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The Western Cedar Pole Borer Or Powder Worm

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The Western Cedar Pole Borer Or Powder Worm 1128 i.i.i iP 8 !~ "1 2 5 1.0 Iii II==: 1l1E:. 1.0 ~ 1111=== 11111 . ~W 2.2 ~W 2.2 Iii Iii &0; W &O;W iii iii J:j J:j ~ ~ ~ I 2.0 ~ " .. " 1.1 ........ 1.1 .."" ... -- 111111.8 111111.8 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 111111.25 111111.4 111111.6 MICROCQPY RESGLUTION TEST CHART MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART ~~rIOli"l BUREAU OF SlANDARDS·196i-l· ~~~==~==~~ TECHNICAL BULLETIN No. 48 ~ FEBRUARY, 1928 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WASHINGTON, D. C. THE WESTERN CEDAR POLE BORER OR POWDER WORM By H. E. BURn JiJ,dotllologist, Divis-ian of Forest Insects, Bureau of l!lntomololl1l 1 CONTENTS Page Page lntroductlon ,____________________ DescrIptIon ot the InsecL_________ _ HIstory __________ .. ____________ 1 LIte hlstory_____________________ 7 2 Rnblm _________________________ 11 Economic Importancc_____________ _ :{ Dlstrlbutlon_____________________ Seasonnl history _________.--____ 11 Food plnn 12 ts______________________ 4 N Iltural enemles_________________ 13 Charncter of the Injury __________ . ],{pthods of preventing ioss_________ "Ii Summary______________________ 13 Indications .of injury_____. ______ _ 6 13 Cnuse of tllu inJury______________ • Ii ,Literature clted _________________ _ 14 INTRODUCTION Hundreds of the finest standinO' trees of the western red cedaL'or giant arbor vitae (Thuja pUaata Don.) in the Pacific coast region of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia have a large proportion of their timber' riddled by the flattened, oval worm holes of the western cedar pole borer or powder worm (Traahykele blondeli Mars.). These holes wind through the sapwood and heartwood of the main trunk of infested trees and render the timber almost worth­ less for the hi~her grade uses, such as shingles, cooperage, doors, fu.rniture, finiShing, cabinetmaking, shipbuilding, and other high­ QTade products, for which it is otherwise especially suited. Worm boles do not seem to injure cedar timber seriously for use for fencing, sills, posts, piling, poles, or other construction purposes. Worm holes in timber, however, give it the appearance of being damag~d, and, even if it is just as good as sound timber for certain purposes, the price is lowered and the manufacturer suffers a real loss. 1 The writer Is undet obligations to the followIng tellow wo~kers for assiBtance In the In..,estlgatlons treated In this bulletin: E. C. Van Dyke, S. A. Rohwer, Ralpb Hopping, and W. S •.Flsher for suggestions on clnsslflcntion; W. J. Chamberlin for the loan of !!ppelmens of the beetle; George Hopping lor!!pecimens of the larvae; J. H. Baxter &: Co. tor !!Peel­ mens altha wos-k or the borer; A.. G. B1lvlng tor a critical review at the larval descrlpUaDB nnd drawings; and 111185 E. T. Armstrong tor the drawings of the insect. The drawings .. r thl~ work were mndc It number of yeal'l!l ago by the 'Iate J. Jo'. S',raul!I!. ()!li21-2S 2 TECHNICAL .BULLETIN 48, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE HISTORY As wjJl be seen by the following history as recorded in Iiterature, the western cedar pole borer or powder worm (Tm,c7Lykele blo71deli Mars.), as now recognized by taxonomists, is one of a group of five more or less closely related s'pecies which form the genus Trachykele of the family Buprestidae (flat-headed borers) of the order Cole­ optera (beetles). The genus Trachykele: with the s1?ecies blondeli as the type, was named and described by Marseul (32): in 1865 from a specimen said to have been found in the Custom Honse at Paris, France, by M. Blonde!. The specimen was supposed to have emerged from the wooel of It cedar of Lebanon. Gemminger and Harold (17) listed the species in 1869 with the locality New Orleans, and 'placed with it in the genus Trachykele the species Diee7'ea Zeeontei, whlCh had been listed by Dejean (14) in 1837. described by Gory (19) as Buprestis leeontei in 1841, and mentioned by Leconte (~7, ~8, ~9) as Bupre8tis leeontei in 1858 and 1859, and as . LJieerea. Zecontm. in 1863. Saunders ("'f) in 1871 changed the locality of blondeli to Mexico. Crotch (12,13), writing in 1873, sll.idthe specip.s appeared to be North American and might be the same as Dieerea leeontei Gory. He listed both species under the genus Trachykele in his check list. Stein and Weise (35) in 1877 ga-ve Geor!,ria as the locality for olond.eli and said t':J.at the species was introduced into Europe. 'Waterhouse (36) in Itj82fi~ured bl07uieZi for the first time and stated that it was said to come nom Mexico, but expressed some doubt about th!!t locality. LeConte and. Horn (30), in their" Classification of the Coleoptera of North P...merica" published in 1883, gave characters for separating Trllchykele from other members of the group Buprestes. Heyden, Reitter, and Weise (B3) listed blonrleli from Georgia in 1883 and noted that it had been introduced into Europe. Henshaw (21) in 1885 considered the species to be North American. Kerre­ mans {934, ~5, ~6) stated in 1892 that blondeli Mars. is the same as leeontei Gory and that the habitat is Mexico, and reveated his state­ ments in 1903 and 1904. He gave no evidence for hlS positive state­ mentsand said he had never seen either species. Hamilton (180) wrote in 1394 that the species blondelihad been omitted from the latest European catalogue because .it did not successfuUy acclimate in Europe when introduced. Wickham (31) in 1902 recorded lecontei from Garland, Co]o., and Blaisdell in 1903 from Tulare C-ounty, Calif. Fall (15) in 1906 questioned the localities of Mexico and New Orleans .and recordeC specimens of blondeli from Sallta Fe, N. Mex. He gave ~ complete review of the genus and described two new species, opuZenta close to bZonc::elil. an,d nimbosa dose to weontei. FgE and Cockerell (16) listed o{,()-n£teli from Santa. Fe, N. Mex. in 1907. Wright and Coolidge (38) in 1908 listed opuZenta from Placer County, Calif. The present writer noted in 1908 that an the species .0£ Trachykele apparently live upon cedar of some kind ; .and in later papers (1,~, 32 4, 5, 6, 7) he dp-scribeel for the first time the larvae and work 01 • Reterenee Is made by ltllifc numbers to .. Literature cited," p. 14. • I) THE WESTERN OEDAR POLE BORER OR POWDER WORM 3 ~ blo-ndeli, leaontei, opulenta, and ni'llbbosa, described a new species, ltm't1nani, and recorded numerous observations on the distribution, habits and host plants of the various species. Oasey (8), writing in .. 1909, gave" Pacific coast to Gulf of Mexico" as the distribution for the ~eIlus Trachykele. GIbson (18) reportea. blondeli from Goldstream, B. 0., in 1914, and Ohrystal (11) reported it in 1917 as a destructive ,vood boret" of green and dead cedttr in British Oolumbia. Ohamberlin (9) in 1917 noted the occurrence of opulenta and nillnbosa in northern Oali­ fornia, and in 1924 (10) reported serious damage by blon<leli to (;edar in western Oregon. Herbert (~93) in 1920 recorded blondeZi as an associate of the cypress bark scale, Ehrhornia CUpl'eSM (Ehrhorn), on Monterey cypress. Leng (31f in 1920 listed opuvdnta, blondeli, nimbosa, and lecontei from North America, and Nicolay (33) in 1921 recorded har'tm,arLi in his list of new North American beetles. ECONOMIC IMPOR'fANCE Supervisor G. T. Allen of th~ Mount Rainier National Forest,in !\ letter to the Forester dated J lUlC 11, 1905, said: "A very large part of the cedar (in this forest) is worm eaten." Again on June 29, 1905, in a letter to Doctor Hopkins, he wrote: "The worm eaten trees often are green and apparently thrifty when the timber is so full of holes as to be of little value." And again on July 12, 1905: "I think it very possible that the insect does not attack living trees: but the holes are very common in both green anclj dead timber not long after the tree has been felled. As the timber is spoiled £01' shingles and most other purposes; and, as the insect appears to be common in certain localitIes on this reserve and its vicinity, I should like to be informed of its name and whether it attacks the living trees." In June, 1905, a shingle man near Portland, Oreg., sent in shin­ gles from cedar hearhyood, which were badly riddled by the flat.tened oval worm holes. (FIg. 2.) He reported a large amount of tunber severely clama/yed. During the ;'ame year the shingle men at a mill at Hoquiam, Wash., struck because so much of the timber that they had to handle was worm eaten. .As they worked by piece work,all of the worthless stuff thnt went through their hands was a direct loss to them~ repre­ senting that much time thrown away. In Pialschie, ·Wash., in 1906, the writer found the mines numerous in both the sapwood and hea.rtwood of standing dead and living trees, and in piling used for a railroad bridO'e. In. 1912 B. T. Harvey reported that in the lower Oolumbia River Basin in Oregon worm holes often reduce from 30 to 50 per cent of the best grades of cedar to lower-grade material. Some­ times fully 70 per cent of the tree is entirely destroyed as 'far as its value for shingles is concerned. During 1914 and 1915 the writer found many juniper trees in the Lake Tahoe section of Oalifornia. with the wood of the trunks badly riddled by the worm holes of this species. As the juniper has a probable value as a producer of pencil wood, this damage in time may become the deciding factor in determining its commercial value.
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