitsatmaturity. greenish-white, petalsshorter;fruits:follicles10-12mm; stalks shorterthantheleaves,sepalslinear, 8-10 mm, lobed, toothedleaflets,shinyabove,2-6cm;flowering at baseofleafstalk;dividedleaveswiththreedeeply cm; brightyellow, threadlikerhizomes;touchofyellow Description: Ecology COLA3 Ranunculaceae Oregon goldthread,cut-leaved Coptis laciniata goldthread : Alaska,BritishColumbia,northwestcoasttoWash- C. trifolia C. occidentalis goldthread-COOC COTR2 Coptis occidentalis Cool,moist,coastalforestsatlowtomid Native. Evergreen perennialherb;11-24 (L.)Salisb.,Threeleafgoldthread- Western hemlock,subalpinefirzones. (Nutt.)Torr. &Gray, Western Latesuccessional.Predominant Rhizomesaidinsoilaerationand Gray Coptis laciniata : easternWashington, Idaho, Coptis trifo- : west-central Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: zomes. Vegetative reproduction: grown incoolshade. post. Germination:1to6monthsat10°C.Seedlings splits. Seedssownassoonripeinericaceouscom- water. Fruitscollectedatmaturitybutbeforefollicle Seed: follicles thatcontain5to10seedseach. April. FruitsfromAprilthroughJune.consistof Flowering andfruiting: Biology some areas. may killit.Leavesprovideimportantdeerforagein sufficiently nearthesurfacethatmoderatelyseverefires zome ifundamagedafterafire;however, therhizomeis releasing nutrientstothrive.Will sproutfromtherhi- Smallanddifficulttocollect,seedsdisperseby Canbecultivated.Plantsarecommercially Doesnottransplantwell. FlowersfromMarchthrough Propagateseasilyfromrhi- Coptis laciniata 53

Plants Plants horticultural, andlandscape. Types ofmarkets: scape plants.Maybeadditiveingoldensealproducts. Common products: tonic afterprolongedillness. was usedasaneyewash,totreatindigestion,anda tea from Indigenous uses: shady gardensandlandscaping. ry, uterotonic,antiparasitic,andstyptic.Wholeplant: ral, liverstimulant,laxative,astringent,anti-inflammato- Common uses: Uses andProducts remaining plantsmaynotsurvivewellafterharvest. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: and AreasofConcern” clipped usingclippers;donotpullout(see are gentlypulledupandclippedwithshears.Roots abundant. Nomorethan7.5cmofrhizomeandroots from edgeofpatches.Collectonlywherespeciesis Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 54 Coptis Roots:medicinal,antimicrobial,antivi- rootstotreatmouthsores.Theteaalso Rootprimarily, alsoupperplantparts. Latesummerandfall. NativeAmericanschewedormade Internationalanddomestic.Herbal, Tea, tincture, capsules,andland- Recommended togathercarefully below). Ifrhizomesareimpacted, “Comments the PacificNorthwestRegion. thread ( goldthread ( can medicinalplants“To Watch” list.Fern-leaved nancy. substitute. Thisplantshouldnotbeusedduringpreg- in Oregongrape,amorecommonplant,thus,better active ingredientsingoldthread,berberine,alsoisfound portionately smallamountofmedicine.Onethemain disturbance. Livesinsensitivehabitat;yieldsadispro- tions. Moistareasandstreamsideshighlysusceptibleto ceptible todamage.Cannotsupportextensivecollec- than thesoilbeneath,therebymakingthemhighlysus- The rhizomesgenerallygrowintheduff layer, rather Comments andAreasofConcern Tilford (1993,1998),UnitedPlantSavers(2000) (1959), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Sullivan(1992), West (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),MunzandKeck man (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978),Hortus Franklin andDyrness(1973),Gardenbed(2000),Hick- References Coptis C. trifolia Coptis aspleniifolia isonUnitedPlantSaversNorthAmeri- ) areonthesensitivespecieslistof ) andthreeleafgold- Description: Ecology CRATA Rosaceae Hawthorn Crataegus toothed. wedge shaped,lobed,tiptruncate,marginabovebase Crataegus douglasii clusters, andredtoblack. petals andmanystamens;fruit,berry-sizedpomes,in white inflat,terminateclusters;eachflowerhasfive branches, linedwith2.5-7.6-cmcurvedthorns;flowers, Native. monogyna thickets. sides, andalongfencelines. Typically growsinriparian Streamsides, forestedges,meadows, grassland,road- Habitat: poison oak,andgrasses. snowberry, wildrose,cow-parsnip, stingingnettle, shrub-meadow communities,chokecherry, common Black cottonwood,redalder, Oregonash;nonforest Associations: north toBritishColumbia,eastMontana. northern Californiamontane,CoastRangeandKlamath Cascade Rangebuthasspread. 1700 m. ern CaliforniatoAlaska,east-centralNorthAmerica Range anddistribution: with amarginabovebasetoothed. Crataegus suksdorfii C. suksdorfii C. monogyna C. douglasii hawthorn-CRMO3 hawthorn-CRSU16 Crataegus Crataegus monogyna Crataegus monogyna Prefersnitrogen-richsoils in openareas. : Naturalized,exotic.

Crataegus douglasii Mixed-hardwood/coniferousforests. Lindl., Blackhawthorn-CRDO2 L. spp. (Sarg.) Kruschke,Suksdorfi’s Jacq., Oneseedorcommon : Deciduoustreeorshrubto5mtall; : leavesalternate2-9cmlong, : leaveswedgeshaped,unlobed, Crataegus douglasii : leavesdeeplylobed. : chieflywesternslopeof Crataegus suksdorfii Crataegus suksdorfii : Native. Crataegus : north- : : September. late August.Fruitsripenfrom midJulythrough Flowering andfruiting: Biology where hawthornisabundant. ed byfire.Goodminorsourceofpollenforinsects thick stands,providesfuelandcanbeseverelyimpact- offsite colonizerinthefirsttwoyearsafterafire.In ates firethatdoesnotdamagerootsystem;alsoan serve asabuffer aroundwetlandcommunities.Toler- cape habitattovariousanimalsandbirds;densethickets Ecological relations: tolerance. in ornearmoisthabitats.Lowtomoderateshade sponds todisturbancethatcreatesopeningsparticularly Successional stage: Early tomidsuccessional.Re- Providesfood,nesting,andes- FlowersfromearlyMayto Crataegus douglasii 55

Plants Plants buds onuncutportionofstem. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: on thetree. reach fromthegroundaregatheredtominimizeimpact clipped withpruners.Onlyleavesandberrieswithin flowering andleavesarejustbeginningtobud, Harvest techniques: flowers, buds,andthorns);berriesinfall. Part harvested: Collection 3 yearsold. For bestsuccess,transplantashrubthatisatleast grows wellwithamplewatering,butslowly. Transplant viability: commercially availablefor Cultivation: suckers thatwillsproutafterremovalofstems. Vegetative reproduction: sow inspring. Sow seedearlyinfallorifstoredcoldoverwinter, creases germination,acidscarificationalsomayhelp. Seed extractedbymaceration.Coldstratificationin- until winter. Collectfruitfromtreeoroff theground. Seed: 56 Seeddispersedbyanimals.Fruitspersistontree Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Floweringbranchtipsinspring(leaves, Springforflowers,fallberries. Theoutermostsmalllimbs,when Canbepurchasedatnurseries; Canbepropagatedfrom Crataegus douglasii Branchesresproutfrom . food andherbal. Types ofmarkets: tinctures, andspecialtyfoods. Common products: for handlesofsmalltools. heart tonic.Thewood,becauseofitsstrength,isused Indigenous uses: American Chinatowns. in beverages,candiedfruitslices,jams,winemajor tips usedinsleep-inducingpreparations;fruitsasfood, analgesic; cardiacdrugpreparations(Europe);flowering (Europe) carditonic,hypotensive,antibacterial,and Dried fruits(China),floweringtips,leaves, an antioxidant,andsteadyaweakorerraticheartbeat. system. Itisreportedtoincreasecirculation,serveas Common uses: Uses andProducts Service (1974) (1998), Sudworth(1967),Tilford (1998),USDAForest and MacKinnon(1994),Rice(1997),Roseetal. Hortus West (1998),LeungandFoster(1996), Pojar (1997), Habeck(1991),Hall(1988),Hickman(1993), Antos etal.(1996),Burgett(1989),Cooke References from Europe,maybeinvasive. hawthorn andoneseedhawthorn,anintroducedspecies harvest lightlyandoverseverallocations.Suksdorfi’s thorn. Becauseitissofavoredbyvariousanimals, Notice whichbirdsarefeedingwhenharvestinghaw- ( Black hawthornissimilartoColumbia Comments andAreasofConcern Crataegus columbiana Asatonictoaidthecardiovascular Fruitsandflowersusedtocreatea Internationalanddomestic.Health Dietarysupplement,tea,tablets, ), whichishairierandsmaller. by soil-bornefungi. ( eat theconeseeds;susceptibletofatalrootrot foliage, woodratsandporcupineseatthebark,squirrels mountain beaversandrabbitsoccasionallyeatsapling Ecological relations: cies. Shadetolerant. Successional stage: conifers butgrowsfasterintheopen. trations, sandyandclayloams.Growsinshadeofother often onrockswithhighmagnesiumandironconcen- Habitat: salal, Pacificrhododendron,andevergreen huckleberry. White fir, Douglas-fir, grandfir; dwarfOregongrape, Associations: conifers, smallpurestandsorscatteredtrees. below 1700m.Uncommon;mixedstandswithother Klamath Mountains,southwestOregon;sealevelto Range anddistribution: cone, red-brown,6-10mm. fernlike sprays;pollencone,pinktored,2-3mm;seed fibrous ridges,fire-resistant;scalelikeleavesarrangedin diameter, bark15-25cmthick,red-browntotan,deep, dal inyouth,droopingbranches;trunklessthan6m Description: Ecology CULA3 Cupressaceae Port-Orford-cedar ( Cupressus lawsoniana Phytophthora lateralis Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl.) Coastalconifer, mixed-evergreen,moistsoils, Native. Evergreentree,20-65m,pyrami- Sitkaspruce,westernhemlockzones. Early-andlate-successionalspe- Lowpalatabilityforbrowse; Tuck. &J.A.Milb.)caused Coastal northwestCalifornia, (A. Murr.) may bestoreddriedformore than10years. year; heavycropsmayoccur every4to5years.Seeds bearing startsfrom5years; productiondiffersyearto Seed: or October. mer, pollinateafterspring;seedsmatureinSeptember same branches;budsgrowinspring,developsum- Flowering andfruiting: Biology DispersalfromSeptember through May. Seed Pollenandseedconeson Cupressus lawsoniana 57

Plants Plants Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: rooted ifpropermethodsarefollowed. plants donotnaturallysprout.Stemcuttingseasily Vegetative reproduction: products. scaping orwind-breakplant;stems:variouswood day anddecorativecrafts,aromatics;wholeplant:land- Common products: and furniture;branches:brushesbrooms. Indigenous uses: woodenware, toys,andtempleconstruction. breaks andornamentalplantings.PopularinAsiafor rangements andholidaygreens;wholeplant:wind work, andinteriorfinishes;cutbranches:flowerar- Common uses: Uses andProducts trees. from seedafterclearcuttingorpartialcuttingstandof Regeneration afterharvest: when allgrowthhasstoppedandfoliagecoldhardened. Harvest season: raining orwettoavoidspreadofrootrot. harvest isplanned.Boughsarenotharvestedwhen 50 percentofthetotalgreenmassisremovediffuture leaving livesidebranchesoneachtwig.Nomorethan Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 58 Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Stems:poles,posts,specialtywood- Boughs. Annually, infallafterthefirstfrost Wood: houseplanks,sweathouses, Branches:wreaths,swags,holi- Branchesareprunedfromtrees Canbetransplanted. Layeringrarelyoccurs,and Canreproduceeffectively landscape, andexportlogswood. floral, landscape,andrestoration.International: home landscaping,logs,andfinishedlumber. Regional: Types ofmarkets: Service toavoidspreadingdisease. caution inharvesting;guidelinesavailablefromForest tions severelyreducedbyspreadof infection. Trees canlivemorethan600years.Popula- times becomeneedleorawllikebecauseofgrazing pollen cones,andwillpaymoreforthem.Leavessome- Buyers preferboughswith“bloom”-yellowbudsof Comments andAreasofConcern (1997), Young andYoung (1992) Uchytil (1990),USDAForestService(1965),Whitney (1998), Moerman(1998a),MunzandKeck(1959), (1973), Hickman(1993),HortusWest (1998),Mizerak Burns andHonkala(1990),FranklinDyrness References Local:floral,crafts,restoration, Phytophthora . Use 12 hoursoffullsunandsufficient moisture. Plants growmostrapidlyin openareashavingatleast favor spreadofexotics.Tolerant ofsalineconditions. May takeadvantageoflandmanagementpracticesthat utility, androadbuildingpractices exposemineralsoil. Habitat: and grassesoffieldsforestopenings. lands, farmland.Associatedwithvariousshrubs,forbs, to lowerelevations.Alsononforestmeadows,grass- Associations: cool, wetsitesinnortheasternWashington. Oregon. Isolatedpopulationshavebeenidentifiedin Mountains ofsoutheastWashington andnortheastern eastern slopesoftheCascadeRangeandinBlue sive westoftheCascadeRangebutcanbefoundon British ColumbiatonorthernCalifornia.Itismostinva- Range anddistribution: and generallyattainheightsofover2.5m. Once established,itcangrowannuallyfrom30-75cm state untilithasestablishedanextensiverootsystem. Young plantoftenwillspend2to4yearsinagrasslike having onebannerpetal,wings,andtwokeelpetals. deep yellowwithcrimsonwings,typicalofpeafamily cm long;flowersshowyrangingfromlightyellowto gether tomakeasinglebranchclusterorshoot50-100 dark green,waxysmooth,five-sided;stemsgroupto- with entireleafletsandarrangedspirallyupstems;stem, angled; leavessmall,darkgreen,mostlythree-parted tall, moreorlesserect;branchesgreenandstronglyfive Description: Ecology CYSC4 Fabaceae Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius Quicklyinvadesareaswherefarming,forestry, Exotic. Woody deciduousshrubto3m Mixed-hardwood/coniferousforests.Mid Western NorthAmericafrom (L.)Link. fixing plant,doeswellinpoorsoil. attractive tobeesforitsabundantpollen.Nitrogen- Ecological relations: Shade intolerant. Successional stage: Seeds remainviableinthesoil formanyyears. seeds from1-4m.About65,000 seedsperpound. warp indifferentdirections andsnapaparttothrowthe Seed: old. as 2yearsbutismostabundantonplantsover4 about 4cmlong.Floweringoccursonplantsasyoung Flowering andfruiting: Biology Asthepodmaturesanddries,twohalves Colonizerandearlysuccessional. Likemanyleguminousspecies, Fruits,blackflattenedpods Cytisus scoparius 59

Plants Plants and floralcrafts. markets forfreshfloral,preserved floralarrangements, Types ofmarkets: flower arrangements. Common products: Indigenous uses: used asaccentinfloralarrangements. floral arrangements.Deepgreencolorandwaxystems Common uses: Uses andProducts below clippedtop. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: ment. maintain qualityduringstorage,processing,andship- damage, andseedpods.Shootsmustbedormantto clipped withclippersarefreeofdirt,blemishes,insect 80-83 cmlonggatheredin2-lbbunches.Stemshand green. Desiredstemsareunbranchedsinglespikes Harvest techniques: seeds andflowersaredesired. Part harvested: Collection can spreadreadilytootherareas. requirements aremetbutnotrecommendedbecauseit Transplant viability: garden. eries. Easytocultivateandgrow;itcantakeovera cultivars andvarietiessoldatmanycommercialnurs- Cultivation: cuttings orsuckers. Vegetative reproduction: 60 Introducedasornamental;ornamental Erectgreenspikeswithtinyleavesin Longstraightshoots,withoutleaves, FromSeptembertoMay. Notknown. Floral.Internationalanddomestic Decorativestems,freshanddried Harvestedstemsarewaxyand Readilytransplantableifbasic Reproduceseasilyfrom Good;branchessprout controlled bylandowners. Washington Statelawrequiresscotchbroomtobe owners. Usecaretonotspreadspeciesinadvertently. (1938) USDA ForestService(1965,1974),Van Dersaletal. (1994), Rice(1997),SchlosserandBlatner(1992), Pogge (1974),Kozloff(1976),PojarandMacKinnon Burgett etal.(1989),Burrill(1996),Gilland References in 19 season. NativeofEuropethatescapedfromcultivation ious weed,pollencommonallergenduringflowering press thehearingandnervoussystem.Aggressivenox- Caution: Containsseveraltoxicalkaloidsthatcande- Comments andAreasofConcern th centurytobecomeamajorpestmanyland- seed. Vegetative reproduction: Readily germinatesfromseed. Seed: Flowering andfruiting: Biology Ecological relations: disturbance. Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: disturbed areas. Habitat: meadows; wildrose,thistle,grasses,andrushes. Associations: creasing inthePacificNorthwest gon. Below1700m.NativetoEurope.Common,in- Range anddistribution: fullonom cral bractsthatarelongerthanthehead. sylvestris cylindrical heads;fruitsfour-angledandhairy. long, entireortoothed;flowers5-10cm,purple,with site leavesonstem;deeplyveined,upto25cm ward-turned prickles;basalrosetteofleavesandoppo- 2 mtall;stemiscoveredwithseveralrowsofdown- Description: Ecology DIPSA Dipsacaceae Teasel Dipsacus D. fullonum D. sylvestris Seedmaybedispersedbybirdsandanimals. : spinetipsofreceptacularbractsrecurved. Moistsites,roadsides,pastures,oldfields,and : flowersubtendedbyprickly, curvedinvolu- Exotic. Biennialherb,erectstemupto Shrubs,herbsofopenfields,moist L. spp. L., Commonteasel-DIFU2 Huds., Wild teasel-DISY Earlysuccessional.Colonizesafter Nectarproducing,attractsbees. FlowersfromJulytoAugust. Northern CaliforniatoOre- Biennial;reproductionby Dipsacus Dipsacus heads. Part harvested: Collection stage, buthaslongtap-root. Transplant viability: habit. Europe; cautionshouldbeexercisedbecauseofweedy Cultivation: Was acommonlycultivatedplantin Crownofplantandstemswith seed Maybetransplantedinrosette Dipsacus fullonum 61

Plants Plants Types ofmarkets: Common products: heads forcardingwool(Navajo). Indigenous uses: indigestion. winter bouquets.Freshherbasbittertonic;teafor for decoratingandarecommonlysilveredorgilded Common uses: Uses andProducts Regeneration afterharvest: flowering. Harvest season: ferred. picked, butusingshearsorclippersandglovesispre- Harvest techniques: 62 Stemsandfruitingheadsarepreserved Latesummerthroughfall,after Medicinallyforskinproblems;seed Domestic.Craftandfloral. Driedfloraldecoration. Stemsarepricklyandmaybe Byseedonly. USDA ForestService(1963) (1993), Hitchcocketal.(1969),Moerman(1998b), Burgett etal.(1989),Burrill(1996),Hickman References for cardingwool. introduced inthewestcoastbecauseseedheadsused to spreadseed.Hasnotbeenlistedasnoxious.Was Because itisaweedyexotic,careshouldbetakennot Comments andAreasofConcern fires. rhizomes aredeepandtypicallysurviveevensevere that itdoesnotgothroughfrequentfires;however, reduce erosion.Horsetailhabitatisusuallywetenough deer andelk;shelterforsmallanimals;rhizomeshelp Ecological relations: erately shadetolerant Successional stage: turbed, roadsideditchesandirrigationwaterways. lands toalpineareas,inopenings.Oftenfounddis- Habitat: coltsfoot, andcow-parsnip. forests. Spruce,alder, Oregonash,willow, salmonberry; Associations: North America,Europe,Asia. Range anddistribution: clustered spores. brown, tippedwithaterminalcone,2-3.5cmlong,of stem: unbranched,11-32 cm,fleshy, usuallythick, branching (horsetail),hollow, whorledstems;fertile types ofjointedstems:sterilestem:10-60cm,green, Description: Ecology EQUIS Equisetaceae Horsetail Equisetum Seed: early spring;greensterilestems, later. Flowering andfruiting: Biology E. hyemale E. arvense Producesspores,dispersed bywindorwater. Various soils,moisttowetareas,fromlow- Native. Perennial.Rhizomatous;two Coniferandmixed-conifer/hardwood L.,Commonhorsetail-EQAR L.,Scouring-rush-EQHY L. spp. Earlytolatesuccessional.Mod- Foodforbears,lowpalatabilityto Fertilestemsappearfirstin Widespread, below3000m; transplanted intoasimilarenvironment. and rootballisdugupwiththesurroundingsoil Transplant viability: ly available. Cultivation: Segments ofrhizomeswillsprout. Vegetative reproduction: sharp clippersorknife. trates instem.Stalkjustabove baseofplantiscutwith growth beforeleaveshaveelongated andsilicaconcen- Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection Canbecultivated.Plantsarecommercial- Wholefemaleplant,alsostems. Stemsaregatheredinearly Poor, butpossibleifentireplant Spreadsfromrhizomes. Equisetum arvense 63

Plants Plants and medicinal. Types ofmarkets: Common products: and asanabrasive. joint ache,headache,teething,cuts,poisonivywash, neys, stronginfusionforconstipation;stemdysuria, powdered steminshoetoavoidfootcramps;forkid- and groin;fertilestemrootsusedaspowerfuldiuretic; Indigenous uses: tissues, ithasbeenusedasanindicatorinbioassays. food flavoring;becauseitcanconcentrategoldinits ucts; herbaldietarysupplementformineralcontent,pet food; dye.Additiveinshampoosandskincareprod- boiled. Black,ediblenodulesattachedtorootsusedfor to stopbleeding.Tender, youngshootsareeatenrawor green portionusedasmedicinal,astringent,diuretic,and remineralizing anddiureticmedicinals.Aboveground Common uses: Uses andProducts zomes areintact,willresproutfollowingseason. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: 64 Silicaextractedfromhorsetailisusedin Earlytomidspring. Poulticeofstemforrashunderarm Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Tincture, tea,andcapsules. Ifroot-crownandrhi- (1989), Sullivan(1993),Tilford (1998) Pojar andMacKinnon(1994),Rice(1997),Schofield Moore (1993),MunzandKeck(1959),Ody Hickman (1993),HortusWest (1998),Mizerak Ambrose andJohnson(1999),Burrilletal.(1996), References considered ediblebecauseofhighsilicaceouscontent. considered noxiousinOregon.Maturestemsarenot crops, andprobablytoxictosurroundingvegetation; margins ofdrieststands.Consideredaweedwithsome Soil oftensensitivetocompaction;gatherfromthe Comments andAreasofConcern survive low-tomoderate-intensity fires. leaves andbranchesproduce flammablelitter. Rhizomes through germinationofseedstoredinthesoil.Resinous tablishes afterfirebysproutingfromrhizomesor valuable tobeesfornectarandpollen.Yerba santaes- for birdsandsmallmammals;inCaliforniafoundtobe rodents; seedsbyinsects.Young shrubsprovidecover and spring;fullseedcapsulesmaybeeatenbybirds Ecological relations: early-successional communities.Shadeintolerant. vor indisturbedcommunities;matureshrubsfound Successional stage: east-facing slopes. sides, woodland,andchaparral.Commononsouth-or Habitat: brush, white-leavedmanzanita. member ofchaparralcommunity;narrow-leavedbuck- Associations: petition, canformpure,densestands. cade Range,Oregon;60-1900m.With decreasedcom- Range anddistribution: 1-1.5 mm. at endofstems;fruitafour-valvedcapsule;seeds 4-15 cm;flowerswhitetopurple,funnelbellshaped, alternate, leathery, sticky, lanceshapedtooblong, erect withsheddingbark,twigssticky;leavessimple, Description: Ecology ERCA6 Hydrophyllaceae Yerba santa,mountainbalm Eriodictyon californicum & Arn.)Torr. Dryhabitatsoffoothills,slopes,fields,road- Native. Evergreenshrub;stems1-3m Annualgrasslandandoakwoodland, Botharesidualcolonizerandsurvi- Lightlybrowsedbydeerinwinter Northwest California,Cas- (Hook. are carefullydriedtoavoid mold. narrow-leaf yerbasanta( Part harvested: Collection Transplant viability: Plants arecommerciallyavailable. can bedoneifthecorrectgrowingmediumiscreated. Cultivation: the mostsuccessfulmethodofself-propagation. Vegetative reproduction: after fire. mechanical sitepreparation.Seedlingsmaybeabundant Seed: in September. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Germinatesafterdisturbancesuchasafireor Canbecultivated.Maydifficultbut Leaves.Leavesofyerbasanta and Maybetransplanted. FromMaytoJuly;seedripe Eriodictyon angustifolium Vegetative reproductionis Eriodictyon californicum ) 65

Plants Plants leaves afterharvest. Regeneration afterharvest: is freshandgreenresinsarehighinthestem. Harvest season: al andregrowth. Harvested patchesshouldbemonitoredforplantsurviv- only inpatcheswhereplantsaresufficientlyabundant. of theplantintact.Forcommercialquantities,harvest Harvest techniques: nal, herbal,andfoodprocessing. Types ofmarkets: additive, andherbalmedicinals. Common products: stomach pains,asthma;alsousedbyearlysettlers. tism, tuberculosis,colds,topurifyblood,gonorrhea, leaves appliedtoheadaches;leaves-plantforrheuma- wash forpainful,fatiguedlimbs;poulticeofheated for rheumatism;chewedplantcolds;leavesina Indigenous uses: beverages andbakedgoods. ceutical flavoringandexpectorant,foodin Common uses: Uses andProducts 66 Fortreatingcoldsandasthma,pharma- Springandearlysummerwhilefoliage Branchesandleavesinsteambath Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Tincture, smokingmixture,food Leavesarepruned,leavingmost Doesnotregenerate American medicinalplants“To Watch” list. (1959), ThomasandSchumann(1993) Mizerak (1998),Moore(1993),MunzandKeck (1992b), LeungandFoster(1996),McMinn(1970), Hickman (1993),HortusWest (1998),Howard Burgett etal.(1989),FranklinandDyrness(1973), References pollinators. plant establisheswellindisturbedsoil.Attractiveto Can beusedinrangelandrehabilitationbecausethe Comments andAreasofConcern Eriodictyon isonUnitedPlantSaversNorth mammals; browsedbydeer, elk,andbears; thermaland utors ofseeds,aswellbears, raccoon,andother Ecological relations: erately shadetolerant. shrub communityofWillamette Valley grasslands.Mod- found inunderstoryofsecond-growthforests;rose Successional stage: chaparral. semishady sites,mixed-coniferousforestedge,and Habitat: ponderosa pine,redalder, andvinemaple. Coniferous andmixed-evergreen forests;Douglas-fir, Associations: stands, butnotabundant. western Montana;below2000m.Widespread, brushy Ranges, butcanbefoundinnorthernIdahoandnorth- nia, mostlyinwesternslopeofCascadeandCoast Range anddistribution: containing twotothreeseeds. fruits blue-blacktopurplish-blackberries,5-8mm 8 to40inumbrella-shapedclustersaxilsofleaves; yellow, 3-4mm,fivesepals,petalsandstamens, toothed, prominentparallelveins;flowersgreenish- leaves, oblong,darkglossygreen,6-12cmlong,finely brown; terminalbudnotcoveredwithscale;alternate bitter tasting,trunkdiameter10-40cm;twigsredto small tree,upto20m;barkthin,smooth,silver-gray, Description: Ecology FRPU7 Rhamnaceae chittum Buckthorn, cascarabuckthorn, ( Frangula purshiana Rhamnus purshiana Lowermountainslopes,wettosemidry, Native. Deciduous,erect,tallshrubor Sitkaspruce,westernhemlockzones. Earlytomidsuccessional,often Birdsarethepredominant distrib- British ColumbiatoCalifor- DC.Cooper) DC. Cooper be transplanted. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: spring. Cutstemswillresproutorcoppice. ble. Take hardwoodcuttingsinfall.Layeringpossible Vegetative reproduction: cold stratify. 2 weeksbeforefruitisripe.Sowoutdoorsinautumnor Seed: July, fruitripensfromJulytoSeptember. Flowering andfruiting: Biology source forpollinators,especiallybees. after low-intensityfires.Importantnectarandpollen hiding cover. Cascarawillsproutfromtherootcrown Usuallyreproducesbyseed.Collectseedabout Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Seedlingsandsmallsaplings can FlowersfromAprilthrough Layeringandcuttingspossi- Frangula purshiana 67

Plants Plants stump ofcuttreeassumingashrubbyform. Regeneration afterharvest: August. Harvest season: leaving sufficientstumpsoitcanresprout. Harvest techniques: ripe. at least1year;pickfruitabout2weeksbeforefully yellow color;storebarkaslongpossiblebeforeuse, come offwithease;underneathsideabrightgolden Part harvested: Collection nal, herbal,andmassmarket. Types ofmarkets: panies forlaxatives;sunscreen;dyes. widely collectedandprocessedbypharmaceuticalcom- Common products: strains. sores andswellings,treatingheartstrain,internal Indigenous uses: Common uses: Uses andProducts 68 Fordigestivetract,skinprotectant. Barkoflimbsandsmalltrunks,should Collectionfrommid-Apriltoendof Barkboiled,teaaslaxative,washing Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Barkyieldscatharticdrugs. Afterharvestingbark,treeiscut Mayresproutstemsfrom plants “To Watch” list. on UnitedPlantSaversNorthAmericanmedicinal and Young (1992) Savers (2000),Whitney(1997),Willard (1992),Young (1967), ThomasandSchumann(1993),UnitedPlant non (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Seda(1989),Sudworth Kruckeberg (1993),MoorePojarandMacKin- Hitchcock andCronquist(1978),HortusWest (1998), and Dyrness(1973),Habeck(1992b),Hickman(1993), British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Franklin References sprout backbuttreesconvertedtoshrubs. Older treescutforbarkarebecominguncommon.Most The innerbarkisespeciallypotentbeforeitcured. Bark andfruitstoxicinexcess,especiallytochildren. Comments andAreasofConcern Frangula is aboveground portion isburned. quent fires.Theplantcansprout fromrhizomesifthe for variousspecies.Salalis adaptedtoshadeandinfre- deer andelk,mountainbeaver, white-footedvole; cover birds andmammals;leaves, buds,andtwigsbrowsedby abundant nectarproducer;seedsdispersedbyvarious Ecological relations: levels. Shadetolerant. successional stagesafterfire,growsbestatmid-light disturbance. Commonlyattainspeakabundanceinmid- Successional stage: 5.0, andtoleratespoorsoil. woods, rockybluffs,brushfields,acidicsoilspHabout Habitat: Oregon grape,rhododendron,andwesternswordfern. Douglas-fir, Sitkaspruce,redalder, vinemaple,dwarf silver fir, mixed-coniferzones.Western hemlock, Associations: thickets. understory shrubincoastalforests,formslarge,dense southern California;below800m.Commonforest eastern slopeoftheCascadeRangetocoastalong Range anddistribution: taining anaverageof126brown,1-mmseeds. hairs, reddishbluetodarkpurple6-10mm,eachcon- on terminalclusters;fruitsround,coveredwithtiny white orpinkish,5to15,7-10mmlong,urnshaped finely toothed;inflorescenceraceme;stickyflowers thick, shiny, egg-shaped,5-10cmlong,sharplyand brown withshreddingbark;leavesalternate,leathery, shrub; stemsbranched,hairy, 0.4-3.0m;twigsreddish Description: Ecology GASH Ericaceae Salal Gaultheria shallon Warm, moistforestmargins, moisttodry Native. Erecttospreadingevergreen Sitkaspruce,westernhemlock,Pacific Nottypicallyacolonizer;survives Pollinatedbybeesandflies, British Columbiafromthe Pursh spacing shouldbeabout1m. to establish,butonceestablished spreadswell.Planting from cuttingsofnewwood takeninlatesummer. Slow zomes, undergroundstems, andlayering;bestresults Vegetative reproduction: establish; slowgrowing. mendations. Seedlingproductionispoor;fewseedlings nation; however, varioussourceshave different recom- means. Prechillingandlightappeartohelpwithgermi- Seed: purple blackwithmanyseeds. light ambercolored.Fruitsaremodifiedsepals,fleshy, December. Flowersproduceabundantnectar;honeyis from AugusttoOctober, maypersistonthestemuntil spring orearlysummer, fromMaytoJuly;fruitripening Flowering andfruiting: Biology Propagationfromseedisthemosteconomical Generallyflowersinlate Growsfromroots,rhi- Gaultheria shallon 69

Plants Plants able foralpinewintergreen( commercially available.Plantsareavail- Cultivation: agent. leaves ofrelatedspecies,for wintergreenflavoring ground cover, erosioncontrol;food: fruitjamsand wreaths; landscaping:ornamentalshrub,landscaping matory; floral:usedasdrieddecorativefiller, for Common uses: Uses andProducts Long-term monitoringisneeded. better sites.Foliagereportedtoreadilygrowback. site quality. Harvestrotationof 3yearsreportedon Regeneration afterharvest: branches: year-round,bestinlatespringtomidfall. Harvest season: is leftoneachplant. plants ongoodsites.Fruitispickedbyhand;somefruit moval ofnomorethan25percentfoliagefrom spread overawidearea.Recommendationisforre- the branchesoneachplant.Harvestisconservativeand able. Leavesareclippedfromplantsleavingoverhalfof limiting factorindeterminingwhetherasprayismarket- ( deformities, spots,andinsects.Brownspotdisease of “sprays”andsinglestems.Leavesareinspectedfor color andflattenedsprays.Mostbuyerswantamixture damage. Partialshadeisrequiredforabrightgreen and healthybranches,freeofspots,blemishes,orinsect Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection Oregon wintergreen( fully transplanted. Transplant viability: Phyllostica gaultheriae 70 Canbecultivated.Plantsandseedsare Medicinal:astringentandanti-inflam- Fruit,branches,andleaves. Fruit:fromAugustthroughOctober; Forfloralmarkets,selectgreen G. ovatifolia Smallplantshavebeensuccess- Ell.&Ev.) iscommonlythe Gaultheria humifusa Fairtogooddependingon ). ) and harvester. wholesale commoditymarketsbuygreensdirectlyfrom craft suppliers,herbal,specialty, food,andnursery; Types ofmarkets: tive greenery. Common products: rhea, usedinritualsanddances. sores, teasusedtotreatcoughs,tuberculosisanddiar- with kinnikinnickandsmoked;leavestohealburns chewed ashungersuppressant,leavesdriedandmixed or incakes;tradingandselling;medicinal:youngleaves Indigenous uses: Young (1992) and Thomas(1997),WhitneyYoung and (1990b), USDAForestService(1963,1965),Vance (1998), ThomasandSchumann(1993),Tirmenstein (1993), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Roseetal. Hortus West (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Moore Hickman (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978), Burgett etal.(1989),Cooke(1997),Freed(2000), References ed toeasternteaberry( snowberry israreintheUnitedStatesandcloselyrelat- hispidula collection practices.Creepingsnowberry( Care shouldbetakennottospreaddiseasethrough and plantswithleavesshowingmorefungaldisease. plants inWashington and Oregon,smallersizedplants, for salal.Anecdotalreportsofscarcityharvestable Alaska Nativeshaverequestedlimitedcommercialuse Salal istraditionallyusedbyAmericantribes,and Comments andAreasofConcern source ofwintergreen. ) listedassensitiveinWashington. Creeping Food:fruit,berrieseatenfresh,dried Internationalanddomestic.Floral, Teas anddrieddyeddecora- G. procumbens ), anatural Continued Gaultheria browse. Ecological relations: stable plantcommunities.Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: lower foothillsandnearcoast. mountains; othergentianspeciesincluding Habitat: lupine, andshowysedge. cosa cottonwood, andbogormoistmeadow. silver firzones.Western redcedar, alder, willow, black Associations: locally abundant. tains. Widespread andcommonfor somespecies;others cade Rangetocoast; British ColumbiatoCalifornia,westernslopeofCas- alpine AmericaandEurasia. Range anddistribution: blue 3-4.5cmflowers; ana sceptrum red orwhite;capsule,twovalved,manyseeded. five lobedcorollas,blue,violetpurple,greenish,yellow, cyme orsolitaryflowers,bellfunnelshaped,four whorled, oftenclaspingleaves;inflorescencecompact fleshy rootsorslenderrhizomes;opposite,occasionally United States;annualorperennialherb;simplestems; Description: Ecology GENTI Gentianaceae Gentian Gentiana G. calycosa G. sceptrum : mountainheather, blackhuckleberry, broadleaf Meadows; , 25-100cm,leaves10to15,3-6 Native. About300species,36inWestern Sitkaspruce,westernhemlock,Pacific L. spp. Griseb., Explorer’s gentian-GESA Griseb., King’s gentian-GESC Componentofwell-developed, G. calycosa G. calycosa Deerandelkhavebeenknown to G.calycosa Temperate tosubarcticand Gentiana sceptrum , moistopensitesin : alsotoRockyMoun- , 5-30cm. Gentiana caly- G. sceptrum, :

Genti- from Flowering andfruiting: Biology from JulythroughSeptember, commercially availablefor Cultivation: cuttings; difficulttostart. Vegetative reproduction: Germination infullsunlight. of well-drained,sandysoil,wateredfrombeneath. well. Seedsaresowninautumntoearlyspringontop Seed: through October. and other Gentiana calycosa Abundantseedproducer;seedssmall;disperse Gentiana Can becultivated.Plantsand seedsare species.

Gentiana sceptrum Mayberootedfromstem G. calycosa G. calycosa , G. sceptrum, from July G. sceptrum blooms 71

Plants Plants landscaping plantsandseeds. Types ofmarkets: plants andseed. Common products: medicine. Indigenous uses: scaping. to aiddigestion,andtreatinfection;rockgardenland- ings. anti-inflammatory tonics,beverages,andliqueurflavor- to Europeisawell-knownwildherbusedasbitter, for Common uses: Uses andProducts Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: plants havebeendugup Harvest techniques: for medicinalpurposes. and AreasofConcern Part harvested: Collection wild. Shouldnotbeattempted. Transplant viability: 72 Gentiana species:forimprovingthyroidfunction, Yellow gentian( Allparts,butpleasesee“ Latesummerandearlyfall. Rootsofsomespeciesusedfor Internationalforherbalproducts, Herbaltonicandtincture;garden Planttopsareclipped,whole Difficult totransplantfromthe .” Rhizomesandrootsharvested but notrecommended. Poor;regrowthslow. Gentiana lutea Comments ) native plants “To Watch” list.Donotrecommendwildcrafting. on UnitedPlantSaversNorthAmericanmedicinal Moist habitatshighlysusceptibletodamage. Gentiana sceptrum of concernbytheWorld Wide FundforNature. Yellow gentian( four-parted gentian( ( fringed gentian( Wildlife Service“speciesofconcern.”Macoun’s are listedinOregon.ThelattertwoU.S.Fishand ( ( Glaucous gentian( Comments andAreasofConcern (1997), Williams (1990a,1990b) NRCS (1999),USDAForestService(1988),Whitney MacKinnon (1994),UnitedPlantSavers(2000),USDA (1993), Moerman(1998b),MoorePojarand Cronquist (1978),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1997), DukeHickman(1993),Hitchcockand British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Cooke References ton; Newberry’s gentian( listed assensitive(vulnerableordeclining)inWashing- G. simplex G. plurisetosa G. douglasiana ) arelistedinMontanaasimperiled,and ), andMendocinogentian( ), andslendergentian( G. lutea G. macounii Gentiana glauca , nationalwetlandindicatorspecies. G. propinqua ) islistedasaEuropeanspecies G. newberryi ) andone-floweredgentian ) islistedinIdaho. ), swampgentian ), elegantgentian G. tenella G. setigera Gentiana ) are ) is cuttings andtissueculture. Vegetative reproduction: 2 weeksatabout20-27ºC temperature. capsule. Reproduceseasilyfromseed;germinatein1to Seed: August. Flowering andfruiting: Biology it isdifficulttocontrol. Ecological relations: shade intolerant;cultivatedspeciestolerateshade. become firmlyestablishedaftercolonization.Appears Successional stage: Grows onwell-drained,poor, andalkaline soil. Habitat: noids. bitter-brush, yarrow, sagewort,fescuesandothergrami- Associations: dense stands. m. NativetoeastandcentralEurope.Widely scattered, west, primarilyeastoftheCascadeRange,1200-2000 Range anddistribution: branched. clusters, 1.6-3.2mmwide;inflorescencediffusely with pointedtips;flowersmany, tiny, white,massedin thick root;leavesopposite,narrow, 1.8to10cmlong Description: Ecology GYPA Caryophyllaceae Baby’s breath Gypsophila paniculata Two tofiveblackseedsabout2mmlonginsmall Dry, disturbedareas,pastures,andrangeland. Exotic. Perennialherb,40to80cmtall, DryDouglas-firtypes,ponderosapine, Earlycolonizer;however, can Noxiousweed.Onceestablished, FlowersfromJunethrough Widely overPacificNorth- Forcultivatedvarieties, L. Regeneration afterharvest: flower. Harvest season: clippers. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection cult totransplant. Transplant viability: and isdifficulttocontrol. Cultivation: Can becultivated,butcanreadilyescape Branchingstemswithinflorescenttops. Summer, when plantisinearlytomid Stemsclippedwithknivesor Large taprootmakesplantdiffi- Aslongasrootintact,will Gypsophila paniculata 73

Plants Plants crafts; xericornaturallandscape. Types ofmarkets: and xericlandscapeplant. Common products: Indigenous uses: rangements; wholeplant,ingardensandflowerborders. Common uses: Uses andProducts clipping, duringsameseason. may regrowsecondcrownwithinflorescenceafter readily resproutfollowingseason.Infavorablesites, 74 Floweringstemsasfillerinfloralar- Notknown. Domestic.Freshfloral,andfloral Floral,driedandfreshflowertops USDA NRCS(1999) Antos etal.(1996),BurrillRice(1997), References control. fornia andWashington. Onceestablished,difficult to cially indryclimates.ListedasanoxiousweedCali- scattered atlowelevationsthroughouttheregion,espe- as anornamental;hasescapedcultivationandisnow Eurasian speciesoriginallybroughttotheUnitedStates Gypsophila Comments andAreasofConcern fromLatinmeaning“gypsumloving.”This spread isongoing. Suffrian; researchdirectedtowardcontrollingfurther by theintroducedbeetle, states; hasbeensuccessfullycontrolledinsomeareas listed asanoxiousweedinseveralPacificNorthwest pollinators; toxictolivestock;invaderofdisturbedsites; Ecological relations: Shade intolerant. Successional stage: abandoned fields,roadsides,anddisturbedplaces. Habitat: oxeye daisy, QueenAnne’s lace,aswellnativeherbs. bromes, needlegrassandbluegrass;otherexotics, turbed openingsincludingannualfescues,wildoats, Associations: patches. Rocky Mountains.Weedy; commonlygrowsindense to southernCalifornia;below1500m,PacificCoast Range anddistribution: brown seedslessthan1-mmwithrowsofpits. stamens; flowersbruisered,stainpurple;fruit7-8mm, black-dotted margins,twiceaslargesepals,many dotted; flowersbrightyellow, fivepetals,8-12mmwith edges rolledunder, black-dotted,lowersurfaceclear- base; leavesopposite,lineartooblong,1.5-2.5cm, branched, erectstems0.3-1.2m,rustcolored,woodyat Description: Ecology HYPE Hypericaceae (Clusiaceae) St. John’s wort,Klamathweed Hypericum perforatum Fullsunshineonwell-drainedslopes,pastures, Exotic. Perennialherbfromtaproot;many Various speciesofopengrasslands, dis- Colonizer, earlysuccessional. Flowersattractbeesandother Chrysolina quadrigemina From Tacoma, Washington, L. caution becauseitspreadsrapidly. Transplant viability: available fromvarioussources. Cultivation: invigorates aerialstemgrowth. clipping offloweringtopspromotesrootspreadand mass mayhavemanyabovegroundplants.Occasional root, shortrunnersorrhizomes.Onecreepingroot Vegetative reproduction: percentage. ment for7to14daysat4ºCcanincreasegermination is presentintheseedcapsuleexudate.Also,pretreat- improve germinationcapacity. Agerminationinhibitor Seed: to August;flowersattractivebees. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Copiousseedproduction.Washing seedscan Can becultivated.Seedsarecommercially Canbetransplanted,butexercise Abundant;floweringlateJune Sprouts seasonallyfromtap Hypericum perforatum 75

Plants Plants supplement andherbal. Types ofmarkets: red dye,andextractinalcoholicbeverages. Common products: strength; topreventsterility. sores andvenerealdisease;rootaswashtogiveinfants crushed plantsniffedfornosebleed;milkysubstanceon for bloodyfluxandbowelcomplaint,cough,fever, and (Cherokee andIroquois)usesincludeaninfusiontaken were thoughttocauseillness.IndigenousAmerican for symbolicprotectionagainstthe“evilspirits”that doorways, pinnedontoclothesorkeptunderthepillow commonly asawoundhealer, butwasalsohung over Indigenous uses: antiretroviral activityespeciallyinthepresenceoflight. antiseptic, andforhealingwounds.Reportedtohave inflammatory, antiviral,antibacterial,astringent, tive, forvariousmoodandnervousdisorders,anti- Common uses: Uses andProducts Regeneration afterharvest: June toearlyAugust. Harvest season: cut earlyintheseason,theywillrebloomandseed. mixture ofbudsandblossoms.Iffloweringstemsare clipped inlatespring-earlysummerwhenflowersarea are cleanedofinsectsbeforecollecting.Plants of theplantprovidehighestqualityproduct.Plants Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 76 Usedasanantidepressantandseda- Floweringtops(leavesandflowers). Annually, fromearlytomidbloom, UsedtraditionallyinEuropemost Internationalanddomestic.Dietary Tinctures, oils,capsules,teabags, Theuppermostfloweringstems Good,resilientperennial. References suppliers willnotshiptothesestates. grow to animals,vehicles,andclothes.NOTE:Itisillegal the plantbeyondcultivatedarea.Seedsreadilystick should beundertakenwithcaretopreventthespreadof weed inMontana,Oregon,andWashington. Cultivation species exotictoNorthAmerica,consideredanoxious impact fromharvestmayencouragespread.Aninvasive settled orfarmedareas.Growsindisturbedsites;typical herbicide applicationparticularlynearroadsidesand When collectingwild Comments andAreasofConcern Forest Service(1988),Vance andThomas(1997) Thomas andSchumann(1993),Tilford (1998),USDA (1993), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Rice(1997), (1996), Mizerak(1998),Moerman(1998b),Moore man (1993),HortusWest (1998),LeungandFoster Delfosse (1984),Cooke(1997),EverettHick- Brevoort (1998),Burrilletal.(1996),Campbelland H. perforatum inWashington andMontana;seed Hypericum perforatum , checkfor conifer withworldwidedistribution; Hemisphere; commonjuniper( the temperateandsubtropicalregionsofNorthern Range anddistribution: seeds. bright bluewithwhitishcoat,juicy, resinous,andtwo scalelike leaves1-4mm,mostlyopposite;conesberrylike, brown, furrowedandshredded;slendertwigs;blue-green 6.1-15.3 m,diameterto45cm;barkreddishgray scopulorum bloom, juicy, resinous,twotothreeseeds. gray-green; cones6-10mm,berrylike,blue-blackwitha ing branches;leavesmostlyinthrees1.5mm,scalelike, cm; barkreddishbrown,furrowed,andshredded;spread- heavy limbedtree4.6-9.1m,averagecircumference107 occidentalis red-brown, coveredwithwhite,waxybloom. winged; immature“berries”greenish,ripenblue-blackto fleshy, berrylike; seedsonetothreepercone,flat,un- two tosixperscale;seedcone5-18mm,scalesfusedand needlelike; maleflower, shortcatkin,3-5mm,pollensacs whorled inthreesandsixranked,scaleliketolessoften peeling instrips;leavesoppositeandfour-rankedor Northwest; shrub,tree,generallydioecious;barkthin, occidentalis Hemisphere, 13nativetotheUnitedStates; Description: Ecology JUNIP Cupressaceae Juniper Juniperus tral BritishColumbia,toeastern Washington andOregon; Pacific Northwest,RockyMountains, GreatBasin,cen- most widelydistributedinNorth America;muchof J. scopulorum central, southeastWashington toCalifornia,3048m; J. scopulorum J. occidentalis : shrubtosmalltree,conicalcrownshape; : slowgrowingandlonglived;fullcrowned, and Native. About60speciesintheNorthern : ofjunipersreachingtreesize, itisthe L. spp. J. scopulorum Sarg., RockyMountainjuniper-JUSC2 Hook., Western juniper-JUOC Widely distributedthroughout J. communis mostcommoninthe J. occidentalis Juniperus ) istheonly Juniperus Juniperus :

from Associations: follow RockyMountains. J. scopulorum on range(greatestabundanceincentralOregon); viduals, smallgroups,extensivestandsdepending and California. California juniper( common understoryisbigsagebrush. exposed orseveresiteswithin otherforesttypes;most woodland coniferouszone, complextransitionzonesor grass; big sagebrush,Idahofescue,andbluebunchwheat- uieu cplrmJ. Juniperus scopulorum J. scopulorum : scattered,butconcentrationsgenerally

Juniperus occidentalis Juniperus occidentalis J. californica : componentofthefoothills or ), southwestOregon : ponderosapine, : scatteredindi- occidentalis 77

Plants Plants commercially available. Cultivation: vegetatively; grafting,cutting,andlayeringpossible. Vegetative reproduction: pleted inseveralweeks. tion needed;sowninfallorspring,germinationcom- flotation, andstorequitewell;warmcoldstratifica- seed production;seedsremovedbymaceratingand Seed: second year;remainsontreefor2yearsuntilmature. years old;flowersborneinspring,fruitripensfallof Flowering andfruiting: Biology Habitat: survive lightfires. in thesoilmaygerminate.Somejuniperspeciescan Typically juniperdoesnotresproutafterfire,butseeds usually occurinlargenumbersonlyfirerefugia. In general,junipersarehighlyvulnerabletofireand winter ranges;helpspreventerosiononsteephillsides. fall primarilybybirdsandmammals;browsedonlyon nation sites,shade,andfood;seedsdisseminatedduring Ecological relations: communities. Shadeintolerant. sidered apioneerspeciesinsomeearly-successional ability tosurvivewhereotherspeciescannot,itiscon- and sagebrush-grasslandhabitattypes;becauseofits of climaxinmanyponderosapine,mountainbrushland, and drierconiferhabitattypes; of climaxinmanysagebrush-grassland,shrub-steppe Successional stage: of RockyMountainsandnorthernplains. careous soils,widerangeofsitesindrierlowerfoothills steppe; between ponderosapinecommunitiesandsagebrush plateaus, mostlyonshallow, rockysoils;occursinzone 78 Seedsdispersedinfallusuallybybirds.Good J. scopulorum

Juniperus occidentalis Can becultivated.Plantsand seedsare

Juniperus occidentalis Wildlife cover, nestingandhiber- : open,exposedsites,rockycal- Beginbearingat10to20 Doesnotnaturallyreproduce J. scopulorum : mountainslopesand : indicator : indicator natural environment. Transplant viability: clipped. Indrylocationsregrowthisslow. below clippoint,particularlyifyoungerbranchesare Regeneration afterharvest: time ismidsummer. after theberrieshardenoffbutbeforetheyfall.Best branches anytime.Floralproducts:arepicked Harvest season: to beatleast30cmlong. are harvestedbypruningthebranches.Branchesneed on aplasticgroundcloth.Twigs withfirm,blue berries hitting brancheswithastrongstickandcollectingberries bunches bypruningtwigtips;alsocanberemoved leaves andbranchtipsclipped.Berriescanbepickedin drop offtreetoensurepicking2-year-oldripefruit; and juicy;collectfruitbyhandpickingorafterberries Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection nial paint,anddecorations. colds, analgesic,poulticeforwounds,liniment,ceremo- Indigenous uses: ornamental andforlandscaping. teria, asatonic,forlowbloodsugar;garden ing; cosmetics;insecticides;wholeplant:toinhibitbac- oils usedinmajorfoodcategories,gin,herbalteaflavor- laxative; insoaps,detergents,perfumes;extractsand mas wreathsanddecorations;usedasadiuretic, ture, particleboard,toys,andfirewood;boughs:Christ- Common uses: Uses andProducts Wood: fencing,decks,paneling,furni- Berries,leaves,andbranches. Collectberriesinfall;leavesand Food,gastrointestinalaid,coughs, Berriesarepickedwhendarkblue Doesnottransplantwellfrom Newbranchescansprout Oregon. fivefold from456,000to2.2millionacresineastern frequent. Since1936,juniperforestshaveincreased lands ofeasternOregonwherefirehasbecomeless sidered aninvasivespeciesinsagebrush-stepperange- Natives haverequestedlimitedcommercialuse.Iscon- per istraditionallyusedbyAlaskatribes,and food andsheltersource,itregeneratesslowly. Juni- disease; gatherconservatively;itisimportantwildlife Do notuseduringpregnancyorinpresenceofkidney Comments andAreasofConcern ration materialsandnativelandscapingproducts. and specialtylumber. Domesticmarketsforhomedeco- for holidaygreenery, healthfood,herbal,specialty Types ofmarkets: herbal products,andtransplants. decorations, graveblankets,doorarches,medicinal decorative fruitsandgreens,Christmaswreaths,table Common products: Domesticandinternationalmarkets Specialtylumber, finishwood, (1997), Willard (1992),Young andYoung (1992) (1986a, 1986b),USDAForestService(1974),Whitney (1998b), Schofield(1989),Tilford (1998),Tirmenstein West (1998),LeungandFoster(1996),Moerman man (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978),Hortus Burns andHonkala(1990),Gedneyetal.(1999),Hick- References 79

Plants Plants 80 medicine” basedonobservations ofsickbearseating large animals;flowersattract pollinators.Called“bear Ecological relations: plant communities.Moderatelyshadetolerant. Successional stage: and prairies. marshes, alongstreambanks,sparselywoodedslopes Habitat: and bluegrass. Solomon’s seal,stingingnettle,cow-parsnip,sedges, mixed-coniferous forests.Willow, angelica,false Associations: Cascade andSierraRangestoNevada. Washington, Idaho,BlueMountains, Washington toCaliforniaatlowelevations, Mountains; upto3658m. of theSierras,NevadarangesandalongRocky tains inOregon;mostspeciesringtheGreatBasin,east Columbia, Montana,Idaho,Washington, BlueMoun- Range anddistribution: small oblong,ribbed. cence 5-13cmbroad;flowerswhiteorpinkish;fruit, one tofourpairs,up20.3cmlong;umbelinflores- celery odor;mostlybasalleavespinnatelydividedinto and stout;rootlarge,brown,fibrousatbase,spicy ca andEurasia.Perennialherbto120cm;stemshollow Description: Ecology LIGUS Apiaceae Lovage, osha,licorice-root Ligusticum L. grayi L. canbyi L. apiifolium Celeryleaf lovage-LIAP Wet mountainmeadows,montaneforests, Coult.&Rose,Gray’s lovage-LIGR Coult.&Rose,Canby’s lovage-LICA2 Native. About25speciesinNorthAmeri- True fir, ponderosapine,lodgepole (Nutt.exTorr. &Gray)Gray, L. spp. Midtolatesuccessional;instable Eatenbymoose,deer, andother High elevationsinBritish Ligusticum apiifolium L. grayi L. canbyi in the from in Ligusticum apiifolium Flowering andfruiting: Biology to livestock. the plantandrollinginpatchesofosha.Highlypalatable available forPorter’s lovage( Cultivation: Vegetative reproduction: from seed.Reproductionnaturallypoor Seed: from JulytoSeptember. from MaythroughJuly; Transplant viability: Small,about1-2mminlength.Difficulttostart Can becultivated.Seedsare commercially Nearlyimpossibletotransplant. L. grayi

Ligusticum apiifolium Fromrootdivision. L. porteri and L. canbyi ). L. canbyi flower flowers 81

Plants Plants effects. sensitive toharvest.Consideralternativesforthesame Regeneration afterharvest: cult). before aerialpartsdieback(makingidentificationdiffi- Harvest season: quickly astheyaresusceptibletomold. wet environmentissensitivetoimpact.Rootsaredried healthy patches.Patchesareapproachedcarefullyasthe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection and medicinal. Types ofmarkets: essential oils. Common products: tions. Indigenous uses: odorants; parsleysubstitute. ing, upperrespiratoryinfections,herbalbathsandde- Common uses: Uses andProducts 82 Antiviral,expectorant,toinducesweat- Root. Afterflowershavegonetoseedbut Colds,sorethroats,andsinusinfec- Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Teas, tinctures,capsules,and Rootsaredugconservativelyfrom Oshaanditshabitatare West. About 18speciesoccurinthemountainrangesof Comments andAreasofConcern (1999), Willard (1992) (2000), USDAForestService(1988),NRCS Schofield (1989),Tilford (1993),UnitedPlantSavers (1993), Niehaus(1976),RossandChambers(1988), Hortus West (1998),MedicineRoots(2001),Moore Hickman (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978), References Savers NorthAmericanmedicinalplants“AtRisk”list. and IntermountainRegions. on NationalForestSystemlandsintheNorthwestern System landsandcollectionorharvestisnotpermitted lands. NopermitsarebeingissuedonNationalForest imposed onharvestorremovalfromMontanaState of thesevenwildmedicinalplantsunderamoratorium when collecting;osharesemblespoisonhemlock.One ingly rare;suggestfindingalternatives.Usecaution habitat loss, nese Ligusticum Ligusticum Ligusticum herbs.Becauseofmarketpressureand species isbeingsubstitutedforChi- speciesarebecomingincreas- Ligusticum onUnitedPlant are pollinatorattractors,amongfirsttobloominspring. by rodents,bears,bighornsheep,deer, andelk;flowers forage plant,sometimesupperpartsandrootsareeaten Ecological relations: exposed rockysoil.Shadeintolerant. community, butcanbecolonizerafterdisturbance on Successional stage: and meadowsteppe. Habitat: wheatgrass, andfescue. rowleaf balsamroot,yarrow, penstemon,bluebunch hawthorn, commonsnowberry, bigsagebrush,ar- sagebrush, shrub-steppezones.Ponderosapine,black Associations: 3000 m.Largestands,butwidelyseparated. sporadically fromCaliforniatoWestern Canada;150- eastern Washington andsouthernOregontoColorado; Range anddistribution: fruits 12-16mm;seedslarge,flatoval,slightlywinged. ed, fernlike,15-35cmwide;flowersyelloworpurple; bracts ofumbelletsnarrow;basal,leaves,finelydissect- extending wellabovefoliage;umbelinflorescence, Description: Ecology LODI Apiaceae lomatium Desert parsley, fern-leaved Lomatium dissectum Mathias &Constance Wooded orbrushy, rockyslopes, dryhillsides, Native. Perennialherb;30-140cm;stalks DryDouglas-fir, ponderosapine,juniper- Partofestablishedprairieplant Largetaprootstabilizessoil; Mainly theGreatBasin, (Nutt.) ing; difficulttopropagate;do nottransplantwell. “long cells”toincreaserootsystemsbeforetransplant- Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: ous portionsoftheroot. Vegetative reproduction: pretreatment forfullgermination. into greenhousetodry. Multicyclegerminator; needs before fullydriedtoavoidbeetlesdrillingseed.Bring Seed: April throughJune. Flowering andfruiting: Biology var . eatonii Reproductionprimarilybyseed.Collectseed Canbecultivated.Seedsarecommercially Lomatium dissectum Young plantscanbeputinto Bloomsinearlyspring,from Canreproducefromtuber- var . multifidum 83

Plants Plants root crownleft,canregeneratefromroot. Regeneration afterharvest: is easiesttimetoidentify). Harvest season: and digearlierintheyear. sure rootcrownsarereplanted.Easiertofind,identify southern Oregon.Ifitiscollectedforpersonaluse,be Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection nal andherbal,dietarysupplement. Types ofmarkets: Common products: Native Americans. shoots consideredpoisonousbyOkanoganandColville ture topsandrootsconsideredpoisonous,purple root chewedforsorethroat;youngshootseaten;ma- Pounded rootsappliedtoopencuts,sores,andbruises; ples. Rootcombinedwithtobaccoforsinustrouble. and totreattuberculosis,arthritis,dandruff,pim- Indigenous uses: substitute inallergenicdiets. tions; starchyrootstockhasbeenusedasflour bial, immunostimulant,forrespiratoryandskininfec- Common uses: Uses andProducts 84 Asanantiviral,expectorant,antimicro- Root. Latespring,summer, earlyfall(spring Infusionofroottoincreaseappetite, Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Medicinalandherbal. Donotcollectcommerciallyin Ifenoughofrootand “At Risk”list. United PlantSaversNorthAmericanmedicinalplants listed asrareandimperiled. in Idaho,SalmonRiverlomatium( geyeri 12 Pacific NorthwestRegionoftheUSDAForestService, tion ofall Regions oftheUSDAForestService,removalorcollec- tana Statelands.InNorthwesternandIntermountain moratorium imposedonharvestorremovalfromMon- risk. Oneofthesevenwildmedicinalplantsundera Northwest; manyofthemaresensitive,rare,andat creasing. ThereareseveraldozenspeciesinthePacific during harvest;slowgrowing.Consumerdemandin- Loose, rockygrowingsitecanbeheavilyimpacted Comments andAreasofConcern vice (1988) 1998), UnitedPlantSavers(2000),USDAForestSer- (1976), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Tilford (1993, (1998), MizerakMoore(1993),Niehaus (1993), HitchcockandCronquist(1978),HortusWest et al.(1991),FranklinandDyrness(1973),Hickman British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Craighead References Lomatium ) islistedinMontanaascriticallyimperiled,and Lomatium speciesarelisted.Geyer’s lomatium( speciesisnotpermitted.Inthe Lomatium dissectum L. salmoniflorum on L. ) is human-livestock intrusionintowetlands. provides stream-edgeprotection andbuffertoprevent cape, andthermalcoverfor variousbirdsandrodents; shade coverforsalmonidfishes andeggs;hiding,es- lightly bydeerandelk;leaves eatenbyslugs;provides spring andfruitinsummereatenbybears;browsed Ecological relations: fill inalluvialopenings.Shadetolerant. Successional stage: drained seepagesites,andavalanchetracks. Habitat: vanillaleaf, westerntrillium,ladyfern,andbedstraw. Alaska huckleberry, salmonberry, vinemaple;deerfoot redcedar, Alaska-cedar, westernhemlock,Douglas-fir; hemlock, westernhemlockzones.Sitkaspruce, Associations: may formnearlypure,densestands. tions, below1525m.Incool,moist,shadedhabitats and upperpeninsulaofMichigan;lowtomiddleeleva- Montana, alsosparselydistributedasfareastOntario west slopeoftheCascadeRange,easttoIdahoand Range anddistribution: with twotothreeseeds. red, flattenedshinyberries,5-8mm,inlargeclusters, numerous incompactpyramidalterminalclusters;bright spines onunderside;flowerssmall,5-6mm,whitish, nine sharplypointedandtoothedlobes,numerous across, maple-leafshape,prominentveins,sevento spines upto1cmlong;leavesalternate,35 unbranched butoftenentangled,denselargeyellowish ous shrub,1-3m;stems1-4cmthick,crooked,almost Description: Ecology OPHO Araliaceae Devil’s club Oplopanax horridum Moistwoods,alongstreams,wetbutwell- Native. Erecttoslightlyspreadingdecidu- Sitkaspruce,Pacificsilverfir, mountain Midtolatesuccessional,will Emergentleavesandstemsin Alaska toOregon,eastand (Smith) Miq. into well-drainedpottingmix; keepmoistandcool. zontal brancheswithatleast oneleafbudscar;stick should betakeninlatespring. Take cuttings fromhori- through layering.To vegetativelypropagate,cuttings Vegetative reproduction: 1 yearold. well drainedpottingsoil.Seedlingstransplantafter autumn. Requiresmoistshadyconditionsandrich, Seed: 4 weekslaterandremainoverwinter. summer fromJunethroughAugust,fruitsripenabout Flowering andfruiting: Biology Seedscollectedfromripefruitandsownin Flowersinlatespringtomid Regeneratesnaturally Oplopanax horridum 85

Plants Plants shaded gardens. creasingly usedasaspecialtyornamentalspeciesin stimulant; onlytheyoungspringshootsareedible.In- ing andlowerbloodsugar, expectorant andrespiratory Common uses: Uses andProducts is greaterthan100m attached stempiecesinthegroundaspossible.Ifpatch outer edgesofpatches.Asmanytruerootsareleftwith Harvest techniques: layered stems,berries,andleaves. Part harvested: Collection habitat byusingrootedstemcuttings. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: initiates newshootgrowth. Regeneration afterharvest: spring. Harvest season: harvested. is leftundisturbeduntilregrowthreplacesamount of patchisharvested.Afterbeingharvested,a monitoring showsotherwise,nomorethan20percent extensively distributedasinareasfarthernorth.Until and southernWashington whereDevil’s clubisnotas acceptable butproceedcautiously, especiallyinOregon 86 Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Astringent,cathartic,toinducesweat- Rootbarkorwholeroots,aerialand Latesummer-earlyfall.Occasionally 2 Stemharvestingconcentratedon , interiorpatchharvestingismore Transplants wellintoappropriate Good,damagetostems Whitney (1997) and Schumann(1993),Vance andThomas(1997), (1994), Roorbach(1999),Roseetal.(1998),Thomas berg (1993),MoorePojarandMacKinnon (1978), HortusWest (1998),Howard(1993), Krucke- (1997), Gardenbed(2000),HitchcockandCronquist British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Cooke References al ForestinAlaska. mercial harvestisnotpermittedontheTongass Nation- Devil’s clubislistedasthreatenedinMichigan.Com- southern range,whereitislimitedtomoistdraws. areas shouldbeavoided.CentralOregonmarksits easily damagedhabitats.Riverbanksandothersensitive its popularityincreases.Thisspeciesmaybefoundin Devil’s clubhasthepotentialtobeoverharvestedas Comments andAreasofConcern markets. al andmedicinal.Primarilydomesticforlandscape Types ofmarkets: and driedforteaherbaltinctures,freshtinctures. Common products: and dyes. tonic; protectivecharmsandbodypaint;fishinglures used today),medicinaltea,poultice,andliniment;hair arthritis, ulcers,digestivetractailments,diabetes(still are themajorpartusedformanyailments,including one ofthemostimportantallmedicinalplants.Roots and indigenouspeopleofthenorthPacificcoastitis Indigenous uses: Extensivelyused;toAlaskanatives Internationalanddomestic;herb- Dietarysupplement,bulkmilled September. Theseedmayremainviablefordecades. Flowering andfruiting: Biology intensity fire. from therootcrownafterlow-ormoderate- disturbed sites.Cansproutfrombudsonthetaprootor sidered animportantforage.Canbeusedtorevegetate moose. Occasionallybrowsedbylivestockbutnotcon- Ecological relations: establish inopenings.Shadetolerant. Successional stage: ings, andclearings. Habitat: pinegrass. cup beadlily, heartleafarnica,meadowrue, and dogwood, huckleberry, ninebark,sweet-cicely, queen- mountain maple,snowberry, bunchberry fir zones.Hemlock,westernredcedar, lodgepolepine, Associations: shrub inmanyhabitattypes. throughout mountainousforestsoftheWest. Dominant Columbia, RockyMountains;600-2000m.Common Range anddistribution: mostly white,ovalcapsules. small andmaroon,inclustersalongbranches;fruit leathery, toothedmargins, anddarklyevergreen; flowers tall; ovaltoelongateleaves,opposite,1-3cmlong, Description: Ecology PAMY Celastraceae False box,Oregonboxwood Pachistima myrsinites Shadedplaces,densewoods,alsorockyopen- Native. Low, evergreen shrubto60cm Subalpinefir, Engelmannspruce,grand Earlytolatesuccession.Will Goodbrowsefordeer, elk, and FruitsfromJunethrough Northern MexicotoBritish Raf. disturbance. method, thereislessriskof forestgroundcoverandsoil intrusive procedureistotake stemcuttings.With this Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: duces naturallyfromlayering. cuttings. Stemcuttingsaretakeninearlyfall.Repro- Vegetative reproduction: dormancy. from seedbankinsoil.Mayneedstratificationtobreak long period.Someseedlingestablishmentmayoccur Seed: Dispersedbygravity. Seedsretainviabilityfor Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Althoughtransplantable,a less Easilyreproducedfrom Pachistima myrsinites 87

Plants Plants Domestic forflorist,landscaping, andnursery. ished floralandcraftproducts andbulkrawmaterials. Types ofmarkets: plant. Common products: ailments. kidney troubles.To healbrokenbonesandinternal Indigenous uses: ground cover. spots, therebymakingitidealforanornamentaland easily shapedandadaptswelltobothsunnyshady rangement, preservedanddriedcrafts.Wholeplant stitute forevergreenhuckleberryandsalalinfloralar- Common uses: Uses andProducts on asingleolderstem. made. Oftenmultiplenewstemsgrowfromharvestcut growth willdevelopwhereharvestcutshavebeen to becollectedonanalternateyearschedule.New favorable, regrowthmaybesufficientforplantfoliage slowly inthewild.Ifplantandgrowingconditionsare Regeneration afterharvest: hardened, beforenewgrowthbeginsinspring. Harvest season: rooting cuttingsarerefrigerateduntilstuckforrooting. bundles weighing40to60lbs.Stemtipsclippedfor and weighsslightlylessthan1lb.Handsareplacedin of branchescalleda“hand”contains26to28pieces sharp clippers.Stemsmustbe40-45cmlong.Abunch than 25percentoftotalfoliageplantareclippedwith Harvest techniques: to obtainbestprices. that arefreeoffruit-flowers.Leavesmustbedarkgreen Part harvested: Collection 88 Branchesforfloraldecorations,asub- Leafyfanlikebranches60-75mlong Latesummer-fallwhenleaveshave Tea forcolds,tuberculosis,and Internationalanddomestic forfin- Floralgreeneryandlandscape Selected branchesfromnomore Regrowthoccurs,but Forest Service(1963) (1993), Roseetal.(1998),Snyder(1991),USDA Hickman (1993),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg Antos etal.(1996),FranklinandDyrness(1973), References Patches of Comments andAreasofConcern industry. depleted byharvestofbranchesandleavesforfloral Pachistima near urbancentershavebeen “felt.” for bees.Goldfincheslinenestswiththeunderleaf Early bloomingflowersprovidefirstnectarofseason and provideshabitatforanimalsincludingsalamanders. plant withlargeleaves,ithelpstokeepthegroundmoist Ecological relations: ately shadetolerant. Successional stage: and inmoist,openmeadows. along embankments,streams;alsofoundinclearcuts Habitat: allies, Brewer’s mitrewort,foamflower, andhorsetail. Big-leaf maple,vinealder, maple,fernsand Associations: pure stands. low tomidelevations.Patchydistribution;maygrowin Range anddistribution: hairless achenes.Floweringstemsgrowbeforeleaves. 2-7 mm,diskflowerswhitetopinkish,3-5mm;fruits, ers inflat-toppedclusters,rayflowerscreamywhite, above, whitewoollybelow;umbelinflorescence;flow- palmately lobedandveined,coarselytoothed,hairless numerous stems20-60cm;basalleaves,to40cmwide, Description: Ecology PEFRP Asteraceae Coltsfoot, palmatecoltsfoot Petasites var. Smallforestopenings,generallymoistsoil, palmatus

Native. Perennialherb,fromrhizome; Pacificsilverfir, westernhemlockzones. frigidus Earlytolatesuccessional.Moder- Plantseatenbyelk;asariparian Circumboreal, widespreadat (Ait.) Cronq. (L.) Fries Transplant viability: Seeds arecommerciallyavailable for commercially availablefor Cultivation: division ofrhizome. Vegetative reproduction: required toseparatetheseedfromchaff. Seed: fruits midtolatesummer. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Collectbeforetheseedsturntofluff;timeis Canbecultivated.Plantsand seedsare Canbetransplanted. FlowersfromApriltoJune, Petasites frigidus Easytopropagatefrom Petasites frigiduspalmatus P. frigidus var . palmatus . 89 .

Plants Plants and dietarysupplement. Types ofmarkets: and poultice. Common products: sores, andtohelpsootheitching. stuffing withduckfeathers.Rootsappliedtoboils, herb oras“sauerkraut.”Seedheadsusedformattress Young leavesandstemseatenassalad,cookedpot- of leavesforcolds,andheadorchestcongestion. Indigenous uses: salt obtainedfromburnedashes. tobacco substitute-additive.Usedasafacialcompress; dates nervepain).Stems,leaves,androotsedible; sedative, andtopicalfirstaid(anti-inflammatory, se- Common uses: Uses andProducts Leaves regenerateafterspring. harvest goodifrootcrownandrhizomesleftintact. Regeneration afterharvest: leaves. Rootharvestedinspring. Harvest season: riparian areas. Roots aredugcarefully. Avoid collectinginsensitive a serratedknife.Stemsarepluckedatgroundlevel. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 90 Coughmedicine,antispasmodic,nerve Leaves,stems,androots. MidJunetolateAugustforstemsand Tobacco orsnuff additive,infusion Internationalanddomestic.Herbal Tincture, smokingmixture,tea, Leavesarecutfromstemswith Regenerationfromstem is listedascriticallyimperiled. commonly referredtoas“butterbur.” companies useimportedEuropeanspecies.Therootis rolizidine alkaloids,apotentiallivertoxin;somelocal straint, ifatall.Usecautiously;containstracesofpyr- and Oregon,wildharvestshouldbeconductedwithre- Idaho. Although ties. Arrowleafcoltsfoot( readily; becauseofthis,difficulttodistinguishvarie- In Montana,sweetcoltsfoot( Idaho ascriticallyimperiled;itshould Coltsfoot ( Comments andAreasofConcern (1993) (1989), ThomasandSchumann(1993),Toogood and MacKinnon(1994),Saunders(1976),Schofield (1998), Moore(1993),MunzandKeck(1959),Pojar (1998), Kruckeberg(1993),Miller(1988),Mizerak Brill andDean(1994),Hickman(1993),HortusWest References Petasites frigidus Petasites P. sagittatus isnotlistedinWashington var. P. frigidus Petasites palmatus ) isalsolistedin not hybridizes var. beharvested. ) islistedin nivalis ) POMU Dryopteridaceae Western swordfern millions ofsporesthatcancolonize burnsites. rhizomes afterfire.Asingleplantalsocanproduce bear. Swordfernsproutsfromwoodyunderground Ecological relations: stages. growth andpersistenceinmid-tolate-successional Successional stage: greatest inouteredgesofriparianzones. Habitat: huckleberry. berry, salal,dwarfOregongrape,andevergreen wood forest.Douglas-fir, redalder, vinemaple,salmon- and Pacificsilverfirzones.Alsomixed-conifer/hard- Associations: tions. Commonandwidespread. ington tonorthernIdahoMontana;lowmideleva- Range anddistribution: attached. gin; indusiumroundwithfringedmargins,centrally sori large, circular, halfwaybetween midveinandmar- spine tips,withsmalllobepointingforwardatbottom; nate, 3-15cm,pointed,sharptoothedwithincurved erect toarching,50-180cm,oncepinnate,leafletsalter- rhizome; leaves,stipedry-scaly, bladelanceshaped, erect leavesformingacrownfromstout,woody, scaly Description: Ecology Polystichum munitum K. Presl. Moistforests,woodedhillsides,andslopes; Native. Large,to1.5m,evergreenwith PrimarilySitkaspruce,westernhemlock Maybepresentinall,butbest Forageforelk,deer, andblack Alaska toCalifornia,Wash- (Kaulfuss) Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: through divisionofrhizome. Vegetative reproduction: Seed: near maturitybylateJuly. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Spores. Can becultivated.Plantsare commercially Transplants well. FrondsunrollbyMay;spores Limited,butcanoccur Polystichum munitum 91

Plants Plants and restorationmarkets. for floralandcrafts.Smalldomesticlandscaping Types ofmarkets: fresh flowerarrangements. Common products: gynecological aid,flooring,andbedding. ovens, dermatologicalaid,burndressing,sorethroats, Indigenous uses: tive; edible(youngfronds);andgardenlandscaping. Common uses: Uses andProducts time. 50 percentofthenewfrondsareharvestedatanyone Regeneration afterharvest: heads) inearlyspring. in spring,tipswillwilt.Edibleyoungfronds(fiddle- Harvest season: must have52frondbladesstackedflatandevenly. sect damageanddirt65-70cmlong;allbunches cases whenpresentarefirm.Allfrondsfreeofin- underside ofthefrondhasfewornosporecases.Spore over thefinger. Frondsmustbegreenandhealthy. The small, curvedknifethatisattachedtoaringfits Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 92 Inflowerarrangements,asadecora- Fronds(leafblade). Year-round, butifharvestedtooearly Edible,cooking,protectivelayerin Internationalanddomesticmarkets Floral backgroundorfillerfor Frondsarecutbyusingaspecial Good whenlessthan found. permitted ontheWillamette NationalForestwhereitis mon swordfernresemblesthisspecies;collectingnot Range ofOregonislistedasimperiled.Themorecom- Service (1963,1965),Vance andThomas(1997) (1989), ThomasandSchumann(1993),USDAForest man (1998b),PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Seda (1978), HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Moer- (1989a), Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCronquist British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Crane References ( properties areknown.Californiaswordfern eaten unlessidentificationiscertainandthecarcinogenic Some speciesoffernarecarcinogenic;shouldnotbe Comments andAreasofConcern Polystichum californicum ), foundintheCascade tors; rhizomesaresoilaerators. Ecological relations: disturbance. Moderatelyshadetolerant. Successional stage: forest edges. Habitat: oxeye daisy. roadside herbs;fieldmint,St.John’s wort,thistle,and spruce zone.Widely associatedwithmoistmeadowand Associations: under 2400m.Widely scattered. Range anddistribution: September. Flowering andfruiting: Biology America; var. Prunella vulgaris upper liphooded,lowerfringed;fruitsfournutlets. ed intwo-lippedtube,petalsfusedinto 2-6.5 cm;flowerspurplishtopink,1-2cm,sepalsunit- smooth orobscurelytoothed;inflorescencebract, 2-7 cm,1-4cmwide,ovaltolanceshaped,margins site, few, lowerpetioled,5-30mm,uppersubsessile, ing, squareincrosssection,unbranched;leavesoppo- stems solitaryorclustered,erecttospreadingreclin- rooted fromashortrhizomeorstembase;10-50cm; Description: Ecology PRVU Lamiaceae Selfheal Prunella vulgaris Moistroadsides,clearings,fields,lawns,and Native andexotic.Perennialherb,fibrous, vulgaris Mostforests;treelessareasinSitka var. Earlysuccessional,colonizerafter Forage;flowersattractpollina- isintroducedfromEurasia. lanceolata FromMaythrough Global; lowtomidelevations, L. isnativetoNorth pulling theroots.Donotdamage rootswhileharvesting. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection plants. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: spring. seed. Sowseedinneutral-basicsoilmidtolate Vegetative reproduction: once mature. Seed: Seeddispersalinfall,tinyseedsdispersequickly Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Allabovegroundparts. Stemsarecutatbasewithout Goodforseedlingsandyoung Typically grownbestfrom Prunella vulgaris 93

Plants Plants medicinal, andnutraceutical. Types ofmarkets: ment, andsalves. Common products: fevers, andbackeyewashforhorses. and skininflammations,asaheartmedicine,toreduce Indigenous uses: burns, wounds,andirritations. in severalall-purposesalves,ointments,andlotionsfor diuretic, andanti-tumorcompound.Medicinalingredient wounds, anti-inflammatory;containsursolicacid,a Common uses: Uses andProducts may resproutthefollowingyearifroot-rhizomeintact. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: 94 Medicinal,astringent,tonic,healing Gatherwhileblooming. Asaskinointment,totreatboils Internationalanddomestic.Herbal, Teas, capsules, driedherb,oint- Generallypooralthough 1998) (1976), PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Tilford (1993, Hortus West (1998),Moerman(1998b),Niehaus Hickman (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978), Franklin andDyrness(1973),Gardenbed(2000), References ly growsinassociationwithweedyspecies. where herbicidesmayhavebeensprayedasitcommon- near roads,asitabsorbstoxiccompounds;usecaution Avoid soilcompressioninmarshyareas;avoidgathering Comments andAreasofConcern viving rhizomesresultinbracken fernbeinganeffective fern toresproutafterfire.Wind-borne sporesandsur- dry frondseachfall.Deeply buriedrhizomesallowthe promotes firesbyproducing ahighlyflammablelayerof decomposing litter. Brackenfernisadaptedtofireand cover forbirdsandsmallmammals;insecthabitatin Ecological relations: intolerant. turbance. Inearly-successionalcommunities.Shade Successional stage: to wetforests,openanddisturbedsites. Habitat: Sitka valerian,fireweed,andgrasses. ponderosa pine;salal,redhuckleberry, thimbleberry, hemlock zones.EastofCascadeRange,Douglas-fir, Associations: widespread. Alaska toCalifornia,Colorado;cosmopolitanand Range anddistribution: continuous, indusiumnotevident. round toothed,marginsrolledunder;sorimarginal, sively reducedandlanceshaped;ultimatesegments site, lowestpairbroadlytriangular, upperonesprogres- than theblades;leaflets10ormorepairs,mostlyoppo- hairy; stipesstout,strawcoloredtogreenish,longer hairy; leafbladestriangular, twotothreetimespinnate, uous, to3m,sometimesup5m;rhizomesspreading, Description: Ecology PTAQ Dennstaedtiaceae fern Bracken fern,westernbracken Pteridium aquilinum var. Various habitats,meadows,roadsides,dry pubescens Native. Frondslarge, solitary, erect,decid- Western hemlockandPacificsilverfir Colonizer, invasivefollowingdis- Elkanddeereatnewfronds; Coast tosubalpineelevations. L. Underw. (L.) Kuhn of fernfrond)andrhizome. Part harvested: Collection Propagation bydivisionmostsuccessful. Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: tive byrhizomes. Vegetative reproduction: 5.5 to7.5. germinate bestat1to2ºCandinsoilpHrangeof spores, butgerminationincultureiscommon.Spores plants havebeenfoundinthewildthatstartfrom Seed: March andearlyMay. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Allelopathic. phosphorus andcontributestopotassiumcycling. postfire colonizer. Rhizomes effective atmobilizing Sporeproductiondiffers fromyeartoyear. Few Can becultivated.Plantsarecommercially Fiddlehead(tightlycoilednew growth Good,bestwithyoungplants. Frondsemergebetween Mostregenerationisvegeta- Pteridium aquilinum 95

Plants Plants markets fordriedanddyedfloralcraftproducts. processed fiddleheads,particularlyJapan.Domestic Types ofmarkets: cuisine. als. Young shoots,culinarydishesbasedonoriental Common products: inally. Fronds:towrapfishandascampbedding. and peeledrhizomesusedforastarch,alsomedic- sprouts eaten(sparingly);bronchitisremedy. Roasted rheumatism. Protectivelayersinovens,rhizomesand decoctions madeforvariousailments,tuberculosis, Indigenous uses: pollution. potential sourceofinsecticides;indicatoracidrain and herbalremedy, andrhizomestarchforconfections; and rhizomeshavebeenusedforbrewingbeer, food Common uses: Uses andProducts season ifrootcrownleftintact. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: be firm.Allfrondsarefreeofinsectdamageanddirt. few ornosporecases.Sporecasewhenpresentmust and healthy. Theundersideofthefrondgenerallyhas resprout buriedintheground.Frondsmustbegreen Rhizomes arecarefullydugfromsoilleavingportionsto Harvest techniques: 96 Food,floral,andornamental.Fronds Spring. Young shoots,tonic,antiemetic, Internationalmarketforfreshand Frondsarecutfromrhizomes. Preserved anddyedcraftmateri- Will resproutthefollowing pearance amongfernspecies,knowspeciesbeingeaten. ern NorthAmerica.Fiddleheadsmaybesimilarinap- ostrich fern( Commercially soldediblefiddleheadsprimarilyfrom sources wefoundrecommendeatingthisplant. side asubstancereportedtobepotentcarcinogen. Land Management(1999) (2001), USDAForestService(1963),USDIBureauof and MacKinnon(1994),Seda(1989),USDAARS (1978), HortusWest (1998),Moerman(1998b),Pojar (1973), Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCronquist Cooke (1997),Crane(1990a),FranklinandDyrness References severe deficiencyofvitaminB livestock inquantity;containsthiaminase,whichleadto All portionsoffern,bothgreenanddried,aretoxicto Comments andAreasofConcern Matteuccia struthiopteris 1 ; alsocontainsptaquil- ) foundineast- No ern CaliforniatoAlaska. Range anddistribution: remaining ontop. the endofsidebranches;hipspurplishredwithsepals flowers pinkandlarge,4-8cmacross,bornesinglyat five- toseven-toothedleaflets,slightlyhairyunderneath; attached sepals. dular stalks;fruit,orhips,orangetoscarletwithout cm across,bornesinglyattheendofbranchesonglan- smooth onbothsides;flowers,palepinktorose,1-2 stems, compoundleaves,five-tonine-toothedleaflets, smaller, flowersfive-petaled. to domesticatedroses.Wild roseleaves andflowersare Description: Ecology ROSA5 Rosaceae Wild rose Rosa ately shadetolerant. communities andforestopenings. Intoleranttomoder- open shrubandgrasslands, persists inestablishedplant Successional stage: woods. open shrubwetlands. Cascade Range;occursinuplandwoodedregionsor nutkana Habitat: arnica, andwoodviolet. oceanspray, whitehawkweed,groundsel,heartleaf pine, Oregonwhiteoak;snowberry, shinyleafspirea, mixed-conifer/hardwood forests.Douglas-fir, ponderosa Associations: common. 2000 m; R. nutkana R. gymnocarpa : drytomoisthabitatsbothwestandeastofthe L. spp. R. nutkana Moistflats,forests,andshrublands. Native. Perennialshrubthatlookssimilar Open-conifershrub,prairiegrass,and Presl., Nootkarose-RONU Rosa nutkana below700m,scatteredandlocally Nutt., Baldhiprose-ROGY Primarilyinearly-successional Rosa gymnocarpa Rosa gymnocarpa Pacific Northwest,west- Rosa gymnocarpa : leavescompoundwith : moisttodry below Rosa : bristly oagmoap R. Rosa gymnocarpa Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: cuttings of sprouts formtherootcrown.Cansemihardwood offshoots fromparentroottransplanteasily;plant Vegetative reproduction: cleaned seedsbeforetheydryout. effective meansforpropagatingrosesistosowfreshly slowly, over-winterstratification helps.Oneofthemost Seed: are retainedoverwinteronplant. July; fruitsdeveloplatesummerintofall.Fruitsoften Flowering andfruiting: Biology off-site colonizers. Sprout frombothrootcrownsandrhizomesare bees. Well adaptedtolow-medium-severityfires. insects. Theflowersattractpollinatorsincludinghoney rose bushesprovidehabitatforvariousanimalsand other animalsbrowserosehips.Thickstandsofwild Ecological relations: Seedsdispersedbyanimals.germinate R. gymnocarpa Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Birds,deer, coyotes,bears,and Smallshrubscanbetransplanted. FlowersfromMaythrough . For Rosa nutkana nutkana , small var . hispida 97

Plants Plants products. botanical crafts,andingredient invariousherbal vitamin supplement,hot,cold beverages,syrups,jellies, hips forvitaminC,tabletsandcapsules,herbalteas, Common products: fruit. made fromhips,sometimesincombinationwithother from hipsandpetalsoftheNootkarose.Jellysyrup and swelling.TheNinilchikpeopleofAlaskamaketea were chewedandputoninsectbitestoalleviatepain cleanses peopleaftercontactwiththedead.Roseleaves ka roseoffersprotectionfromanybadinfluencesand food wasavailable.TheinteriorSalishbelievetheNoot- eyewash. Hipswereusuallyonlyeatenwhennoother Indigenous uses: decoratives, andpotpourri. tion, anti-inflammatory;rosehips:beverages,jellies, ing herbalteas,digestion,dermatitis,urinarytractinfec- plant partsofferdifferinglevelsofeffectiveness;sooth- Common uses: Uses andProducts after clipping. Regeneration afterharvest: collected inearlyspring. and flowersgatheredearlytomidsummer. Barkisbest have fallenandthehipsturnedbrightred.Buds Harvest season: the plant. fully collectingtheserootswillnotpermanentlyharm around thebaseofshrubtofindasideroot.Care- off withasharpknife.Rootbarkiscollectedbydigging ing shearstoharvestyoungstems,andbarkispeeled clipped. Barkisharvestedbyusingasharppairofprun- Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 98 Leavesandstems:astringent,different Flowers,fruits,bark,androots. Rosehipsgatheredafterthepetals Tonics, smokingpowder, andan Majorcommercialsourceofrose Flowersandfruits(hips)are Stemsreadilyresprout R. nutkana also arepopularforsimilarusesas cluster rose( sii rose speciesintheirregion.Wood’s rose( tives haverequestedlimitedcommercialusefornative traditionally usedbyAmericantribes,andAlaskaNa- plants withsimilaruses.However, wildrosespeciesare Rosa Comments andAreasofConcern craft. Food, herbal,nutraceutical,healthcare,andfloral Types ofmarkets: (1992) Russell (1994),Tilford (1998),Young andYoung and Foster(1996),Reed(1993b),Roseetal.(1998), (1993), HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),Leung Cooke (1997),FranklinandDyrness(1973),Hickman References ) widelydistributedeastoftheCascadeRangeand speciescansubstitutewellforotherlesscommon . R. pisocarpa Internationalanddomestic. ) westoftheCascadeRange R. gymnocarpa Rosa wood- and pollinated bybees. projects. Minorproducerof pollenandnectar;primarily habitat anderosioncontrol and usedinrestoration Seed dispersedbybirdsandmammals;providesnesting and otherbirds.Deer, elkbrowseleavesandberries. various wildlife;fruitsimportantforbear, grouse,quail, Ecological relations: intolerant. disturbed sites,decreasesascanopycloses.Shade Vigorously invadesandcolonizesmanytypesof Successional stage: ravines, bluffs,andstreambanks,ontalus. mountain slopes,clearingsorbordersinborealforests, Habitat: spirea, andserviceberry. conifer, cedar, blackcottonwood,tremblingaspen, Associations: thickets. mid elevations.Commonandlocallyabundant,dense drier eastsideoftheCoastandCascadeRanges;lowto North AmericaandEurasia;thecommonspecieson Range anddistribution: purple whenmature. lets (berry),pinkandhardasimmature,redorpinkish flowers inclusterofonetofour;fruitisseveraldrupe- nately compoundinleafletsofthreetofive;smallwhite liating yellowbrownbark;leavesarealternateandpin- prickly (mainpricklesnothooked)withshredded,exfo- thicket-forming shrub,0.5-3m;woodystemsbristlyor Description: Ecology RUID Rosaceae Red raspberry Rubus idaeus Moistordrywoodstoopenandoftenrocky Native. Deciduous,erectorarching, Grandfir, Douglas-firzones.Mixed Pioneerorearlysuccessional. Providesforageandcoverfor L. Over muchoftemperate sometimes roots. Part harvested: Collection transplanted. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: leaf budcuttings. Vegetative reproduction: lows late-summerorearly-fallsowingofscarifiedseeds. about 70to90percent.Bestgerminationusuallyfol- can remainviablefor60to100years.Seedgermination tion slow, requiresbothwarmandcoldstratification; varies annuallyaccordingtoclimateandage;germina- Seed: crop. important informationofwell-shapedfruitandagood Attractive tobees.Honey-beepollinationisconsidered July, fruitssoonafter, fromJulythroughSeptember. Flowering andfruiting: Biology ssp . idaeus Producesanabundanceofseed,butproduction Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Usuallyfruits,shoots,leaves, and Rubus idaeus Whenplantsdormantcanbe FlowersfromJunethrough Rhizomes,rootsprouts,and var . peramoenus 99

Plants Plants and nutritionalsupplement. Types ofmarkets: in bulk. Common products: aid. arations, urinaryaid,antidiarrhea,anddermatological cakes, preservedforwinteruse,variousmedicinalprep- Indigenous uses: flavor additives,juice,tea,andsyrup. and mildsedative;roots,diuretic;fruits,injams,jellies, tonic, sourceofvitaminC,diuretic,torelievediarrhea, Common uses: Uses andProducts regenerate. back; ifportionofrootsystemtaken,rootswillreadily Regeneration afterharvest: summer; fruitsinrootsspringandfall. Harvest season: flower budsforminearlyspring;fruits,whenripe. Harvest techniques: 100 Leaves,asanastringent,reproductive Shootsinspring;leavesspringto Eatenfresh,boiledanddriedinto Primarilydomestic.Food,herbal Teas andfood. Driedleavessold Leavesaregatheredjustafter Shootsreadilysprout Young (1992) Forest Service(1988),Willard (1992),Young and (1989), Tilford (1998),Tirmenstein (1990d),USDA MacKinnon (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Schofield Hortus West (1998),Moerman(1998b), Pojarand Burgett etal.(1989),HitchcockandCronquist(1978), References leucodermis Biology anduseofblackcapraspberry( Comments andAreasofConcern roadsides. toxic; beawareofherbicideusewhencollectingnear Use leaveseitherdriedorfreshaswiltedcanbe common inbrushydrawsandsecond-growthforests. grows infoothillsfromBritishColumbiatoWyoming; techniques wouldbethesame. ) aresimilarto R. idaeus Rubus leucodermis andcollection Rubus of sheepsorrelindicatespoor soils. roots andisreestablishedbyseedsinthesoil.Presence sorrel probablyresproutsafterfirefromrhizomesand but erosioncontrolislow. Dataarelimited,butsheep larvae ( ( black bears( feeding birds;deereattheleaves;probablysoughtby canadensis ( Ecological relations: seed afterdisturbance.Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: sides. sites, pastures,meadows,grasslands,woods,andhill- Habitat: al grasses. ninebark, perennialbunchgrasscommunities,andannu- Associations: groups fromcommonrhizome. 3000 mthroughouttemperateNorthAmerica.Growsin Range anddistribution: yellow brown,1-2mmachenes. or yellowish(male)alongerectpanicle;fruitstriangular, head shaped,2-10cm;flowerssmallreddish(female) somewhat woodyatbase;leavesgenerallybasal,arrow- zome; severalunbranched,slenderstems15-50cm, Description: Ecology RUAC3 Polygonaceae Sheep sorrel,redsorrel Rumex acetosella Ursus arctos Bonasa umbellus Lycaena phlaeas Flood-plainandriparianhabitats,disturbed L.);seedsarecommondietofground- Ursus americanus L.);foodforAmericancopperbutterfly Exotic. Perennialherbfromslenderrhi- Willow, bullthistle,redstemceanothus, L.) andCanadageese( Earlysuccessional,colonizesfrom Summerfoodofruffedgrouse L.).Colonizesdisturbedsites, Common andwidespreadto L. Pallas)andgrizzlybears Branta from seed. Seed istriangularandmahogany colored.Canbegrown Seed: in California;fruitssmallreddish andthreeangled. in Washington andOregon;fromMarchthroughAugust Flowering andfruiting: Biology Flowerstalkturnsbrownwhen seedsaremature. FromMaythroughSeptember Rumex acetosella 101

Plants Plants for herbaluse.Medicinal,herbal, andnutraceutical. Types ofmarkets: herb, androot. Common products: cucumbers. or boiled;tarttangyleavesusedwithsaltinabrinefor stomach aid,andtotreattuberculosis;leaveseatenraw soms appliedtooldsores,freshleaveschewedasa Indigenous uses: herbal tonicsusedbycancerpatients. source ofvitaminC;dyes.Ingredientintwocommercial Common uses: Uses andProducts following year. system leftintact,mayregeneratenewaerialstemsthe Regeneration afterharvest: mature. Harvest season: ed withherbicides. Should becheckedtosuretheyhavenotbeentreat- of theplantsinapatchcanbecollectedwithoutimpact. gently. Leavesareclippedfromstem;40to50percent Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection available forwesterndock,anative Cultivation: of rhizome. Vegetative reproduction: Transplant viability: 102 Can becultivated.Plantsarecommercially Edible;astringent,sorethroat,asa Leavesandroots. Latespring-summer, beforefloweris Poulticeofbruisedleavesandblos- Internationalanddomesticmarkets Tinctures, freshleaves,dried Rootsaregatheredbypullingup Canbetransplanted. Canpropagatefromportions Ifpartofrootrhizome Rumex species. (2000), RossandChambers(1988),Schofield(1989) MacKinnon (1994),Rice(1997),Richardsonetal. Klein andJohnson(1997),Mizerak(1998),Pojar Dyrness (1973),Hickman(1993),HortusWest (1998), (1990), Esser(1995),Everett(1997),Franklinand (1997), Craigheadetal.(1991),EliasandDykeman Brill andDean(1994),Burrilletal.(1996),Cooke References exotic, careshouldbetakennottospreadseed. of whichareintheNorthwest.Becauseitisaweedy quantities. Consideredanoxiousweedin6states,none Contains oxalicacid,whichcanbepoisonousinlarge Comments andAreasofConcern from rootcrowns. Vegetative reproduction: minates inlight,18to24ºC. Seed: ber, matureachenesreleaseinfall. Flowering andfruiting: Biology help preventerosion;providesironasanutrient. Ecological relations: places. Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: that dryoutinsummer. pastures; alsoinundisturbedwetsites;adaptedtoareas Habitat: yarrow, chickweed,perennialandannualgrasses. Associations: over wideexpansesofopenground. America indisturbedareas,below2500m.Scattered Range anddistribution: 1-2 mmachenes. brown atmaturity;fruit:triangularreddish clustered onstalk;entireplantturnsreddishtorusty edges; flowersovatetoround,greenishrustybrown, lance shaped10to30cmlong,5wide,withcurly slightly reddish;leavesbothbasalandstem,oblongto unbranched belowflowerclusters,50cm-1.5moften Description: Ecology RUCR Polygonaceae Curly dock Rumex crispus Winged seedsdispersebywindandwater. Ger- Waste places, roadsides,meadows,fields, Exotic.Perennialherbfromtaproot;stems Commondandelion,mullein,common Earlycolonizer, thrivesindisturbed Taproot aeratescompactedsoils, L. BloomsfromJunetoSeptem- Abundant throughNorth Mayregenerateaerialstems ground. plant goestoseed.Atoolis usedtodigrootsoutofthe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection available forwesterndock,anative Cultivation: Transplant viability: Can becultivated.Plantsarecommercially Rootsformedicinal,flowersfloral. Rootsarecollectedbefore the Easilytransplanted. Rumex Rumex crispus species. 103

Plants Plants jaundice, eatenasgreens. decoction ofplantforurinaryproblems,androots problems. Leavesrubbedinmouthforsorethroat, tery, tocorrectfluids,andassalveforvariousskin sores. Infusionofrootusedtotreatconstipation,dysen- Indigenous uses: source; asadye. late andaiddigestion,forskindisorders,aniron ments. Leavesusedasapotherb,rootstostimu- Common uses: Uses andProducts by seedlingsgerminatingfromseedbank. removed, willnotregenerate.Spacemaybereoccupied Regeneration afterharvest: beginning offlowering;rootsinfallafterseeding. Harvest season: nal, herbal,nutraceutical,floral,andcrafts. Types ofmarkets: dried decorative. in manufactureofherbalcancertonics,floweringstems, Common products: people andotherAlaskanatives. R. arcticus 104 arecalledwildrhubarbbytheNinilchik Driedflowersusedinfloralarrange- Flowersarecollectedinspringatthe Mashedrootusedforswellingsand Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Roots,herbal;driedbulksupplied Rumex fenestratus Ifentireplantandrootis and Young andYoung (1986) Thomas andSchumann(1993),Tilford (1993,1998), (1994), Rice(1997),RussellSchofield(1989), ak (1998),Moore(1993),PojarandMacKinnon Hortus West (1998),KleinandJohnson(1997),Mizer- (1997), EliasandDykeman(1990),Everett Brill andDean(1994),Burrilletal.(1996),Cooke References and urinarytractproblemswhenusedexcessively. Leaves containoxalicacid,whichcancausedigestive dock isthe ered anoxiousweedinMidwesternUnitesStates.Curly Along roadsidesbeawareofherbicideuse.Isconsid- Comments andAreasofConcern Rumex species preferredbyherbalists. are considered nation ofacircumborealspecies;theAmericanplants tion andbackcrossing. Sambucus fruits brightred,berrylikedrupes;twotofourseeds. with unpleasantodor, numerousinapyramidalcluster; somewhat hairybeneath;smallflowerswhitetocreamy, lance shaped,5-15cmlong,pointed,sharplytoothed, large, oppositecompound,withfivetonineleaflets, twigs; foliagewithstrongcharacteristicodor;leaves 0.5-6 mtall;barkdarkreddishbrown,warty;softpithy Description: Ecology SARAP Caprifoliaceae (locally, Alaska) Red elderberry, bearberry Sambucus racemosa elderberry ( Range anddistribution: blue fruits(edible)withawhitishbloom. or purplish-blackfruits,blueelderberry, thorities. Blackelderberry(var. quency andlowindensity. clumps; wherefoundinuplandsites,itishighfre- Valley in Oregon.Inlowvalleys,mayformlarge mon ineasternOregonandWashington, andWillamette Columbia toCalifornia,eastintoMontana,mostcom- California; blueelderberry, British Columbia,Washington, Oregon,northeastern melanocarpa Range fromAlaskatoCalifornia;blackelderberry(var. mon onthecoastalandwesternslopeofCascade S. cerulea is agenusinwhichtheremuchhybridiza- S. racemosa ), easternslopeoftheCascadeRange, Native. Deciduousshrubtosmalltree, Raf., Blueelderberry-SACE3 S. racemosa Sambucus racemosa ssp. Across NorthAmerica;red S. cerulea ssp. pubens melanocarpa pubens L. ) ismostcom- , fromBritish bymanyau- S. cerulea isthedesig- ) hasblack , has tems, valuableforstreambank orslopestabilization. not presentbeforefire.Because ofextensiverootsys- will germinateeveniftheplant iscompletelykilledor from long-livedseedbank.Seedsmaybestoredinsoil, sprouting fromrootcrowns,rhizomes,orregenerating Elder respondstodisturbanceincludingfirebyre- stabilizes soilandhelpspreventerosiononmoistsites. nated byinsects;valuableforcoverandnestinghabitat; deer browseonvar. and smallmammals;nectarforhummingbirds;elk Ecological relations: shade tolerant. short livedearlysuccessional;intoleranttoslightly of tremblingaspenorredalder; stands; mayalsopersistinlong-liveddeciduousforests mid successional;canpersistinrelativelyopenconifer Successional stage: and alongfencerows. pine elevations; ings andopenforests,cooleruplands;lowtosubal- Habitat: sword fern. maple, salmonberry, redhuckleberry, andwestern snowberry, and serviceberry;incoastalforests,vine and ponderosapineforests;tremblingaspen,redalder, silver fir, andgrandfirzones.Grandfir, Douglas-fir, Associations: Sambucus racemosa Streambanks,swampythickets,moistclear- Sitkaspruce,westernhemlock,Pacific S. cerulea melanocarpa

Sambucus racemosa Fruit,foodformanybirdspecies , openhillsidesandroadsides, S. cerulea and S. cerulea , earlyto , primarily S. cerulea ; polli- 105

Plants Plants tion, diuretic,expectorant,laxative, antiviral,andskin from berriesandotherplant parts;antioxidantprotec- and flowersforbeverages,wine, jelly;medicinaluses Common uses: Uses andProducts the followingseasonifnotoverharvested. will notregenerate.Leavesandbranchtipsregenerate Regeneration afterharvest: beginning toopen;fruitswhenfullyripe. Harvest season: break easily. impact toeachtreeandthesurroundingarea.Limbs gathered thatareonlywithineasyreach,minimizing Harvest techniques: bark. Part harvested: Collection well, butthosefromnurseriesareeasytoestablish. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: taken inJune. rhizome suckersandlayering;softwoodcuttingsare Vegetative reproduction: storage viability. and stratificationcanhastengermination.Long-term embryos; heattreatmentorsulfuricacidscarification germinate becauseoftheirhardseedcoatsanddormant fruit. Directseedingcanbeerratic.Seedsaredifficultto Seed: July, fruitripensfromJunethroughSeptember. Flowering andfruiting: Biology 106 Dispersedbybirdsandotheranimalsthateat Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Fruitsforfoodsandflavoring, fruits Flowers,berries,leaves,andinner Flowerclustersaregatheredwhen Flowerclustersandberriesare Wild shrubs donottransplant BloomsfromMaythrough Regeneratesfromsprouts, Ifinnerbarkisharvested, (1997), Willard (1992),Young andYoung (1992) Tilford (1998),USDAForestService(1963), Whitney MacKinnon (1994),Roseetal.(1998),Russell ung andFoster(1996),Moerman(1998b),Pojar quist (1978),HortusWest (1998),Kilham(2000),Le- (1997), Crane(1989b,1989c),HitchcockandCron- British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Cooke References limited commercialharvest. by Americantribes,andAlaskaNativeshaverequested cyanide-producing glycosides.Elderistraditionallyused bark, leaves,androotsaretoxicbecauseofpresence removed, asrawberriesmaycausenausea;stems, presence. Berriesshouldalwaysbecookedandseeds Gather conservatively, beawareof possibleanimal Comments andAreasofConcern nursery, andrestorationindustries. and herbalproducts.Domesticmarketsforliveplants, International anddomesticmarketsforfinishedfood Types ofmarkets: and orchards. fumes; nurserycropforlandscaperestoration,wildlife, parts, tea,nutraceutical,capsules,andtablets;per- beverages, flavorings,andcoloring;wholeplantor Common products: used assteambathswitches. possibly ketchup)fromtheberry. Brancheshavebeen medicine. Ninilchikpeoplemakejellyandwine(and cathartic, gastrointestinalaid,emetic,andwitchcraft Indigenous uses: ing, andwindbreaks. insecticides; wholeplantusedforrestoration,landscap- care; bark,fruit,andstemsfordyes;driedleaves Importantfoodsource;analgesic, Food,herbal,andlandscaping. Fruits,jams,yogurts,desserts, including beesandflies. Ecological relations: sional. Moderatelyshadetolerant. Successional stage: and plains,open,drysoil. acidic orcalcareoussoilsnearwater; meadows andswampywoods; bottomlands, streams; facultative wetlandspecies;wetmeadows,marshes, Habitat: mint, sedges,andrushes. region. Alder, willow, stingingnettle,bedstraw, field Associations: pure stands. Idaho. Atlowelevations, and snapdragonskullcap( elevations ( Range anddistribution: 150 cm,leaves3-10severalflowersonleafaxils. blue orpink-purplefloweronaxils; lance-shaped, blunt-toothedleaves2-5cmlong,single fruit offournutlets. into afive-lobed,two-lippedtube;stamenstwoorfour; ric, withfivefusedsepalsandpetalsusually cence; solitaryflowersinleafaxis,bilaterallysymmet- opposite, basal,andcauline;bractedracemeinflores- from rhizomesortubers;stemserect,square;leaves Description: Ecology SCUTE Lamiaceae Skullcap Scutellaria S. nana S. galericulata S. lateriflora

Scutellaria galericulata Gray, Dwarfskullcap-SCNA S. galericulata Native. About300species;perennialherb; Mixed-coniferhardwoodsthroughout L.,Blueskullcap-SCLA2 L. spp. L., Marshskullcap-SCGA Varies fromearlytolatesucces- Scutellaria galericulata Nectarsourceforpollinators S. lateriflora S.lateriflora Circumboreal; lowtomid S. antirrhinoides and S.lateriflora S. galericulata and , alluvialthickets, S. lateriflora S. nana S.lateriflora maygrowin ) Oregonto foothills ); 20-90cm, , moist S. nana 20- are Flowering andfruiting: Biology mer inaframe. Vegetative reproduction: planted inearlysummer. handle, seedlingsareputintoindividualpotsandthen a coldframeinMarchandApril.Whenlargeenoughto only smallamountsofseed,bettertogerminateseedin Seedling production: Seed: September. warty nutlets,latesummertofall,Julythrough to manyflowersinelongateclusters.Fruitsyellowish, S. galericulata Fournutletseachcontainasingleseed. bloomsJulytoSeptember. Several Sow outsideinlatespring.If

Scutellaria lateriflora Basalcuttingsinearlysum- Scutellaria laterifolia and 107

Plants Plants nal, herbal,seed,horticulture,andlandscape. Types ofmarkets: plant. Common products: strual cramps,andcolds. Indigenous uses: antispasmodic, astringent;gardenornamental. toms, antifungal,anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, ness; asanervesedative,fordrugwithdrawalsymp- Common uses: Uses andProducts sexually. flowers andseedsremovesabilitytoregenerate plant toofrequentlyasharvestofcrownsremoves son. Careistakennottoharvestaerialpartsofone aerial stemisleft,plantwillregrowthefollowingsea- Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: clipped withclippers. be takennottopulloutwholeplant.Top shouldbe Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection not recommended. Transplant viability: available for Cultivation: 108 S. lateriflora Can becultivated.Seedsarecommercially Substitutedforvaleriansleepless- Floweringaerialportionofplant. Lateinfloweringperiod. Heartmedicine,totreatrabies,men- Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Herbaltea,tincture,andlandscape Sensitivetotransplantfromwild; Grows inmoistsoilsocareshould . Ifrootcrownandsome and Schumann(1993),Tilford (1998),Willard (1992) Future (1997),PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Thomas West (1998),Moore(1993),OdyPlantsfora man (1993),HitchcockandCronquist(1978),Hortus Cooke (1997),Gardenbed(2000),Hanes(1998),Hick- References caution. in herbalmedicine,maypromotemiscarriage;usewith gered inaportionofitsrange.Thisspeciesrarelyused galericulata to disturbance.Thedistributionof Some speciesgrowonmoisthabitatshighlysusceptible Comments andAreasofConcern inCaliforniaislimitedandspeciesendan- Scutellaria Continued ous riparianareas,animportant streambankstabilizer. snags arehabitatforcavity-nesting birds.Inmountain- and northernIdaho;retains shrubbyform.Pacificyew foliage inwinter. BrowsedheavilyinwesternMontana fruit anddisperseseed.Moose,deer, andelkbrowse Ecological relations: seed inopenings. communities. Shadetolerant,butreproducesfrom growth Douglas-fir, grandfir, andwesternredcedar Successional stage: fires removecanopyandexposebaremineralsoil. found inopenforestsoraftermanagementactivity and midtolowerslopesorcanyonbottoms.Seedlings Habitat: fern. leaf, queencupbeadlily, wildginger, andwesternsword lock; vinemaple,dwarfOregongrape,deerfootvanilla- grand fir, whitefir, Pacificsilverfir, andwesternhem- silver fir, grandfirandmixed-coniferzones.Douglas-fir, Associations: from scatteredindividualstothickunderstorypatches. sea levelto1500m;widely, butvariablydistributed central CaliforniatoAlaska,westernMontana;from Range anddistribution: on lowersideofbranches. (strobili) inconspicuous;fruitfleshy, redaril,attached forming flatsprays;bothmaleandfemale“flowers” and attachedtotwigsbyshort-ridgedstalksintworows needles flat,yellowgreen,palebelow, sharplypointed, 5-10 mtall;barklightredbrown,thin,andpapery; Description: Ecology TABR2 Taxaceae Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia Dense,moist,mature,mixed-evergreenforest, Native. Smalldioeciousevergreentree, Sitkaspruce,westernhemlock,Pacific Commoncomponentofold- Birdsandsmallmammalseat Pacific Northwest,northand Nutt. term freezerstorage. to lowmoisturecontentretain viabilityduringlong- and seededinspring.Seeds arehighinfatcontent;dry nate untilsecondspring.Storedseedscanbepretreated collected fruitandsowndirectlyinbedmaynotgermi- can breakdormancyofyewseeds.Seedsfromfreshly temperatures. Warm stratificationfollowedbychilling prechilling treatments,andstoredatrecommended seeds areextractedfromfruit,putimmediatelyinto losses topredation.Ifusedforseedlingproduction, Fruits shouldbepickedassoontheyareripetoavoid Seed: dation bybirdsandanimalsalsoincreases. production increaseswithopennessofcanopybutpre- arils ripenfromSeptembertoOctober;fruitandseed Flowering andfruiting: Biology seed bankastheoverstorycanopydevelops. establishes bymeansofbird-dispersedoffsiteseedor rarely survivesmajorfires.Afterfire,generallyre- cal orsomefiredamage,butbecauseofthinbark,it Susceptible toheatdamage;canresproutaftermechani- Seedsarematurewhenfleshyarilturnsred. FlowersfromApriltoJune; Taxus brevifolia 109

Plants Plants used asanornamentalplant. Wood usedforcrafts. system, andexternallyforskinproblems.Occasionally Foliage usedasherbalmedicineforboostingimmune used forchemotherapyoncertainformsofcancer. Common uses: Uses andProducts about 3to4years. ary buds.Newgrowthwillreplaceremovedmaterialin tips, newsproutingandgrowthwilloccurfromsecond- regenerate. Whenfoliageharvestedbyclippingbough sufficient stumpisleft,butnotalways.Barkwill Regeneration afterharvest: Bough tipsareharvestedinsummerandearlyfall. summer whensapflowmakesiteasiertopeeloff. Harvest season: where stembeginstobecomewoody(about15-20cm). bough tipsareclippedwithsharpclippersuptopoint from circumferenceoftrunk,treewilldie.Foliage: strips fromcutstemorstandingtree.Ifbarkispeeled Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection shade. lings; seedlingestablishmentusuallybetterinsome Transplant viability: cially available. ceptible torootweevil.Plantsandseedsarecommer- Cultivation: fall andwinteraftercurrentgrowthhasstopped. of reproductioninthewild.Branch-tipcuttingscollected cuttings. Inmanyareas,layeringistheprimarymeans Vegetative reproduction: 110 Can becultivated;undercultivation,sus- Barksourceofphytopharmaceutical Barkandfoliage. Barkisharvestedinspringandearly Barkpeeledwithknivesinvertical Goodforsmallsaplingsorseed- Easilypropagatedfrom Cuttreesmayresproutif mestic; internationalbulkexportmedicinalmarkets. whole plant,domesticlandscapenursery. Foliage,do- Types ofmarkets: carved specialtyproducts;landscapeplant. species. Foliage:salves,tinctures,andteas.Wood: Comments andAreasofConcern et al.(1996) USDA ForestService(1963,1974),Walters-Vertucci (1998), HortusWest (1998),Tirmenstein (1990e), Antos etal.(1996),Cooke(1997),DiFazio References have requestedlimitedcommercialuse. traditionally usedbyAlaskantribes;AlaskaNatives populations, whichhavenotyetrecovered.Yew is harvest practiceshaveresultedinlossesorreductions precisely thespecies.Yew barkharvestandpasttimber genus aretoxicsousecautioninharvestingandknow seeds mayhavehigherlevels.Otherspeciesinthis Although foliarplantpartsarelowintoxicalkaloids, bark of Common products: Used formakingbows,othertools,andcarvings. coast NativeAmericansbecauseitisstronganddense. Indigenous uses: Taxus brevifolia Wood ishighlyprizedbythewest Allparts,internationalanddomestic; Pharmaceuticalproductsfrom andfoliageofother Taxus Shade tolerant. but canbefoundinallstages offorestsuccession. Successional stage: mid elevations;below1800 m. alluvial sites,alsoindrierhabitatsrichersoils;lowto Habitat: prince’s pine. berry, westernswordfern,maidenhairand Devil’s club,salal,falsebox,blackhuckleberry, rasp- fir zones.Western hemlock, Douglas-fir, redalder, Associations: associated withothertreespecies. Pure standscoversomesmallareas,butitisusually Oregon toBritishColumbiawesternMontana. northern California,CascadeRangefromcentral Range anddistribution: brown. seeds, threetosixpercone,4-6mm,narrow, light cones green,becomingbrown,10-19mm;winged short stalks;pollencones1.5-2mm,numerous;seed tered neartheendsoftwigsandbecometurnedupon shingled arrangement,1.5-3mmlong;conesareclus- pair, unfolded,closelypressedtosteminoverlapping four rows,theleavesinonepairfolded,other tened horizontally;leavesscalelike,oppositepairsin upward, J-shaped;branchletsspraylike,stronglyflat- branches tendtospreadordroopslightlythenturn fluted andbuttressedatbase;manyhaveforkedtops; off inlongfibrousstrips,aromaticwood;maturetrees more; bark1-2cmthick,graytoreddishbrown,tearing trunk 0.6-1.2mindiameter, occasionallyto1.8mor Description: Ecology THPL Cupressaceae Western redcedar Thuja plicata Wet soils,shadyforests, bestonseepageand Native. Evergreentree,30-70m,tapering Western hemlock, Pacificsilverfir, grand Latesuccessionalinmostforests, Donn exD.Don Pacific coast,Alaskato revegetation potential. Gilbertson), respectively;erosioncontrolandlong-term (Pilát) Overholt)and Maire) andtrunkrootrots( host, leafblight( in earlyAugust,seedfall October toNovember. months; flowersinlateMay toearlyJune,conesripen Flowering andfruiting: Biology redcedar borer( gall midge( host forseveraldamaginginsectspecies,suchasthe mammal dens,andnesttreesforcavitynestingbirds; hiding andthermalcoverforseveralwildlifespecies, black bearsremovebarkfeedonexposedsapwood; Ecological relations: Mayetiola thujae Trachykele blondeli Didymascella thujina (Phellinus weirii Deer, elk,androdentbrowse; Reproductivecycleover16 Hedlin)andwestern Poria asiatica Marseul),fungi (Murrill)R.L. (E.J.Durand) Thuja plicata 111

Plants Plants conditions. in 3yearswhenfertilizedand 5yearsundernatural limb, thenewgrowthwillreplace theremovedmaterial limbs areremovedleaving small greengrowthoneach 3 to5yearsdependingonthehealthoftree.Ifside and itsbrancheswillrecovertooriginalmasswithin regenerate. Taking barkleavespermanentscar. Thetree sprout laterallyafterbranchtipisclipped.Barkdoesnot Regeneration afterharvest: season runsuntiltheweekbeforeChristmas. materials. Forlocalfinisheddecorations,theharvest until twoweeksbeforeChristmasforwholesaleraw greenery isharvestedtypicallyfromlateSeptember harden off foliage;rootsandwoodallyear. Holiday for Christmasgreensinfallaftercooltemperatures spring whensaprunsandbarkcanbepeeled;foliage collected whentheyturnfromyellowtobrown;barkin ered insummerorfallforhighestoilcontent;cones Harvest season: chanical damage. should befreeofdirt,leafspot,insectdamage,orme- dles keptwet,shaded,andcooluntilused.Branches lengths from30-75cm.Branchesin40-to60-lbbun- branches withhealthygreenfoliageareclippedin downed woodwithsplittingwedgeandmaul.Live and pulled;barkisscoredwood,usually Harvest techniques: and wood. Part harvested: Collection Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: branches, androotingofstemcuttingsallsuccessful. Vegetative reproduction: ally infallorspring.Seedlingsurvivalislowthewild. Seed: 112 Seedsgerminatewellwithoutstratification;gener- Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Branches,cones,bark,smallroots, Branchesofyoungertreesaregath- Young seedlingstransplantwell. Foliage isclipped;rootsaredug Layering,rootingoffallen Foliagebranchescan nal, herbal,floral,crafts,andwoodproducts. Types ofmarkets: al tinctures. Common products: colds, anddiarrhea. to treatvariousailments;teaofboughsforcoughsand implements, baskets,andclothing.Foliageorbarkused make canoes,houseplanks,totempoles,toolsand Alaska andintheCascadeRange,providingwoodto Americans onthePacificNorthwestcoastupthrough Indigenous uses: lead refiningandglueextenders. rations; veterinarysoaps;extractivesandresiduesin perfumes anddeodorants;insecticides;medicinalprepa- posts, interiorfinishing,closets,chests,boxes,etc.; material, shingles,shakes,siding,utilitypoles,fence and floral.Tree boleandbranchesusedforbuilding fluids, salves,liniments;industrialcleaners;ornamental fungus infections;aromaticoilandincense,embalming terial, milddiuretic,fortoothaches,oilwarts,and Common uses: Uses andProducts and Schumann(1993),Willard (1992) non (1994),Roseetal.(1998), Tesky (1992), Thomas Kruckeberg (1993),Moore (1993),PojarandMacKin- Hitchcock andCronquist(1978), HortusWest (1998), and Dyrness(1973),Freed (2000),Hickman(1993), Honkala (1990),Cooke(1997),Davis(2000),Franklin British ColumbiaMinistryofForests(1995),Burnsand References purposes. tree; besttocollectfromtreesbeingfelledforlegitimate limited commercialuse.Barkandrootharveststressthe American tribes,andAlaskaNativeshaverequested and convulsion.RedcedaristraditionallyusedbyNative Oil ofleavescanbetoxic,causinglowbloodpressure Comments andAreasofConcern Boughsusedasanantifungal,antibac- ThemostvaluabletreetoNative Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Ornamentalboughs,oil,andherb- one flowerforeachplantannually. Flowering andfruiting: Biology seed iseatenbyants. Ecological relations: tolerant butalsofoundinsmallopenings. Successional stage: in spring. slopes, dampmeadows,streambanks,andoftenboggy Habitat: prince’s pine,queencupbeadlily, andsalal. grand fir, Alaskahuckleberry, starryfalseSolomonseal, Pacific silverfir/rosytwistedstalkassociates;whitefir, Associations: spread. forest andmontanezones;10-2000m.Wide- to CaliforniafromcoastinlandMontana;lowland Range anddistribution: many seeds. petals 0.5-7cmlong;fruitsoval,berrylikecapsulewith 0.5-6 cmlongandthreewhitepinkorpurple(withage) erect tonodding,solitary, erect,withthreegreensepals stemless leaves,4-20cmatendofthestalk;flowers to 45cm;singlestalkfromshort,fleshyrhizome;three Description: Ecology TROV2 Melanthiaceae Western trillium,wake-robin Trillium ovatum Mixedevergreenforestonmoistwooded Native. Perennial,erectunbranchedherb Western hemlock/westernswordfern, Midtolatesuccessional.Shade Theoil-richappendageofthe FromMarchthroughJune; Common. BritishColumbia Pursh seed propagationmoresuccessful. Transplant viability: commercially available. Cultivation: propagated fromrhizomedivision. Vegetative reproduction: moist asseedlingspronetodampingoff. month to3years.Caretakennotkeepconditionstoo stratification, 15ºCisrecommended,maytakefrom1 Seed: Growsreadilyfromseed.Seedrequirescold Can becultivated.Plantsandseedsare Doesnotsurvivetransplanting, Cultivatedplantsmaybe Trillium ovatum 113

Plants Plants herbal, landscapenursery, andhorticultural. Types ofmarkets: plant. Common products: eyes, childbirthaid,andsometimescookedforgreens. Indigenous uses: plant, landscapingandasshadeplant. ine bleeding,bladderirritation,andnosebleeds.Whole Stems, leaves,androots,formedicinalpurposes,uter- Common uses: Uses andProducts following season. harmed andwillproducenewaerialstemleavesthe just beforetheyyellowlateinseason,plantmaynotbe Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: or duringbloomwillharmandmaykillplant. reduced byharvest.Gatheringleavesinearlysummer be collectedinsmallquantities.Plantpatchesareeasily for winterandcanproducenewgrowth.Plantsshould so therootswillhavealreadystoredadequatenutrients late intheseason(justastheyareabouttoturnyellow) collection fromwild.Leavesandstemsarecollected Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 114 Cutflowersforfreshfloralbouquets. Leaves,stems,androots. Latefall. Rootsusedasaneyewashforsore Internationalanddomestic.Florist, Freshfloral,herbal,andlandscape Hassmallroots;donotencourage None. Ifleavescollected sensitive specieslist. cally imperiled”andonForestServiceNorthernRegion ( medicinal plants“AtRisk”list.Siskiyoutrillium fore collecting.OnUnitedPlantSaversNorthAmerican issued. Ensurethatharvestisnotlocallyrestrictedbe- gions (MontanaandIdaho),nopermitsarebeing tional forestsintheNorthernandIntermountainRe- from MontanaStatelands.Harvestprohibitedonna- inal plantsunderamoratoriumonharvestorremoval have reducedpopulations.Oneofthesevenwildmedic- for useabroad.InCalifornia,collectingandhabitatloss Large amountsreportedremovedfromeastcoastforest Comments andAreasofConcern (1993), UnitedPlantSavers(2000) Ross andChambers(1988),StewartToogood (1998b), Moore(1993),PojarandMacKinnon(1994), (1993), Loganetal.(1987),Mizerak(1998),Moerman Cronquist (1978),HortusWest (1998),Kruckeberg Gardenbed (2000),Hickman(1993),Hitchcockand Craighead etal.(1991),FranklinandDyrness(1973), References Trillium angustipetalum ) islistedinOregonas“criti- penetrable standsmaybeused tokeeplivestockoutof tects riparianhabitatsfrom humanencroachment.Im- replenishes thesoilthrough rapiddecomposition;pro- sites asitmaybetolerantofmetal-contaminatedsoil; birds; mayhavevalueforrehabilitationofdisturbed Ecological relations: mediate inshadetolerance. also partofstableripariancommunities.Lowtointer- Successional stage: in deep,rich,andundisturbedsoils. to marshesandmeadows,thickets,streambanks;grows Habitat: meadow grasses,sedges,andrushes. in blackhawthorn/cow-parsnipassociations;andwet understory componentofripariancommunities,suchas coniferous zonesinthePacificNorthwest.Common Associations: large areas. under 3000m.Densecolonialpatchescandominate southern Canada;lowlandstosubalpineelevations, Range anddistribution: introduced fromEurasia. flattened, ovateachenes. drooping clustersintheleafaxilsandatstemtips;fruits like inflorescence,1-7cm;flowersgreenishindense coarsely toothed,prominentstipules5-15mm;panicle- hairs; leavesopposite,lanceshapedtooval,7-15cm, flowers sparselytomoderatelycoveredwithstinging herb, 1-3mtall;four-angledstems;stems,leaves,and Description: Ecology URDI Urticaceae Stinging nettle Urtica dioica Moist,forestedriparianareas;inandadjacent Native. Erect,perennial,rhizomatous Mixed-conifer/hardwoodforests;most Colonizesfollowingdisturbance, L. Coverforsmallanimalsand Urtica dioica Much ofUnitedStatesand ssp. dioica rhizomatous cuttings. Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: Vegetative reproduction: growing season. Seedling production: 10 yearsofstorage. Seed: mid tolatesummer. mountain plantsinearlysummer;seedsarematureby Flowering andfruiting: Biology plants. growing season,however, maynegatively impactthe early speciesonburnedsites.Frequentfiresduringthe zomes andseedafterfire.Stingingnettleisacommon streams. Stingingnettleregeneratesfromburiedrhi- Producesabundantseed,havegerminatedafter Can becultivated.Seedsarecommercially Cantransplantseedlingsand Initiatevegetativespreadinfirst Coastalplantsbloominspring, Byrhizomes. Urtica dioica 115

Plants Plants cosmetic, andhealthcare. Types ofmarkets: ment. supplement, herbalteas,tablets,andnutritionalsupple- Common products: snares. cal, andgynecologicalaid;fiberisusedforfishnets al springtonic,analgesic,gastrointestinal,dermatologi- Indigenous uses: content. conditioners, forskincare;vitaminandmineral hyperplasia; asasupplementinshampoosandhair tract inflammation;astreatmentforbenignprostatic antiallergenic, forrheumaticcomplaints,andurinary as apotherb,vegetable.Asdiuretic,antispasmodic, Common uses: Uses andProducts can grownewstems. plant removedbutrootandrhizomesystemfairlyintact, will resproutfromrootstalkandrhizomes.Ifwhole Regeneration afterharvest: seeds; falltospring,rootstalks. summer, newgrowthatendofstems;latesummer, Harvest season: from theperipheryofapatch. 5 cmabovegroundlevel;rootsaredugconservatively bloom inearlyspring;stemsarecutatanangle,least Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 116 Theleavescanbesteamedandeaten Wholeplant,leaves,androot. Spring,leavesandstems;spring- Young leavesandstemseaten;gener- Dietarysupplement,specialtyfoods, Gatheredbeforeitbeginsto Skin careandcosmetic,beverage Ifaerialpartsharvested, (1989), Tilford (1998),Vance andThomas(1997) and MacKinnon(1994),RussellSchofield Foster (1996),Moerman(1998b),Moore(1993),Pojar and Cronquist(1978),HortusWest (1998),Leungand klin andDyrness(1973),Hickman(1993),Hitchcock Burrill etal.(1996),Carey(1995),Cooke(1997),Fran- References have requestedlimitedcommercialharvestofnettle. used byNativeAmericantribes,andAlaskaNatives from industrialandagribusinessareas.Traditionally have beensprayedwithherbicides;absorbscompounds habitats; ongrazinglandsconsideredaweedypest;may irritating tothekidneys;thrivesineasilydamagedmoist bloom, olderleavescandevelopparticlesthatbe cause contactdermatitisuntildried.Onceitbeginsto The stemsandleavesarecoveredinstinginghairsthat Comments andAreasofConcern quality. trees. Becauseofsensitivity toSO invertebrates; naturalantifungal,mayservethatrolefor Ecological relations: ately shadetolerant. Successional stage: common intreesalongbeachandriparianareas. conifer/deciduous forests;rareonconiferbranches; shrubs, inopen,well-ventilateddeciduousandmixed- Habitat: alder, andbig-leafmaple,otherlichens. Mixed-conifer/hardwood forests.Oregonwhiteoak,red Associations: wirthii longissima States, CanadatosoutheastcoastalAlaska. Usnea of temperateNorthAmerica;atleastfourspecies Range anddistribution: inside strandawhitecentralcord. branched centralstrandwithshortlateralbranchlets; sima yellow centralcord,sparseredspotting. tufted, multiple,stiffbranchestwotofourlong,pale brown, greenishyellow, andwhitishgray. Description: Ecology USNEA2 Parmeliaceae Old man’s beard Usnea lowland. U. wirthii U. longissima hairlike,15tomorethan35cmlong,singleun- areabundantthroughouttheWestern United frequent.

Usnea longissima Usnea wirthii Dill. exAdans.spp. infrequentbutlocallyabundant. Native. General:fruticose,hanginglichen, P. Clerc,Bloodspatteredbeard-USWI Sitkaspruce,westernhemlockzones. Ach.,Beardlichen-USLO50 Midtolatesuccessional.Moder- Browsedbydeerandfoodfor growsonconifersinopen Widespread. Forestedareas growsonvarioustreesand 2 , goodindexofair Usnea longis- Usnea wirthii Usnea Usnea Part harvested: Collection forest habitattootherhosttrees. Transplant viability: Cultivation: on anotherbranch. tissue thatfallsfromonetreebranchandreestablishes Vegetative reproduction: Seed: Flowering andfruiting: Biology Notapplicable. Not cultivated. Wholeplant. Can betransplantedwithinits Doesnotflower. Reproducesfromdetached Usnea 117 spp .

Plants Plants herbal. crafts. Internationalanddomesticformedicinal Types ofmarkets: ceutical, teas,andtinctures. Common products: antifungal. and femalesanitarynapkins;sourceofyellowdye; wound dressingmaterialandbandages;babydiapers unavailable; towipeslimewhencleaningsalmon; Indigenous uses: as adecorative. positive bacteria,fordriedfloralarrangements,and trials suggest antimicrobial, andantitumor. Labstudiesandclinical Common uses: Uses andProducts ing needed. thought tobeslowandrecoverytakesyears.Monitor- Regeneration afterharvest: it isoftentoodryanddisintegrateseasily. Harvest season: taken. reached fromgroundorcollectedfallentreesis tain growthandtorecover. Generallywhatiseasily known, careistakentoleavesufficientlichenmain- tree branches.Becauseregrowthandrecoverynot Usnea Harvest techniques: 118 toregrow. Thelichenisgently removedfrom Usnea Asanimmunostimulant,antifungal, Nospecialtime;however, insummer Inbagsaspillowswhenfeathersare Primarilydomesticforfloraland maybeusedtoinhibitgram- Craftmaterial,floralfiller, nutra- Itisnotknownhowlongittakes Unknown;regrowth (1998) Moore (1993),PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Tilford and Cole(1988),Mizerak(1998),Moerman(1998b), Franklin andDyrness(1973),Geiseretal.(1994),Hale References confused withwitch’s hair( spreads fromtalloldertreestoyoungertrees.Canbe Does notoccurinyoungforestsbecauseitgenerally range owingtoairpollutionandhabitatdestruction. Has threatenedorextinctstatusinmostofitsEuropean Comments andAreasofConcern range. species. Hasalreadydisappearedthroughoutmuchofits strand. Lossofold-growthhabitatandharvestthreatens however, A. sarmentosa lacksacentralcordinside Alectoria sarmentosa ); Associations: Cascade RangeandOlympicMountains. deliciosum fornia easttoIdahoandwesternMontana. ish ColumbiasouththroughOregonmountainstoCali- northwest California. Columbia south,westsideofCascadeRangetocoast Range anddistribution: black; an uprightspreadingshrub;fruits,purpletoreddish shrub; fruitsduskblue. ters of3-10. usually bellshaped,typicaloftheheathfamilyinclus- shiny, andtoothed. Flowersarepinktoredand ovate, simple,andalternate; Description: Ecology VACCI Ericaceae Huckleberry, blueberry, bilberry Vaccinium Habitat: and rhododendron. munities. lock, beargrass; V. deliciosum and coniferous forestsnearcoastalareas; crease inopenings,orafter fire. tolerant butflowering,fruiting, andreproductionin- Successional stage: of wetmeadows. V. deliciosum V. ovatum V. deliciosum V. membranaceum V. deliciosum huckleberry-VAME V. ovatum

Vaccinium ovatum Vaccinium ovatum , BritishColumbiasouthtonorthernOregon Vaccinium deliciosum : Pacificsilverfirzone.Mountainhem- , subalpineparklands,heaths,andedges Pursh.,Evergreen huckleberry-VAOV2 Native.

Vaccinium membranaceum L.spp. V. deliciosum fruitusuallyshinyandpurplishblack. Piper., Cascadebilberry-VADE , high-elevationforestsmidtoalpine; Earlytolatesuccessional. Shade Vaccinium Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. exTorr., Black Vaccinium membranaceum Vaccinium ovatum : Edgesandopeningsof : Sitkasprucezone.Salal V. ovatum , mountainheathercom- leaves aredeciduous, , lowmat-forming V. membranaceum , evergreen, , Vaccinium , British , Brit- is several timesbeforebeingestablished outside. of peatandsand,aresmall, andmustbetransplanted Vaccinium is helpful.Lightessential forthegerminationof stratification mayaidgermination;overwinteringoutside dried. Seedmaygerminatewithoutstratification,but Seed: species, butfruitsremainonplantuptoDecember. Vaccinium ovatum September. Fruitmaycontain several dozenseeds. July dependingonelevation;fruitsfromthrough Flowering andfruiting: Biology been showntodelayberryproductionfor520years. huckleberry areas.High-intensityfire,however, alsohas pression andcanopyclosurehasreducedproductive fruit, soburningcanhelpberryproduction.Firesup- tablishment israre.Newshootstendtoproducemore berry canresproutfromrootcrowns,butseedlinges- Fruits areeatenbyvariousbirdsandmammals.Huckle- Ecological relations: acnu vtmV eiismV. membranaceum V. deliciosum Vaccinium ovatum Seedsarecollectedfrommaceratedfruitand seeds.Seedlingscanbereared inamixture flowersandfruitsearlierthanother Browsefordeer, elk,andsheep. FlowersfromMaythrough 119

Plants Plants Part harvested: Collection mum rootexposure. able. Transplant shouldhavealarge rootballwithmini- not becomeestablishedifsoilconditionsarefavor- Transplant viability: cies. are commerciallyavailableforvarious and Cultivation: and stemcuttings. regeneration. Canbestartedfromlayeringorrhizome Vegetative reproduction: 1 hourofpickingtomaintain freshnessandsalability. recommended. Berriesare cooled tobelow5ºCwithin hand rake.Largerakesthatstripfoliagewithberriesnot market. Food:berriespickedbyhandorwithsmall bed for1yeartobesoldinthecommercialnursery disturb otherplants,andmustbeplacedintransplant from rhizomesproutsaredugcarefullysoasnotto damage, andblackleafspots.Transplants: smallplants the red-huckmarkets.Allfoliageisfreeofdirt,insect long areharvestedfromplantsgrowninopenareasfor from understoryplants.Newgrowthsspikes45-60cm long, andsprays30-50cmlongfortipsareharvested sprays. Largespraysofdark-greenfoliage,60-75cm growth. Thismethodproducesthemostattractive stems areprunedbackheavilytoencouragenew are foundunderpartialshade.Olderplantswithheavy are desired.Desirablegrowthandcolorcharacteristics branches, deepgreenincolorwithoutflowersorberries branches aresnappedoffbyhand,orclipped,flat Harvest techniques: of markets, berriesforfoodandthetotalplant with foliageandleaves.Leavesstemsforfloral V. deliciosum 120 V. ovatum V. deliciosum for landscapemarket. : berries. Vaccinium membranaceum

Vaccinium membranaceum canbecultivated.Plantsandseeds Possibleforseedlingsbutmay For Vaccinium ovatum V. ovatum Primarymeansofnatural (floralgreens), Vaccinium , : branches V. ovatum and spe- , scaping, andrestorationmaterial. Vaccinium ovatum syrups, candies,beverages, andotherfooditems. V. membranaceum Common products: berries providedessentialvitaminCduringwinter. fresh, mashed,ordriedandmadeintocakes.Preserved 50 kmannuallytoharvestthefruit.Berrieswereeaten The CapellaIndiansreportedlytraveledupto30 the westcoastandinteriorasafreshordriedstaple. was traditionallyusedbymanyindigenouspeoplesof Indigenous uses: plant orgroundcover. ments; manyhorticulturalusesincludingasahedge foliage isusedinfreshandpreservedfloralarrange- food, beverage,andwinecoloring. tion ofmouthandthroat,improvedvision;for order; fruitsfordiarrhea,mucousmembraneinflamma- diabetes, gastrointestinal,kidney, andurinarytractdis- and leaves,astringent,diuretic;leaves(Europe)for antioxidant, juiceasabeverageandtomakewine,fruits fresh, asanaturalfoodcoloring,sourceofvitamins, used invariousprocessedfoodsandcondiments,eaten Vaccinium membranaceum raspberry, rosehips,andhibiscusflowers in teas. Common uses: Uses andProducts leaf areasoftheplantareremoved. response isexpectediflessthan40percentofthegreen replacing removedfoliagewithin2to3years.Good under favorablegrowingconditionshavebeenobserved buds belowharvestedbranch.Floral:healthyplants Regeneration afterharvest: winter). plants, plantsaredugafterbudsdormant(latefallto off, upuntilnewgrowthbeginsinspring.Fortrans- in latesummerthroughfallafternewgrowthhardens early fall. Harvest season: Vaccinium ovatum Huckleberryleavescombinedwith Berrieswhenripe,inlatesummerand Fruitoftheevergreenhuckleberry : driedandfreshfloralgreens, land- : freshandfrozenberries,jams,

Vaccinium deliciosum and isharvestedforitsgreens Newgrowthsproutsfrom V. deliciosum Vaccinium ovatum and : berries : leberry ( coccos heavily impactedbyharvesters.Bogcranberry( is anincreasingproblem,andsomeareasarebeing including grizzlybear( berries areasubstantialpartofthedietsomewildlife interior tonorthernRockyMountainsareofconcernas mercial useforseveralspecies.Poorberrycropsinthe tribes, andAlaskaNativeshaverequestedlimitedcom- Vaccinium Comments andAreasofConcern food, andfloral.Domesticmarketsfornurserystock. for allfoodandcraftsproducts.Specialtydessert Types ofmarkets: ) islistedasimperiledinIdaho.Velvetleaf huck- V. myrtilloides speciesaretraditionallyusedbyAmerican Internationalanddomesticmarkets Ursus arctos )

is listedinOregon. L.).Illegalharvest V. oxy- Young (1992) Service (1965),Vance andThomas(1997),Young and Tilford (1998),Tirmenstein (1990f),USDAForest Rose etal.(1998),ThomasandSchumann(1993), (1996), Minore(1972),PojarandMacKinnon(1994), tus West (1998),Kruckeberg (1993),LeungandFoster denbed (2000),HitchcockandCronquist(1978),Hor- Antos etal.(1996),FranklinandDyrness(1973),Gar- References 121

Plants Plants 122 attracted torootodor. moist siteswithheavywinter snowpack;catsandrats elk, bear, moose,andsmalleranimals;indicates cool, Ecological relations: ow communities.Shadeintolerant. Successional stage: meadows, cliffsandstreambanks,openorshadedsoils. Habitat: and sedge. Valeriana scouleri hellebore, sedge,blackhuckleberry, lupine,andarnica. from rhizomes. Description: Ecology VALER Valerianaceae Valerian Valeriana white firzones. Associations: ally widelydispersed. 3000 m.Oftenfoundinsmall,densecoloniesbutgener- species inCalifornia;moderatetohighelevations,1500- ate zone,overadozenspeciesinWestern States,fewer Range anddistribution: rhizome; crenateleaves. 15-70 cmtall;fibrousrootedfromastoutbranched occidentalis fruit generallycompressed,veinedachene. leaves; clusteredinflorescence;flowerswhiteorpink; leaves, oneormoresetsofopposite,dissectedstem 120 cm;short,hairyleaves,mostlyundividedbasal V. scouleri V. occidentalis V. sitchensis Moistsitesinconiferousforests,subalpine : commonly30-90cm. Native. About200species:perennialherb Pacificsilverfir, mountainhemlock, Rydb., Scouler’s valerian-VASC2 Valeriana sitchensis Valeriana sitchensis L. spp. Bong.,Sitkavalerian-VASI : Western hemlockzone.Douglas-fir Heller, Western valerian-VAOC2 Earlytolatesuccessionalinmead- Commonbrowsefordeer, Genus worldwideintemper- Valeriana scouleri : Americanfalse : erectstems30- Valeriana : available for Cultivation: plants. zomes. Incultivation,clumpscanbedividedtogetnew Vegetative reproduction: soil, butcansurvivedrought. established fromseed;establisheswellinrich,moist fall inafewdaysaftermature.Seedissmall.Easily Seed: fruit issmall,hardribbedwithfeatheryplumes. Flowering andfruiting: Biology are small,donotrecommend. plants areeasilyestablished fromseedandpopulations Transplant viability: cially availablefor aein cueiV oubaaV. V. columbiana Valeriana scouleri Timing iscriticalwhencollectingseedasitcan Valeriana officinalis Can becultivated.Seedsarecommercially V. scouleri Canbetransplanted,butbecause FlowersfromJunetoAugust; Canreproducefromrhi- (Scouler’s valerian). . Plantsarecommer- sitchensis 123

Plants Plants nal, herbal,andhealthcare. Types ofmarkets: in heathcareasspecialtyproducts. Common products: incense; leavesmixedwithtobaccoasflavoring. root forfood;plantstomachtroubles;driedrootsas tapeworm medicine,rawrootpoisonousandcooked roots rubbedonrheumatismandforswelling,rootasa Indigenous uses: relieve anxietyandpromotesleep. skin softener;flavoringinbeveragesanddesserts;to Common uses: Uses andProducts or waituntilseedshavedispersedbeforeharvesting. ed; ifseedsarepresent,spreadthemattimeofharvest Regeneration afterharvest: have highermedicinalpotency. Harvest season: the plantsareflowering. For fallandwintercollecting,patchesarelocatedwhen species. Itiseasiertogrowincommercialquantities. ed speciesbutisnotbeingcultivatedasmuchother sitchensis Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 124 ) isthemostpopularcommerciallywildcraft- Asanantispasmodicandhypotensive; Roots. Latesummerthroughfall;infall,roots Rubbedonsoremuscles;pounded Internationalanddomestic.Medici- Tea, tinctures, capsules,ingredient Sitkavalerian( Low;entirerootiscollect- Valeriana (1993,1998), USDAForestService(1988) non (1994),ThomasandSchumann(1993),Tilford Moerman (1998b),Moore(1993),PojarandMacKin- (1998), LeungandFoster(1996),Mizerak (1993), HitchcockandCronquist(1978),HortusWest Dykeman (1990),Hartmannetal.Hickman Brevoort (1998),Craigheadetal.(1991),Eliasand References first. disturbance. Notalwayswell-tolerated,usecautiouslyat and pronetocompaction;moistsitessusceptible ering onfragile,steepslopesandwhenthesoiliswet conservatively fromdense,healthypatches;avoidgath- Check forsignsofbrowsebeforeharvesting;gather Comments andAreasofConcern ranges. elk willeatthedryleavesandstemsonoverusedwinter areas; seedsareasourceofwinterfoodforsmallbirds; and firstsourceofsmallanimalhabitatindisturbed breaking upcompactedsoil;reintroducingpollinators Ecological relations: Shade intolerant. lowing disturbance,frequentlyinbaremineralsoil. Successional stage: rocky mineralsoil. fields, anddryopenwasteplacesordisturbedareasin Habitat: common dandelion,chickweed,andyarrow. Associations: America; below2200m.Widespread andcommon. Range anddistribution: long. low, lowertwohairless; seedsinovoidcapsule,8mm 15-30 mmwide,fivestamens,upperthreehairy, yel- stem; racemeinflorescence;flowersyellow, circular, stem leavesalternate,30-40cmlong,smallerupthe 30 cm-2mtall;basalleaves8-50cmlong,wideratend; basal leaves;secondyearproducingsingleerectstem with woolyhairs;firstyearproducingrosetteof Description: Ecology VETH Scrophulariaceae mullein Mullein, commonmullein,woolly Verbascum thapsus Commononroadsides,alongriverbottoms, Exotic.Biennialherb,denselycovered Herbsofopenfields,dock,burdock, Earlysuccessional;colonizesfol- Importantforsoilstabilization, Throughout temperateNorth L. stage. Transplant viability: available. Cultivation: cuttings takeninearlyspring. Vegetative reproduction: germinate, butestablisheseasily. tion requirements,besttemperature,30°C,slowto Seed: fruits arecapsules. Flowering andfruiting: Biology Seedsnumerousandwingless,complexgermina- Can becultivated.Plantsarecommercially Easilytransplantedinrosette FromJunetoSeptember; Canbepropagatedbyroot Verbascum thapsus 125

Plants Plants infections; smokingmixturebase. people notintheirrightmind;powderedrootforskin leaves usedonswollenglands;plantsmokedascurefor cough, andfever. Leafpoulticeappliedtocuts;scalded teething babies,decoctionofleaftakenforcolds, Indigenous uses: lient. to treatbronchitisandasthma;dyes;oilasskinemol- diuretic, sedative,astringent,andherbalcoughremedy; Common uses: Uses andProducts will produceplantstemthefollowingyear. centage ofleavesareremovedfromrosette,theplant regenerate iffloweringheadisremoved.Ifsmallper- Regeneration afterharvest: best condition;flowerswhenbudsarehalfopen. Harvest season: microsites thattheplantmaybeproviding. environmental consequencesofreducingshadeand usable. Leavesandflowersareharvestedtominimize spring ofthefirstyeargrowth.Secondisstill Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection 126 Medicinal,asanexpectorant,mild Leavesandflowers. Leavesinsummer, MaytoAugust Medicinal,rootswornasnecklaceby Bestproductwhenharvestedin Biennialplantwillnot Pacific Northweststates. generally notinvasiveandconsiderednoxiousin important forslopestabilization.Althoughnonnative,is areas. Harvestwithcautioninareaswhereitmaybe May beusedforrestorationpurposesinharshdegraded Comments andAreasofConcern 1998), Young andYoung (1986) (1997), ThomasandSchumann(1993),Tilford (1993, Ody (1993),PojarandMacKinnon(1994),Rice (1998), MunzandKeck(1959),Moerman(1998b), (1990), Hickman(1993),HortusWest (1998),Mizerak ill etal.(1996),Craighead(1991),Hartmann Abrams andFerris(1960),BrillDean(1994),Burr- References health care. Types ofmarkets: eardrops, andeyewash. Common products: Domestic.Medicinal,herbal,and Tea, tincture,oil,coughsyrup, Moderately shadetolerant. cies, butrarelybloomsunder adenseforestcanopy. or resproutswellafterfire. Persistent, long-livedspe- species andhighlytolerantofdisturbance;regenerates Successional stage: based soils. well onserpentinesoils,butdoesnottoleratelimestone- tains. Cangrowwellonshalloworrockysoils.Grows forested talusslopes;serpentinesoilsinSiskiyouMoun- ridges, coniferousforests,well-drainedsoils,andnon- Habitat: rhododendron, whortleberry, bearberry, andsedges. hemlock, subalpinefir, noblefir;blackhuckleberry, in westernspruce-firforests;Douglas-fir, mountain zones. Also,understorydominantoncoolupperslopes Associations: story), butnotcommon. certain areas(driersubalpinemeadowsandunder- sea leveltosubalpine.Inpatches,canbeabundantin primarily inhigherelevations.InWashington, fromnear to RockyMountains;nearsealevelover2600m, Range anddistribution: lobed capsules;seeds4mm. dense, conical,terminalcluster;fruits5-7mmthree- below; manywhiteflowers,5-10mmonlongstalkina shorter fartherupthestem,greenonupper, palegray edged, tough,andwiryinlargeclumps;stemleaves leaves 30-100cmlong,2-6mmwide,grasslike,rough cm thickwoodyrhizome;stem15cm-1.5m;basal Description: Ecology XETE Melanthiaceae Beargrass, Indianbasketgrass Xerophyllum tenax Openwoods,clearings,meadows,slopes, Native. Perennialherb;growsfrom1-2 Western hemlockandPacificsilverfir Earlytolatesuccessional;pioneer British ColumbiatoCalifornia (Pursh) Nutt. germination rateshavebeen obtained. Seed: conditions. multiple-year cycles,possiblybasedonenvironmental nonflowering forseveralyears.Tends tobloomin of whiteflowersbloominmidsummer;perennial, Flowering andfruiting: Biology intensity fires. near thesoilsurfacesoplantmaybekilledbyhigh- the fire.Meristematicregionofrhizome,however, is that ispresentbeforeafireandregrowsinplaceafter zomes followingfire.Beargrassisasurvivorspecies adaptation ofbeargrassisitsabilitytosproutfromrhi- control isprovidedfromtheroots.Theprimaryfire for smallmammals.Long-termrevegetationanderosion food forthemountaingoatincoldweather. Faircover year-around; theleavesremainoverwinter, providing pocket gophers;elkanddeereatthemoretenderleaves stock isfoodforbearsinspring,aswellmiceand Ecological relations: Needscoldstratificationfor germination.Good Thefleshyleafbasesorroot- FromMaytoAugust;stalks Xerophyllum tenax 127

Plants Plants and Europe. and freshfloral,crafts; exportprimarilytoJapan Types ofmarkets: and preserved;basketweavingmaterials. Common products: roots usedtostopbleeding. poultice ofchewedrootsappliedtowounds;grated Indigenous uses: weaving; freshflowerarrangements. Common uses: Uses andProducts rhizome tocollectleavesisdetrimentaltheplant. son ifrhizomeleftintact.Cuttingintoortearingout Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: bunches. mercially harvestedarecollectedintoabout½-lb be freeofdirtandbrowntipsremoved.Leavescom- gently arepulledorcutatbaseofplant.Allstemsmust Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection rhizal; mayneedappropriatesoiltogrow. well. Seedlingcanbetransplanted.Stronglymycor- Transplant viability: cially available. lumbia BotanicalGarden.Plantsandseedsarecommer- successfully cultivatedattheUniversityofBritishCo- Cultivation: more frequentlythanflowering. Vegetative reproduction: 128 Can becultivated,butdifficult.Hasbeen Fillerinfloralarrangements;basket Leavesandflowers. Latefallandwinter. Baskets;garments;fordecoration; Internationalanddomestic.Dried Floralgreens,fresh,dried,dyed, Leavesofcurrentyear’s growth Matureplantsdonottransplant Will sproutfromrhizomes Good,aftergrowingsea- Whitney (1997) Forest Service(1988),Vance andThomas(1997), Minore (1977),ThomasandSchumann(1993),USDA non (1994),RossandChambers(1988),Smart quist (1978),HortusWest (1998),PojarandMacKin- Dyrness (1973),Hickman(1993),HitchcockandCron- Craighead etal.(1991),Crane(1990b),Franklinand References habitat. elevation sites,thereisconcernfordegradationof cause ofhighlevelharvesttakingplaceonhigh- size andnumber;declinesundercanopyclosure.Be- a disturbancethatopenscanopy, beargrass increasesin beargrass (Montana)orincreasedensity(Oregon).After Clearcutting andsoilscarificationmayseverelyreduce Comments andAreasofConcern Continued mycelium New harvestablepartsareproduced fromaperennial ported byinsectsoranimalstoestablishnewcolonies. Vegetative reproduction: Seed: from springthroughautumnathighelevations. cially onthecoast.Acomplexofsimilarspeciesfruit Flowering andfruiting: Biology known. of coniferandhardwoodspecies.Fireecologyisun- Ecological relations: a newstandisestablished. Successional stage: Habitat: Pacific Northwest. Associations: solitary oringroups. Northern Hemisphere.Widespread andlocallycommon; Range anddistribution: brown. does notturnbluewhenbruised;sporeprintolive 8-25 cmlong,2-7thick,whitetobrown;flesh like, whitewhenyoung,thenyellowishbrown;stalk shaped, browntoyellowbrown;undercapporesponge- Description: Ecology Boletaceae King bolete Boletus edulis Wind-dispersed spores. Terrestrial, woods,andedges. Native. Cap8-30cmwide,convexorbun Conifers,especiallysprucespeciesinthe Clearcuttingeliminatesfruitinguntil Formsectomycorrizaewithrange Bull. exFr. Mainfruitinginautumn,espe- Temperate foreststhroughout Myceliamightbetrans- Europe andNewZealand. Transplant viability: Cultivation: and exporttoEurope. Types ofmarkets: Common products: baked, orfried. Indigenous uses: Common uses: Uses andProducts ectomycorrhizae. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: young orelsebecomesriddledwithinsectlarvae. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection Not cultivatedinNorthAmerica. Asfood,specialtyfoodinrestaurants. Mushroom(fruitingbody, sporocarp). Duringfruitingseasonlocally. Aspartofdiet,cookedonhotstones, Specialtyfoodmarkets,restaurants, Freshordriedfoodproduct. Pluckedorcut.Harvestedwhen Techniques underdevelopmentin Perennialmyceliumand Boletus edulis 129

Fungi Fungi to sustainandenhanceproduction. ber managementonproductivityandmanagingstands Long-term reductionofsporedispersal.Effectstim- Comments andAreasofConcern 130 (1993) Arora (1986,1991),Moerman(1998b),Molinaetal. References Seed: summer throughautumn. Flowering andfruiting: Biology roots offoresttreesthroughectomycorrhizae. Ecological relations: years orolderbeforefruitingresumes. Successional stage: conifer forestsandsomewhathigherelevations. may beanold-growthassociate.Whitechanterellesin mon inyoungstands,butsimilar(undescribed)species Habitat: Associations: sionally infusedclusters. Pacific Northwest.Singly, butofteningroups,occa- C. subalbidus widespread globally. Range anddistribution: es yelloworange,andismorerobust. fruity likeapricots.Whitechanterelleisoff-white,bruis- long; 0.5-3cmwide;sporeprintcreamyoryellow;odor stalk, samecolorascaporpaler;solidstalk2-10cm mature; gillsveinlikewithfoldsandridgesrunningdown low-orange cap3-15cmwide,concaveorwavywhen Description: Ecology Cantharellaceae Chanterelle Cantharellus C. subalbidus C. formosus Wind-dispersed spores. Terrestrial, coniferforests; Native. Trumpet shaped;orangetoyel- Douglas-fir/hemlockforests. restricted toconiferousforestsofthe Corner, Pacificgoldenchanterelle Smith &Moorse,Whitechanterelle Regeneratedstandsmustbe15 Cantharellus formosus spp. Formssymbioticrelationswith Fruitsincool,moistweather, Edible chanterellespecies C. formosus and com- restaurants. Common uses: Uses andProducts eration ifthesearenotdisturbed. perennial myceliumandectomycorrhizae.Betterregen- Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: moved beforeplacingincollectioncontainer. Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection Sweden. achieved, althoughmethodsarebeingdevelopedin Transplant viability: Cultivation: mycelium. New harvestablepartsareproducedfromaperennial ported byinsectsoranimalstoestablishnewcolonies. Vegetative reproduction: Not cultivatedinNorthAmerica. Foodforpersonaluseand in Mushroom(fruitingbody, sporocarp). Fromsummerthroughautumn. Pluckedorcut.Dirtybasere- Commercialcultivationnotyet Myceliamightbetrans- Regenerationisfrom Cantharellus 131

Fungi Fungi rants, andexporttoEurope. Types ofmarkets: Occasionally driedandexported. Common products: ern NorthAmerica. Indigenous uses: 132 Onlytwodocumentedcasesinwest- Specialtyproducemarkets,restau- Freshorcannedmushrooms. Arora (1986,1991),Molinaetal.(1993) References to sustainandenhanceproduction. ber managementonproductivityandmanagingstands Long-term reductionofsporedispersal.Effectstim- Comments andAreasofConcern mycelium. New harvestablepartsareproducedfromperennial ported byinsectsoranimalstoestablishnewcolonies. Vegetative reproduction: mammal mycophagy. Sporesdispersedinfeces. Seed: Flowering andfruiting: Biology glas-fir. Fireecologyunknown. Ecological relations: on privateland. plantations atlowelevationsandvalleymargins;often Successional stage: west, othertreegenerainEurope. Habitat: Associations: rope. Singlyorsmallgroups. Range anddistribution: pineapple. when young,becominggraytogreen-gray;aromaof of fertiletissue,marbledwithpalersterileveins,whitish warty; darkbrowntoblack;interiorsolidwithpockets ing body, 0.5-4.5cmbroad, roundtoirregular, minutely Description: Ecology Helvellaceae Oregon blacktruffle Leucangium carthusianum Tuslane &Tuslane Spores.Sporulatesunderground;odorinduces UndergroundwithDouglas-firintheNorth- Native. Potato-shaped,undergroundfruit- Douglas-firforests. Mostcommoninyoungdense FormsmycorrhizaewithDou- Latefallthroughearlyspring. Pacific NorthwestandEu- Myceliamightbetrans- Types ofmarkets: oil. Common products: Indigenous uses: gourmet iteminrestaurants. Common uses: Uses andProducts ectomycorrhizae. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: reputation. placed. Marketingunripetrufflescandiminishproduct rodent digs.Disturbedduffandlittershouldbere- Dogs canbeusedtosniffoutripetruffles.Lookfor Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection statistically. slurries enhancingproduction;notconfirmed Transplant viability: than informalinoculationtrials. Cultivation: Not cultivatedinNorthAmericaother Flavoring,addedtosauces,popular Truffle (fruitingbody, sporocarp). FromOctoberthroughFebruary. Nonedocumented. Restaurants. Fresh,frozen,andpreservedin Litteranddufflayersareraked. Anecdotalevidenceofspore Leucangium carthusianum Perennialmyceliumand 133

Fungi Fungi tines. deep raking.Possiblespreadofrootrotfungionrake Damage tosoil,treerootsortrufflemyceliumfrom Comments andAreasofConcern 134 Arora (1986),Molinaetal.(1993) References two afterfires. flushes ofsomemorelspeciesfruitforthefirstspring or be facultativelymycorrhizal;complexlifecycles.Large Ecological relations: fires, treedeath,orgrounddisturbance. species fruitperennially, othersinlarge flushesafter Successional stage: areas; streamsides,andburnedordisturbedareas. Habitat: Associations: solitary toclustered. Seed: after snowmelt. Flowering andfruiting: Biology ( throughout NorthAmerica;naturalorblackmorel Range anddistribution: from ivorytotan;capandstemhollow. long, 1-4cmwide,withoutasackorcupatbase;color ingrown tostalk,minutelygrandularstalk1.5-10cm tan tobrownblack;pitslightercolorthanridges;cap cone-shaped, honeycombedwithpitsandridges;grayish has afertilehead,2-17cmhigh,2-6wide,roundto Description: Ecology Morchellaceae Morel Morchella M. elata M. elata Wind-dispersed spores. blackmorel Terrestrial, forested,andpreviously forested ) commoninintermountainWest. Widespread; Fr.:Fr. sensuWeber (1995), Naturalor Native. Manyspecies.Theblackmorel Mixedconifersatmidtohighelevations. spp. Earlytolatesuccessional;some Mostspeciessaprobic,somemay Fruitinginspringandsummer Various specieswidespread rhizae, orspores. possibly perennialpseudosclerotia,mycelium,mycor- Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: ging, fire,ortreedeath. late). Searchareasdisturbedthepreviousyearbylog- mushrooms areleft,especiallyoldones(sporesmature mycelium inthegroundandundisturbed.Someof from thegroundtoobtaincleanspecimens.Leave Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection mycelium canbepurchasedtoestablish“patches.” but difficulttofruit,somecommercialcultivation, Transplant viability: America. Cultivation: serve asnutrientstoragestructures. produced fromaperennialmycelium.Pseudosclerotia Vegetative reproduction: Small cultivationindustryinNorth Fruitingbody. Fromspringthroughsummer. Cutwithaknifeabout1.5cm Sporesgeneratereadilyinculture, Newharvestablepartsare Unknownmechanism, Morchella 135

Fungi Fungi rants, andexporttoEurope. Types ofmarkets: ucts. Common products: Indigenous uses: Common uses: Uses andProducts 136 Food. Documentedusesnotfound. Specialtyproducemarkets,restau- Driedorfreshmushroomprod- (1993), Weber (1988) Arora (1986,1991),Mizerak(1998),Molinaetal. References only fruitepisodicallyafterdisturbance. Potentially reducedsporedispersalamongspeciesthat Multiple specieswithdifferingecologicalrelations. Comments andAreasofConcern mushroom anddispersespores. Fireecologyunknown. Mycelium formadensematinthesoil.Animalseat with rootsofforesttreesthroughitsectomycorrhizae. Ecological relations: 40 yearsold. Successional stage: abundant inwell-drained,infertilesoils. Habitat: with tanoak. and alongnorthernCaliforniacoast,itoftenassociates Shasta redfir, lodgepolepine;insouthwesternOregon Associations: from yeartoyear. vary greatlyinoccurrence,abundance,anddistribution 3-2000 m.Widespread butinclusteredpatterns;can Cascade RangeandKlamathMountains.Fruitsfrom Cascade Range,sanddunesofcoastalOregon,southern gon, andnorthernCalifornia:OlympicPeninsulato most abundantinBritishColumbia,Washington, Ore- ca, coincideswithborealandtemperateconiferforests; Range anddistribution: spore printiswhite;aromaspicy. is smooth;ringonstemdevelopsfromacottonyveil; base ofstalktaperedandwithoutabulb;cap5-20cm, solid, firm,andfibrous;4-15cmlong,1-5thick, Description: Ecology Tricholomataceae pine mushroom Matsutake, Americanmatsutake, Tricholoma magnivelare Redhead Various soils, climates,andhosttrees.Most Native. Whiterobustmushroom;stemis Douglas-fir, westernhemlock,grandfir, Rarelyfruitsinstandsunder Formssymbioticrelations Widespread inNorthAmeri- (Peck) Biology pine, Shastaredfir, andtanoakforests. holes. Commercialharvest concentrated inlodgepole ground, andcarefullymove thesoilaway. Coverany to spotthemoundsthatmatsutakesmakeunder or othertoolstosearchundertheduff layer. Learnhow value. Avoid disturbingthemycelium.Donotuserakes plucked, ascuttingthestemdestroysitscommercial Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection Transplant viability: Cultivation: mycelium. into multiplecolonies.Insectsoranimalsmaydistribute produced fromaperennialmyceliumthatmayfragment Vegetative reproduction: animal feces. Seed: depending onhabitat,elevation,andlatitude. Flowering andfruiting: Wind-dispersed spores.Possibledispersalin Not cultivatedinNorthAmerica. Mushroom(fruitingbody, sporocarp). Themushroomiscarefully Nosuccesses. Fruitsinlatesummertowinter New harvestablefruitsare Tricholoma magnivelare 137

Fungi Fungi markets andrestaurants.Japanimportsover90percent. Types ofmarkets: Common products: Indigenous uses: Common uses: Uses andProducts Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: 138 Eatenfresh. Autumn. Foodandflavoring. International.Specialty-produce Freshmushrooms. Perennialmycelium. (1998), Molinaetal.(1993) Arora (1986,1991),Hosfordetal.(1997),Mizerak References timber harvestpractices. spore dispersal.Optimalhabitatmaybeaffectedby tion andshouldbeavoided.Long-termreductionof may negativelyimpactsubsequentmushroomproduc- soil tofindyoungandmostvaluablemushrooms,this Though acommonpracticehasbeenrakinglitterand Comments andAreasofConcern mycelium. New harvestablepartsareproduced fromaperennial ported byinsectsoranimals toestablishnewcolonies. Vegetative reproduction: mammal mycophagy, sporesdispersedinfeces. Seed: Flowering andfruiting: Biology known. forms mycorrhizaewithDouglas-fir. Fireecologyun- Ecological relations: on privateland. plantations atlowelevationsandvalleymargins;often Successional stage: glas-fir. Habitat: Associations: in groups;commonOregon. Columbia westofCascades.Singlyormorecommonly Range anddistribution: ture; odorstrongandgarliclikewhenmature. dark browntored-brownwithwhiteveinswhenma- with age;interiorsolid,whitewhenyoungbecoming dark brown,exteriorlackshairsorwarts;oftencracks and firm,colorwhitishwhenyoung,becomingbuffto ing body, 1.5-5cmbroad,round toirregularknobby Description: Ecology Tuberaceae Oregon whitetruffle Tuber gibbosum Spores.Sporulatesunderground.Odorinduces Underground,almostexclusivelyunderDou- Native. Potato-shaped,undergroundfruit- Douglas-fir. Mostcommoninyoungdense Sporesdisseminatedbyrodents; Latefallthroughearlyspring. Northern CaliforniatoBritish Myceliamightbetrans- Gilkey Types ofmarkets: Common products: Indigenous uses: restaurants. Common uses: Uses andProducts ectomycorrhizae. Regeneration afterharvest: Harvest season: tion. Marketing unripetrufflescandiminishproductreputa- rodent digs.Disturbedduffandlittershouldbereplaced. Dogs canbeusedtosniffoutripetruffles.Lookfor Harvest techniques: Part harvested: Collection slurries enhancingproduction;notconfirmedstatistically. Transplant viability: other theninformalinoculationtrials. Cultivation: Not widelycultivatedinNorthAmerica Flavoring,asgourmetitemin Truffle (fruitingbody, sporocarp). FromOctoberthroughMarch. Nonedocumented. Restaurants. Fresh,frozen,orpreservedinoil. Litteranddufflayersareraked. Anecdotalevidenceofspore Tuber gibbosum Perennialmyceliumand 139

Fungi Fungi tines. deep raking.Possiblespreadofrootrotfungionrake Damage tosoil,treeroots,ortrufflemyceliumfrom Comments andAreasofConcern 140 Arora (1986,1991),Molinaetal.(1993) References Continued Acknowledgments We appreciate the contributions of Cindy Donegan, Nolie Hoye, Mark McDonald, Stephanie Roberts, Suzanne SanRomani, Daniel Shaw, and Eric Stoal. Special thanks to Emmalie Goodwin who spent long hours researching, proofreading, and revising the manuscript. We also are grateful to John Davis, Leonard Lake, and Bill Stein for sharing their expertise and helpful comments in reviewing this manuscript. This project was funded in part by a Community Economic Revitalization Team (CERT) grant from USDA Forest Service, Cooperative Forestry; and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Native Plants Initiative.

The following illustrations were reprinted from Hitchcock et al. (1969). Illustration Credits Reprinted by permission of the University of Washington Press: Abies procera, Acer circinatum, Achillea millefolium, Anaphalis margaritacea, Angelica arguta, A. genuflexa, Arctostaphylos columbiana, A. nevadensis, A. patula, A. uva-ursi, Arnica cordifolia, Asarum caudatum, Berberis aquifolium, B. nervosa, Calocedrus decurrens, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Ceanothus velutinus, Chimaphila umbellata, Coptis laciniata, Crataegus douglasii, Cupressus lawsoniana, Cytisus scoparius, Dipsacus fullonum, Equisetum arvense, Frangula purshiana, Gaultheria shallon, Gentiana calycosa, G. sceptrum, Gypsophila paniculata, Juniperus occidentalis, J. scopulorum, Lomatium dissectum, Oplopanax horridum, Pachistima myrsinites, Petasites frigidus var. palmatus, Polystichum munitum, Prunella vulgaris, Pteridium aquilinum, Rosa gymocarpa, R. nutkana var. hispida, Rubus idaeus, Rumex acetosella, R. crispus, Sambucus racemosa, S. cerulea, Scutellaria lateriflora, Taxus brevifolia, Thuja plicata, Trillium ovatum, Urtica dioica, Vaccinium ovatum, V. deliciosum, V. membranaceum, Valeriana scouleri, V. columbiana, V. sitchensis, Verbascum thapsus, Xerophyllum tenax.

The following illustration was reprinted from Randall et al. (1994) with permis- sion from Jensen:

Crataegus douglasii

The following illustrations were drawn by Stephanie Korschun:

Artemisia douglasii, Eriodictyon californicum, Hypericum perforatum

The following illustration was reprinted from Hickman (1993):

Aralia californica

141 The following illustration was drawn by Alexander Mikulin: reprinted from Geiser, et al. (1994):

Usnea longissima

The following illustration was reprinted from USDA Forest Service (1995). Ronald Glover, illustrator:

Tricholoma magnivelare

The following illustrations were drawn by Eduardo Nouhara:

Boletus edulis, Cantharellus formosus

The following illustrations were reprinted from Tulanse (1970):

Leucangium carthusianum, Tuber gibbosum

The following illustration was reprinted from a USDA Forest Service poster:

Morchella spp.

Metric and English English to metric Metric to English Equivalents 1 inch (in) = 2.540 cm 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.394 in

1 foot (ft) = 0.305 m 1 meter (m) = 3.281 ft

1 acre (acre) = 0.405 ha 1 hectare (ha) = 2.471 acres

1 pound (lb) = 453.592 g 1 gram (g) = 0.003 lb

Degrees Fahrenheit (ºF) = 9/5(ºC) + 32 Degrees Celsius (ºC) = 5/9(ºF-32)

142 References 1 mile (mi) =1.609 km 1 kilometer (km) = 0.622 mi

Abrams, Leroy; Ferris, Roxana Stinchfield. 1960. Illustrated flora of the Pacific States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 866 p. Vol. 3. Ambrose, Christine; Johnson, Christine. 1999. Standards and guidelines for the harvesting of selected medicinal herbs. Burnt Ranch, CA: Trinity Alps Botanicals. 30 p. Antos, Joe; Coupe, Ray; Douglas, George [and others]. 1996. Plants of southern interior British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Lone Pine Publishing. 463 p. Arora, David. 1986. Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. 959 p. Arora, David. 1991. All that the rain promises and more: a hip pocket guide to western mushrooms. Berkeley: BioSystems Analysis, Inc. 265 p. Auge, Herald; Brandl, Roland. 1997. Seedling recruitment in the invasive clonal shrub Mahonia aquifolium. Oecologia. 110: 205-211. Blakley, Tim. 1997. Personal communication. Farm manager, HerbPharm, PO Box 116, Williams, OR 97544. http://www.herb-pharm.com. Bowes, Bryan G. 1999. The color atlas of plant propagation and conservation. New York: New York Botanical Garden Press. 224 p. Brevoort, Peggy. 1998. The booming U.S. botanical market: a new overview. Herbalgram. 44: 33-49. Brill, Steve; Dean, Evelyn. 1994. Identifying and harvesting edible and medici- nal plants. New York: Hearst Books. 317 p. British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 1995. Botanical forest products in British Columbia: an overview. Victoria, BC: Integrated Resources Policy Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests. 51 p. Burg, Arthur N. 1974. Arctostaphylos: In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech. coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 883 p. Burgett, D.M.; Stringer, B.A.; Johnson, L.D. 1989. Nectar and pollen plants of Oregon and the Pacific Northwest. Blodgett, OR: Honeystone Press. 150 p. Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, B.H. 1990. Silvics of North America. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 675 p. Vol. 1.

143 Burrill, Larry C.; Dewey, Steven A.; Cudney, David W. [and others]. 1996. Weeds of the West. Jackson, WY: Western Society of Weed Science. 630 p. Campbell, M.H.; Delfosse, E.S. 1984. The biology of Australian weeds. 13. Hypericum perforatum L. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science. 50(2): 63-74. Carey, J.H. 1995. Urtica dioica. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/urtdio. (19 March 1999). Conard, Susan G.; Jaramillo, Annabelle E.; Cromack, Kermit, Jr.; Rose, Sharon, comps. 1985. The role of the Ceanothus in western forest ecosys- tems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-182. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 72 p. Cooke, Sarah S., ed. 1997. A field guide to the common wetland plants of west- ern Washington and northwestern Oregon. Seattle: Seattle Audubon Society. 415 p. Cope, Amy B. 1993. Abies procera. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/abipro. (9 July 1999). Craighead, John J.; Craighead, Frank C.; Davis, Ray J. 1991. A field guide to Rocky Mountain wildflowers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 275 p. Crane, M.F. 1989a. Polystichum munitum. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/fern/polmun. (1 April 1999). Crane, M.F. 1989b. Sambucus cerulea. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/samcer. (29 March 1999). Crane, M.F. 1989c. Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/samracp. (29 March 1999). Crane, M.F. 1990a. Pteridium aquilinum. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/fern/pteaqu. (2 April 1999). Crane, M.F. 1990b. Xerophyllum tenax. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/xerten. (25 February 1999).

144 Crane, M.F. 1991. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/arcuva. (25 February 1999). Danish Forest Sales Catalogue. [N.d.]. Decorative greenery section. Amalievej 20. DK-1875, Frederiksberg C. Denmark. Davis, John. 2000. Personal communication. Silviculturalist, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Mount Hood National Forest, 16400 Champion Way, Sandy, OR 97055. DiFazio, Stephen P.; Wilson, Mark V.; Vance, Nan C. 1998. Factors limiting seed production of Taxus brevifolia (Taxaceae) in western Oregon. American Journal of Botany. 85(7): 910-918. Duke, James A. 1997. The green pharmacy. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press. 507 p. Dyrness, C.T.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Moir, W.H. 1974. A preliminary classification of forest communities in the central portion of the western Cascades in Ore- gon. Bulletin 4. Seattle, WA: Coniferous Forest Biome, Ecosystem Analysis Studies, U.S./International Biological Program. 123 p. Earle, C.J., ed. 1999. Calocedrus decurrens (Torrey) Florin. Gymnosperm database. (1999 February). http://www.conifers.org. (20 December 2000). Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. 1990. Edible wild plants: a North Ameri- can field guide. New York: Sterling Publishing. 286 p. Esser, L.L. 1995. Rumex acetosella. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/rumace. (10 March 1999). Everett, Yvonne. 1997. A guide to selected non-timber forest products of the Hayfork Adaptive Management Area, Shasta-Trinity and Six Rivers National Forests, California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-162. Albany, CA: U.S. De- partment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 64 p. Flessner, T.R.; Darris, D.C.; Lambert, S.M. 1992. Seed source evaluation of four riparian shrubs for streambank rehabilitation in the Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-289. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, For- est Service, Intermountain Research Station: 155-162. Foster, Steven; Duke, James A. 1990. A field guide to medicinal plants. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 355 p. Franklin, J.F. 1974. Abies Mill. Fir. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture: 168-183.

145 Franklin, Jerry; Dyrness, C.T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Wash- ington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 417 p. Freed, Jim. 2000. Personal communication. Extension specialist special forest products, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164. Gardenbed. 2000. BotanicSOUP.com. http://www.gardenbed.com. (16 March 2000). Gedney, Donald R.; Azuma, David L.; Bolsinger, Charles L.; McKay, Neil. 1999. Western juniper in eastern Oregon. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-464. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific North- west Research Station. 53 p. Geiser, Linda H.; Dillman, Karen L.; Derr, Chiska C.; Stensvold, Mary C. 1994. Lichens of southeastern Alaska, an inventory. R10-TB-45. Petersburg, AK: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Alaska Region. 131 p. Gill, John P.; Pogge, Franz L. 1974. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Lk. Scotch broom. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., tech coord. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture: 370-371. Greenaway, Theresa. 1991. Mosses and liverworts. Oxford: Heinemann Chil- dren’s Reference. 46 p. Guarino, L.; Friis-Hansen, E. 1995. Collecting plant genetic resources and doc- umenting associated indigenous knowledge in the field: a participatory approach. In: Collecting plant genetic diversity: technical guidelines. Walling- ford, UK: CAB International: 345-365. Habeck, R.J. 1991. Crataegus douglasii. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/cradou. (10 March 1999). Habeck, R.J. 1992a. Calocedrus decurrens. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/caldec. (10 March 1999). Habeck, R.J. 1992b. Rhamnus purshiana. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhapur. (16 March 1999). Hale, Mason E.; Cole, Mariette. 1988. Lichens of California. Berkeley: Univer- sity of California Press. 254 p.

146 Hall, Frederick C. 1988. Pacific Northwest ecoclass codes for plant associa- tions. Tech. Pap. R6-Ecol. 289-87. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 164 p. Hanes, Richard. 1998. Sensitive plants of Nevada and Placer Counties (1999 January). http://www.nccn.net/cnps/sensitiv.htm. (19 May 2000). Hartmann, Hudson T.; Kester, Dale E.; Davies, Fred T., Jr. 1990. Plant prop- agation principles and practices. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. 647 p. Hickerson, J. 1986. Achillea millefolium. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/achmil. (25 February 1999). Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1400 p. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, A. 1978. Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an illustrated manual. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 730 p. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion; Thompson, J.W. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washing- ton Press. 914 p. Vols. 1-5. Hortus West. 1998. Plant and seed directory. Hortus West. 9: 25-68. Hosford, David; Pilz, David; Molina, Randy; Amaranthus, Michael. 1997. Ecology and management of commercially harvested American matsutake mushroom. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-412. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 68 p. Howard, J.L. 1992a. Arctostaphylos viscida. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/arcvis. (25 February 1999). Howard, J.L. 1992b. Eriodictyon californicum. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/erical. (25 February 1999). Howard, J.L. 1993. Oplopanax horridum. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/oplhor. (17 March 1999). Huffman, David W.; Tappeiner, John C.; Zasada, John. 1994. Regeneration of salal (Gaultheria shallon) in the central Coast Range forests of Oregon. Canadian Journal of Botany. 72: 39-51.

147 Johnson, Kurt, A.; Warner, Brenda. [1997]. Collecting native plants: permit conditions and transplanting tips [Leaflet]. [Portland, OR]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Deschutes National Forest. [Not paged]. Kilham, Chris. 2000. Health benefits boost elderberry. Herbalgram. 50: 55-57. Klein, Christine; Johnson, C. 1997. Standards and guidelines for the harvesting of selected medicinal-use non-timber forest products. Burnt Ranch, CA: Trinity Alps Botanicals. 36 p. Klein, Robyn. 2000. Robyn’s recommend reading. www.rrreading.com. (19 December 2000). Kozloff, Eugene N. 1976. Plants and animals of the Pacific Northwest : an illus- trated guide to the natural history of western Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 264 p. Kruckeberg, Arthur. 1993. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific North- west. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 252 p. Leung, Albert Y.; Foster, Steven. 1996. Encyclopedia of common natural ingre- dients used in food, drugs and cosmetics. 2d ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 649 p. Logan, Sheila E.; Hemstrom, Miles A.; Pavlat, Warren. 1987. Plant associa- tion and management guide: Willamette National Forest. R6-Ecol 257-A-86. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific North- west Region. 223 p. MacFarlane, Ruth B. (Alford). 1985. Collecting and preserving plants for sci- ence and pleasure. New York: Arco Publishing, Inc. 184 p. Matthews, R.F. 1994. Chimaphila umbellata. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/chiumb. (25 February 1999). McMinn, Howard E. 1970. An illustrated manual of California shrubs. Berkeley: University of California Press. 663 p. Medicine Roots. 2001. Medicine roots. (1998 May). http://www.medicineroots.com (30 January 2001). Miller, Richard A. 1988. Native plants of commercial importance. Grants Pass, OR: OAK Inc. 343 p. Minore, Don. 1972. The wild huckleberries of Oregon and Washington—a dwin- dling resource. Res. Pap. PNW-143. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 20 p.

148 Minore, Don; Weatherly, Howard. 1994. Riparian trees, shrubs and forest regeneration in the coastal mountains of Oregon. New Forests. 8: 249-263. Mizerak, Chris. 1998. Personal communication. Owner, Sacred Mountain Bo- tanicals, wildcrafter. 681 Valley View Rd., Talent, OR 97540. Moerman, Daniel E. 1998a. Native American ethnobotany. Portland, OR: Tim- ber Press. 927 p. Moerman, Daniel E. 1998b. Native American ethnobotany [Database]. Foods, drugs, dyes and fibers of native North American peoples. http://www.umd.umich.edu/cgi-bin/herb. (20 May 2000). Molina, Randy; O’Dell, Thomas; Luoma, Daniel [and others]. 1993. Biolo- gy, ecology, and social aspects of wild edible mushrooms in the forests of the Pacific Northwest: a preface to managing commercial harvest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-309. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 42 p. Moore, Michael. 1993. Medicinal plants of the Pacific West. Santa Fe: Red Crane Books. 359 p. Munz, Philip Z.; Keck, David. 1959. A California flora. Berkeley: University of California Press. 1681 p. Niehaus, Theodore F. 1976. A field guide to Pacific States wildflowers. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 432 p. Ody, Penelope. 1993. The complete medicinal herbal. New York: Dorling Kindersley. 192 p. Olson, David F.; Gabriel, W.J. 1974. Acer L. maple. In: Schopmeyer, C.S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture: 187-194. Oosting, Henry J. 1958. The study of plant communities. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. 440 p. Peck, J.E. 1997. Commercial moss harvest in northwestern Oregon: describing the epiphyte communities. Northwest Science. 71(3): 186-195. Peck, J.E.; McCune, B. 1998. Commercial moss harvest in northwestern Ore- gon: biomass and accumulation. Biological Conservation. 86: 299-305. Pilz, David. 1999. Personal communication. Botanist, U.S. Department of Agri- culture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR 97331.

149 Plant conservation alliance–medicinal plant working group. (2000 October). Green medicine. http://www.nps.gov/plants/medicinal. (20 December 2000). Plants for A Future. 1997. Species database. (2000 February). http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/D_search.html. (30 January 2001). Pojar, Jim; MacKinnon, A., comps., eds. 1994. Plants of the Pacific Northwest coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia and Alaska. Redmond, WA: British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Lone Pine Publishing. 527 p. Randall, W.R.; Keniston, R.F.; Bever, D.N.; Jensen, E.C. 1994. Manual of Oregon trees and shrubs. Oregon State University Bookstores Inc. 305 p. Reed, W.R. 1993a. Arnica cordifolia. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/arncor. (25 February 1999). Reed, William R. 1993b. Rosa gymnocarpa. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rosgym. (25 February 1999). Rice, P. 1997. University of Montana: the invaders database system. [Database] http://invader.dbs.umt.edu. (14 January 2000). Richardson, M.A.; Sanders, T.; Tamayo, C. [and others]. 2000. Flor- Essence® herbal tonic use in North America: a profile of general consumers and cancer patients. Herbalgram. 50: 40-41. Rolle, Wayne. 1997. Personal communication. Botanist, Rogue River National Forest, 333 West 8th St., Box 520, Medford, OR 97501-0209. Roorbach, Ashley H. 1999. The ecology of devil’s club (Oplopanax horridum (J.E. Smith) Miq.) in western Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 117 p. M.S. thesis. Rose, Robin; Chachulski, Caryn E.C.; Haase, Diane L. 1998. Propagation of Pacific Northwest plants. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press. 248 p. Ross, Robert A.; Chambers, Henrietta L. 1988. Wildflowers of the western Cascades. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 141 p. Russell, P. 1994. Ninilchik plantlore: an ethnobotany of the Ninilchik, Dena’ina, Aleut, and Russian people. United States of America: Priscilla N. Russell and The Ninilchik Traditional Council. 64 p. Saunders, Charles F. 1976. Edible and useful wild plants of the United States and Canada. New York: Dover Publications. 275 p.

150 Schlosser, William E.; Blatner, Keith A. 1992. A guide to floral greens: special forest products. Bulletin EB1659. Pullman, WA: Washington State University Extension. 5 p. Schlosser, William E.; Blatner, Keith A. 1994. The wild edible mushroom industry of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington: a 1992 survey of processors. Portland, OR: [Publisher unknown]; report to the U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest Range and Experiment Station. 26 p. Schlosser, William E.; Blatner, Keith A. 1997. Special forest products: an east- side perspective. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-380. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Sta- tion. 27 p. Schlosser, W.E.; Blatner, K.A.; Zamora, B.A. 1992. Pacific Northwest forest land potential for floral greens production. Northwest Science. 6:1. Schofield, Janice J. 1989. Discovering wild plants: Alaska, Western Canada, the Northwest. Seattle, WA: Alaska Northwest Books. 354 p. Seda, Anita, comp. 1989. Key species for plant associations on the Rogue Riv- er, Siskiyou and Umpqua National Forests. [Place of publication unknown]: Northwest Interpretive Association. [Not paged]. Shaw, E.W. 1949. Minor forest products of the Pacific Northwest. Res. Note RN-59. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 10 p. Smart, Alan W.; Minore, Don. 1977. Germination of beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax). The Plant Propagator. 23(3): 13-15. Snyder, S.A. 1991. Pachistima myrsinites. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/pacmyr. (25 February 1999). Steinfeld, David. 1996. Personal communication. Manager, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, J. Herbert Stone Nursery, 2606 Old Stage Rd., Central Point, OR 97502. Stevens, M.L.; Ryan, A. 1997. Healing the land, healing the people. Davis, CA: Public Research Program, University of California, Davis. 52 p. Stewart, Charles. 1988. Wildflowers of the Olympics and Cascades. Port Ange- les, WA: Nature Education Enterprises. 110 p. Sudworth, George B. 1967. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. New York: Dover Publications. 455 p.

151 Sullivan, J. 1992. Coptis groenlandica. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/copgro. (25 February 1999). Sullivan, J. 1993. Equisetum arvense. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/fern/equarv. (25 February 1999). Tesky, J.L. 1992. Thuja plicata. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/thupli. (23 March 1999). Thomas, Margaret G.; Schumann, D.R. 1993. Income opportunities in special forest products: self-help suggestions for rural entrepreneurs. Agric. Info. Bull. 666. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 206 p. Tilford, Gregory L. 1993. The ecoherbalist’s fieldbook. Conner, MT: Mountain Weed Publishing. 295 p. Tilford, Gregory L. 1998. From earth to herbalist: an earth conscious guide to medicinal plants. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Co. 248 p. Tirmenstein, D. 1986a. Juniperus occidentalis. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/junocc. (30 March 1999). Tirmenstein, D. 1986b. Juniperus scopulorum. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/junsco. (30 March 1999). Tirmenstein, D. 1990a. Ceanothus velutinus. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceavel. (22 March 1999). Tirmenstein, D. 1990b. Gaultheria shallon. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/gausha. (16 March 1999). Tirmenstein, D.A. 1990c. Berberis nervosa. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/berner. (25 February 1999). Tirmenstein, D. 1990d. Rubus idaeus. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/rubida. (19 March 1999).

152 Tirmenstein, D.A. 1990e. Taxus brevifolia. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/taxbre. (19 March 1999). Tirmenstein, D. 1990f. Vaccinium ovatum. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/vacova. (16 March 1999). Toogood, Alan. 1993. Plant propagation made easy. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 294 p. Tulanse, Ouis-Rene. 1970. Histoire et monographie des champinons hypoges. New York: A. Asher and Co. [Not paged]. Uchytil, R.J. 1989. Acer circinatum. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/shrub/acecir. (5 April 1999). Uchytil, R.J. 1990. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/chalaw. (25 February 1999). United Plant Savers. 2000. United Plant Savers. http://www.plantsavers.org. (12 May 2000). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARS). 2000. Germplasm resources information network (GRIN). [Database]. (2000 De- cember). www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?3086. (12 March 1999). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (ARS). 2001. Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory: Braken Fern. http://www.pprl.usu.edu/braken_fern.htm. (30 January 2001). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1963. Special forest products for profit. Agric. Info. Bull. 278. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agri- culture, Forest Service. 63 p. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1965. Special forest products 1964 harvesting report, Oregon and Washington. Portland, OR: U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 39 p. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1974. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC. 883 p. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1988. Range plant handbook. New York: Dover Publications. 861 p.

153 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1995. Mushroom picking: What makes a good harvest? [Brochure]. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999a. Threatened and sensi- tive plant species list. Northern region-Idaho. (1999 March). http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/id_plant_list.pdf. (14 July 2000). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1999b. Threatened and sensi- tive plant species list. Northern region-Montana. (1999 March). http://www.fs.fed.us/r1/mt_plant_list.pdf. (14 July 2000). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 1999. The PLANTS database. (2000 December). http://plants.usda.gov/plants. (12 July 1999). U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1994. Final supplemental environmental impact statement on managing of habitat for late-successional and old-growth species within the range of the northern spotted owl. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 74 p. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 1999. Special forest products. http://www.edo.or.blm.gov. (5 April 1999). Vance, N.C.; Kirkland, M.J. 1997. Commercially harvested bryophytes associ- ated with Acer circinatum (Aceraceae). In: Kaye, T.N.; Liston, A.; Love, R.M. et al., eds. Conservation and management of native plants and fungi. Corvallis, OR: Native Plant Society of Oregon. 296 p. Vance, Nan C.; Thomas, Jane, eds. 1997. Special forest products biodiversity meets the marketplace. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-GTR-63. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 163 p. Van Dersal, William R.; Mulford, Furman L.; Thornthwaite, C. Warren. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States: their erosion-control and wildlife values. Publication 303. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agricul- ture. 362 p. Vitt, Dale H.; Marsh, Janet E.; Bovey, Robin B. 1988. Mosses, lichens, and ferns of northwest North America. Alberta, Canada: Lone Pine Publishing. 296 p.

154 Walters-Vertucci, Christina; Crane, Jennifer; Vance, Nan C. 1996. Physiolog- ical aspects of Taxus brevifolia seeds in relation to seed storage characteristics. Physiologia Plantarium. 98: 1-12. Weber, Nancy S. 1988. A morel hunter’s companion: a guide to the true and false morels of Michigan. Lansing, MI: Two Peninsula Press. 209 p. Whitney, Stephan. 1997. Western forests, National Audubon Society nature guides. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. 670 p. Willard, Terry. 1992. Edible and medicinal plants of the Rocky Mountains and neighboring territories. Calgary, AB: Wild Rose College of Natural Healing, Ltd. 276 p. Williams, T.Y. 1990a. Gentiana glauca. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/gengla. (29 March 1999). Williams, T.Y. 1990b. Gentiana propinqua. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/genpro. (29 March 1999). Williams, Clinton K.; Kelley, Brian F.; Smith, Bradley G.; Lillybridge, Terry R. 1995. Forested plant associations of the Colville National Forest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-360. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 375 p. Young, James A.; Young, C.G. 1986. Collecting, processing and germinating seeds of wildland plants. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 236 p. Young, James A.; Young, C.G. 1992. Seeds of woody plants in North America. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 407 p. Zimmerman, M.L., Griffith, R.S. 1991. Asarum caudatum. In: Fischer, William C., comp. The fire effects information system [Database]. (2000 July). http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/forb/ascau. (14 July 1999).

155 Appendix 1 Additional species used and traded in the Pacific Northwest not described in text. Other medicinal and useful plants not included in this text are de- scribed in publications in the “References” section of this paper.

Florals:

Maidenhair fern (Adiantum pedatum L.) Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh) Deer fern (Blechnum spicant L. Sm.) Coastal reindeer lichen (Cladina portentosa (Dufour) Follmann) Red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx.) Oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim.) Yellow moss (Homalothecium fulgescens (Mitt. ex C. Muell) Lawt.) Western bog laurel (Kalmia microphylla (Hook.) Heller) Pacific willow (Salix lucida Muhl.) Hardhack (Spiraea douglasii Hook.) Common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake) Twisted ulota moss (Ulota obtusiuscula C. Muell. & Kindb.) Medicinals:

Yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn.) Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii Pursh) Arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt.) Bunchberry dogwood (Cornus canadensis Michx.) Bleeding heart (Dicentra formosa (Haw.) Walp.) Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium L.) Labrador tea (Ledum glandulosum Nutt.) False Solomon’s seal (Maianthemum racemosa (L.) Link) Licorice fern (Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C. Eat.) Balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) Milkthistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.) Blue vervain (Verbena hastata L.)

156 Edibles:

Burdock (Arctium minus Bernh.) Lamb’s quarter’s (Chenopodium album L.) Miner’s lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd.) Wild licorice (Glycyrrhiza lepidota Pursh.) Mountain sorrel (Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill) Currant (Ribes L. spp.) Blackberries (Rubus L. spp.) Common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers) Cat-tail (Typha latifolia L.) Edible mushrooms:

Giant puffball (Calvatia booniana A.H.S.) Shaggy mane (Coprinus comatus (Müll. ex Fr.) S.F.G.) Hen of the woods (Grifolia frondosa (Fr.) S.F.G.) Lion’s mane (Hericium erinaceus (Fr.) Pers.) Hedgehog (Hydnum repandum (Fr.) S.F.G.) Lobster mushroom (Hypomyces lactiflorum (Schw. ex Fr.) Tul.) Candy cap (Lactarius fragilis (Burl.)) Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus Fr.) Pink coral (Ramaria botrytis (Fr.) Rick.) Cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis crispa Wulf. ex Fr.) Several mushrooms illustrated in this publication are representative of several closely related species that are all commercially harvested, especially the chanter- elles, morels, and boletes. As many as 20 other edible mushroom species are harvested commercially in the Pacific Northwest. Arora (1991) provides a suc- cinct overview of most of the major edible mushrooms in the Western United States. The ones that are harvested commercially differ greatly depending on region, season, buyers, markets, and whether they appear similar to poisonous species.

Christmas greenery:

American holly (Ilex opaca Ait.) Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.)

157 Sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) Western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) Coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.) Christmas trees:

Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis Dougl. ex Forbes) Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica var. shastensis Lemm) Coastal redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (Lamb. ex D. Don) Endl.) Craft materials:

Big-leaf maple shoots (Acer macrophyllum Pursh) Coastal reindeer lichen (Cladina portentosa (Dufour) Follmann) Antlered perfume lichen (Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach.) Common scissor-leaf liverwort (Herbertus aduncus (Dicks.) Gray) Sitka spruce cone (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) Sugar pine cone (Pinus lambertiana Dougl.) Ponderosa pine cone (Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson)

158 Appendix 2 Common name Scientific name

Alaska-cedar Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach Alaska huckleberry Vaccinium alaskaense How. Alder Alnus P. Mill. Alpine wintergreen Gaultheria humifusa (Graham) Rydb. American false hellebore Veratrum viride Ait. American matsutake Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead Angelica Angelica L. Angelica Angelica polymorpha Maxim. Arnica Arnica L. Arrowleaf balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf coltsfoot Petasites sagittatus (Banks ex Pursh) Gray Avalanche fawn-lily Erythronium montanum Wats. Baby’s breath Gypsophila paniculata L. Baldhip rose Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Balsamroot Balsamorhiza Nutt. Bearberry Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Beard lichen Usnea longissima Ach. Beargrass Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Bedstraw Galium L. Big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big-leaf maple Acer macrophyllum Pursh Bilberry Vaccinium L. Bitter-brush Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC Black cottonwood Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray ex Hook. Black elderberry Sambucus racemosa L. var. melanocarpa (Gray) McMinn Black hawthorn Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum Dougl. ex Torr. Black morel Morchella elata Fr.:Fr. sensu Weber (1995) Blackcap raspberry Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr & Gray

159 Common name Scientific name

Blood spattered beard Usnea wirthii P. Clerc Blue elderberry Sambucus cerulea Raf. Blue skullcap Scutellaria laterifolia L. Blueberry Vaccinium L. Bluebunch wheatgrass Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn. & J.G. Sm. Bluegrass Poa L. Bog cranberry Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pubescens L. Underw. Brewer’s mitrewort Mitella breweri Gray Broadleaf arnica Arnica latifolia Bong. Broadleaf lupine Lupinus latifolius Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh Brome Bromus L. Buckbrush Ceanothus L. Buckthorn Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper Bull thistle Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bunchberry dogwood Cornus canadensis L. Burdock Arctium L. California black oak Quercus kelloggii Newberry California juniper Juniperus californica Carr. California spikenard Aralia californica S.Wats. California sword fern Polystichum californicum (DC. Eat.) Diels Canby’s lovage Ligusticum canbyi Coult. & Rose Canyon live oak Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. Cascade bilberry Vaccinium deliciosum Piper. Cascara buckthorn Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper Ceanothus Ceanothus L. Cedar Thuja L. Celeryleaf lovage Ligusticum apiifolium (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Gray

160 Common name Scientific name

Chanterelle Cantharellus Corner Chickweed Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Chittum Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper Choke cherry Prunus virginiana L. Cluster rose Rosa pisocarpa Gray Coltsfoot Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Columbia hawthorn Crataegus columbiana T.J. Howell Common dandelion Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers Common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Common horsetail Equisetum arvense L. Common juniper Juniperus communis L. Common mullein Verbascum thapsus L. Common snowberry Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake Common teasel Dipsacus fullonum L. Common yarrow Achillea millefolium L. Cow-parsnip Heracleum lanatum Micht. Creeping snowberry Gaultheria hispidula (L.) Muhl. ex Bigelow Curly dock Rumex crispus L. Currant Ribes L. Cut-leaved goldthread Coptis laciniata Gray Deerfoot vanillaleaf Achlys triphylla (Smith) DC. Desert parsley Lomatium dissectum (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance Devil’s club Oplopanax horridum Miq. Dock Rumex L. Douglas’ water-hemlock Cicuta douglasii (DC.) Coult. & Rose Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco Dwarf Oregon grape Berberis nervosa Pursh Dwarf skullcap Scutellaria nana Gray

161 Common name Scientific name

Eastern tea berry Gaultheria procumbens L. Elegant gentian Gentiana plurisetosa C.T. Mason Engelmann spruce Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Evergreen huckleberry Vaccinium ovatum Pursh. Evergreen violet Viola sempervirens Greene Explorer’s gentian Gentiana calycosa Griseb. False box Pachistima myrsinites Raf. False box Paxistima myrsinites Raf. (see Pachistima) False Solomon’s seal Maianthemum racemosa (L.) Link Fern-leaved goldthread Coptis asplenifolia (Salisb.) Fern-leaved lomatium Lomatium dissectum ( Nutt.) Mathias & Constance Fescue Festuca L. Field mint Mentha arvensis L. Field sagewort Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis (Pallas) Hall & Clements var. wormskioldii (Bess. Ex Hook.) Cronq. Fir Abies P. Mill. Fireweed Epilobium angustifolium L. Foamflower Tiarella trifoliata L. Four-parted gentian Gentiana propinqua Richards Fringed sage Artemisia frigida Willd. Gasquet manzanita Arctostaphylos hispidula T.J. Howell Gentian Gentiana L. Geyer’s lomatium Lomatium geyeri (S. Wats.) Mathias & Constance Glaucous gentian Gentiana glauca Pallas Globe huckleberry Vaccinium globulare Rydb. Goldenseal Hydrastis canadensis L. Grand fir Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don.) Lindl. Gray’s lovage Ligusticum grayi Coult. & Rose

162 Common name Scientific name

Greenleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos patula Greene Groundsel Senecio L. Hairy manzanita Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper Hawthorn Crataegus L. Heartleaf arnica Arnica cordifolia Hook. Hemlock Tsuga Carr. Horsetail Equisetum L. Huckleberry Vaccinium L. Idaho fescue Festuca idahoensis Elmer Incense cedar Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Indian basket grass Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Inside-out flower Vancouveria hexandra (Hook.) Morr. & Dec. Juniper Juniperus L. King bolete Boletus edulis Bull. ex Fr. King’s gentian Gentiana sceptrum Griseb. Kinnikinnick Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Klamath weed Hypericum perforatum L. Kneeling angelica Angelica genuflexa Nutt. Lady fern Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Licorice-root Ligusticum L. Lodgepole pine Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lovage Ligusticum L. Lupine Lupinus L. Lyall’s angelica Angelica arguta Nutt. Macoun’s fringed gentian Gentiana macounii (Holm) Iltis Maidenhair fern Adiantum pedatum L. Manzanita Arctostaphylos Adans. Maple Acer L. Marsh skullcap Scutellaria galericulata L.

163 Common name Scientific name

Matsutake Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead Meadow rue Thalictrum L. Mendocino gentian Gentiana setigera Gray Morel Morchella Pers.:Fr. Moss Musci (Bryophyta) Mountain arnica (European) Arnica montana L. Mountain balm Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. Mountain heather Phyllodoce empetriformis (Sm.) D. Don Mountain hemlock Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain maple Acer glabrum Torr. Mountain snowberry Symphoricarpos oreophilus Gray Mt. Shasta arnica Arnica viscosa Gray Mugwort Artemisia douglasiana Bess. Muhly grass Muhlenbergia Schreb. Mullein Verbascum thapsus L. Narrow-leaf yerba santa Eriodictyon angustifolium Nutt. Narrow-leaved buckbrush Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. Natural morel Morchella elata Fr.:Fr. sensu Weber (1995) Needlegrass Stipa L. Newberry’s gentian Gentiana newberryi Gray Ninebark Physocarpus malvaceus (Greene) Kuntze Noble fir Abies procera Rehd Nootka rose Rosa nutkana Presl. Oak Quercus L. Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Old man’s beard Usnea Dill. ex Adans. One-flowered gentian Gentiana simplex Gray Oneseed hawthorn Crataegus monogyna Jacq. Oregon ash Fraxinus latifolia Benth.

164 Common name Scientific name

Oregon black truffle Leucangium carthusianum Tuslane & Tuslane Oregon boxwood Pachistima myrsinites Raf. Oregon dogwood Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray Oregon goldthread Coptis laciniata Gray Oregon grape Berberis L. Oregon white oak Quercus garryana Dougl. ex Hook. Oregon white truffle Tuber gibbosum Gilkey Oregon wintergreen Gaultheria ovatifolia Gray Osha Ligusticum L. Ostrich fern Matteuccia struthiopteris L. Tod. Oxeye daisy Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. Pacific golden chanterelle Cantharellus formosus Corner Pacific madrone Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific rhododendron Rhododendron macrophyllum G. Don ex G. Don Pacific silver fir Abies amabilis Dougl. ex Forbes Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Palmate coltsfoot Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Pathfinder Adenocaulon bicolor Hook Pearly everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth Penstemon Penstemon Mitch. Pine Pinus L. Pine mushroom Tricholoma magnivelare (Peck) Redhead Pinegrass Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl. Pinemat manzanita Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pipsissewa Chimaphila Pursh Pipsissewa Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Poison oak Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene Ponderosa pine Pinus ponderosa P. & C. Lawson

165 Common name Scientific name

Porter’s lovage Ligusticum porteri Coult. & Rose Port-Orford-cedar Cupressus lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Prince’s pine Chimaphila Pursh Prince’s pine Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Purple bee balm Monarda fistulosa L. Queen Anne’s lace Daucus carota L. Queencup beadlily Clintonia uniflora (Schult.) Kunth Raspberry Rubus L. Rattlesnake plantain Goodyera oblongifolia Raf. Red alder Alnus rubra Bong. Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa L. ssp. pubens (Michx.) House Red fescue Festuca rubra L. Red fir Abies magnifica A. Murr. Red huckleberry Vaccinium parviflorum Sm. Red raspberry Rubus idaeus L. Red root Ceanothus L. Red sorrel Rumex acetosella L. Redstem ceanothus Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh Rhododendron Rhododendron L. Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rosy twisted stalk Streptopus roseus Michx. Sagewort Artemisia douglasiana Bess. Salal Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salmon River lomatium Lomatium salmoniflorum (Coult. & Rose) Mathias & Constance Salmonberry Rubus spectabilis Pursh Scotch broom Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link Scouler’s valerian Valeriana scouleri Rydb. Scouring-rush Equisetum hyemale L.

166 Common name Scientific name

Sea-watch Angelica lucida L. Sedge Carex L. Selfheal Prunella vulgaris L. Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt. ex M. Roemer Serviceberry Amelanchier Medik. Shasta red fir Abies magnifica var. shastensis Lemm Sheep sorrel Rumex acetosella L. Shepherd’s purse Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shinyleaf spirea Spiraea betulifolia Pall. var. lucida (Dougl.) Hitchc. Showy sedge Carex spectabilis Dewey Siskiyou trillium Trillium angustipetalum (Torr.) J.D. Freeman Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka valerian Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Skullcap Scutellaria L. Slender gentain Gentiana tenella Rottb. Snapdragon skullcap Scutellaria antirrhinoides Benth. Snowberry Symphoricarpos Duhamel Snowbrush ceanothus Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. Snowqueen Synthyris reniformis (Dougl. ex Benth.) Benth. Spikenard Aralia californica S.Wats. Spirea Spiraea L. Spruce Picea A. Dietr. St. John’s wort Hypericum perforatum L. Starry false Solomon’s seal Maianthemum stellata (L.) Link Stinging nettle Urtica dioica L. Subalpine fir Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Suksdorf’s mugwort Artemisia suksdorfii (Piper) Suksdorfi’s hawthorn Crataegus suksdorfii (Sarg.) Kruschke Swamp gentian Gentiana douglasiana Bong.

167 Common name Scientific name

Sweet coltsfoot Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq. Sweet-cicely Osmorhiza chilensis Hook & Arn. Tall Oregon grape Berberis aquifolium Pursh Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflora (Hook & Arn.) Rehd. Teasel Dipsacus L. Thimbleberry Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Thistle Cirsium P. Mill. Threeleaf goldthread Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Trailing blackberry Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlect. Trembling aspen Populus tremuloides Michx. Twinflower Linnaea borealis L. Usnea Usnea Dill. ex Adans. Valerian Valeriana L. Velvetleaf huckleberry Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. Vine maple Acer circinatum Pursh Wake-robin Trillium ovatum Pursh Western bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. pubescens L. Underw. Western dock Rumex occidentalis S. Wats Western goldthread Coptis occidentalis (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Western hazel Corylus cornuta Marsh Western hemlock Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western juniper Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western redcedar Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Western sword fern Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl. Western trillium Trillium ovatum Pursh Western valerian Valeriana occidentalis Heller Western white pine Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Whipple vine Whipplea modesta Torr.

168 Common name Scientific name

White chanterelle Cantharellus subalbidus Corner White fir Abies concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl. ex Hildebr. White hawkweed Hieracium albiflorum Hook. White sage Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. ssp. estesii Chambers White-leaved manzanita Arctostaphylos viscida Parry Whortleberry Vaccinium scoparium Leib. ex Coville Wild ginger Asarum caudatum Lindl. Wild oats Avena fatua L. Wild rhubarb Rumex arcticus Trautv. Wild rhubarb Rumex fenestratus Greene Wild rose Rosa L. Wild teasel Dipsacus sylvestris Huds. Willow Salix L. Witch’s hair Alectoria sarmentosa Ach. (Ach.) Wood violet Viola glabella Nutt. Wood’s rose Rosa woodsii Lindl. Woolly mullein Verbascum thapsus L. Wormwood Artemisia douglasiana Bess. Yarrow Achillea millefolium L. Yellow gentian Gentiana lutea L. Yerba santa Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr.

169 The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal op- portunity provider and employer.

Pacific Northwest Research Station

Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw Telephone (503) 808-2592 Publication requests (503) 808-2138 FAX (503) 808-2130 E-mail [email protected] Mailing address Publications Distribution Pacific Northwest Research Station P.O. Box 3890 Portland, OR 97208-3890 U.S. Department of Agriculture Pacific Northwest Research Station 333 S.W. First Avenue P.O. Box 3890 Portland, OR 97208-3890

Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300