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Darwin and His Critics DARWIN AND HIS CRITICS The Receptionof Darwin's Theory of Euoluti,on by the ScientificCommunity DAVID L.. HULL The University of ChicagoPress Chicago and London t"fr mf vfü{".!4q48 The University of Chicago Press,Chicago 60637 DEDICATED IN APPRECIATION TO The University of ChicagoPress, Ltd., Lon-don Virginia and Glenn D. Bouseman @ 1973by David L. HuIl All rights resewed. Published l97B Iris and Robert H. Reid University of ChicagoPress edition 1983 Printed in the United Statesof America 90 89 88 87 86 2345 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Hull, David L. Darwin and his critics. Reprint. Originally published: Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1973. Bibliography: p' ' Includes index. l. Darwin, Charles,1809*1882, On the origin o{ species. 2. Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882.The descent o[ man. 3. Evolution. I. Title. QH365.08H84 1983 575.0r'62 83-4855 rsBN 0-226-36046-6 89 , / B50Q Preface produce the finished version of the von Baer paper. wayne Gailis offered numerous. suggestionsfor improving the translation of pictet's essay.Kather- ine Kirkish, Dawn Klemme and Dorothy Dietrich labored to type and retype the lengthy manuscript. This anthology was prepared under National ScienceFoundation Grants GS-1971 and GS-3102. D.L.H. Contents I Introductory Chapter I.. Introduction . 3 Chapter II. The Inductive Method 16 Chapter III. Occult Qualities 37 Chapter IV. Teleology JJ Chapter V. Essences ot II eviews ol JosephDalton Hooker (1817-1911) UT WilliamBenjamin Carpenter ( 1813-1885) 87 H. G. Bronn( 1800-1862) 118 ThomasVemon Wollaston ( I 821-1 Bi8 ) 126 FrangoisJules Pictet (1809-1872) L+2 AdamSedgwick ( 1785-1873) 155 111 RichardOwen ( 1804-1892) LI L SamuelHaughton ( 1821-1897) 216 WilliamHopkins ( 1793-1 866 ) 229 HenryFawcett ( 1833-1884) zto FrederickWollaston Hutton ( I 836-1905) 292 FleemingJenkin ( 1833-1 885 ) 302 Contents St. George Mivart Jackson ( 1827_1900 ) and ChauncyWright ( 1830_t 875 ) J3 l Karl Ernstvon Baer (l7g}_l}7 6) itlo Louis Agassiz( 1807-1 873 ) 428 Conclusion 450 Bibliography +59 trntroductory Index +69 Introduction Darwin expected theologians, people untrained in scientific investigation, This leads me to remark that I have always been treated honestly by my and even those scientists who were strongly religious to object violently reviewers, passing over those without scientific knowleirge as not worthy of to his theory of evolution. He had also anticipated the skepticism of even notice. My views have often been grossly misrepresented, bitterly opposed and the most dispassionate scientists. He had not Iabored over twenty years ridiculed, but this has been generally done, as I believe, i'gooä faith.- for nothing gathering facts to support his theory and attempting to discount Charies Darwin, Autobiography, p. l2S. those that apparently conflicted with it. But he had not anticipated the vehemence with which even I have got fairly sick the most respected scientists and philosophers of hostile reviews. Nevertheless, they have been of in his day would denounce his efforts as not being use in showing me when properly "scientific." to expatiate a little and to introduce a few new discussions. To the extent that these latter reactions were genuine and not the result of religious bigotry, they can be explained I entirely agree with by reference to the philosophies you, that the difficulties on my notions are terrific, yet oT science popular in Darwin's day. In this chapter Darwin's understanding having seen what arl the Reviews have said against me, r have far more of the philosophies confidence in of science of his day and his own. views on science the generar truth of the doctrine than r formerly had.-charres will be set out as fully as possible. Darwin to T. H. Huxley, Down, December 2, 1860, Lit'e and.Letters,2:147. Darwin had both the good fortune and the misfortune to begin his scien- tific career at precisely that moment in history when philosophy of science came into its own in England. Of course, philosophers from plato and Aristotle had always written on epistemology and, after the scientific revolu- tion, they were presented with the added advantage and obligation of recori- ciling their philosophies with the current state of science. some of these philosophers were also themselves scientists. But the works of Descartes, Locke, Hume, Berkeley, Leibnitz, and Kant do not exhibit the same concern with the accomplishments of science and the nature of the .,scientific method" which has come to characterize philosophy of science.l i. I an not want to exaggeratethe differencebetween epistemology and philosophy of science.I have no serious quarrel with those who want to identify the rwo, as doesGerd Buchdahl(1969). However,r am primarily interesredin thl reception of-evolutionarytheory by scientistsin the niniteenth century. For this pr.ior., I have chosento narrow the focus of my discussionto those areas of epistem"togy which seem most closely connected to the scientific enterprisc. Darwin and His Critics Introduction all alvare of its shortcomings. Commencing with John Herschel's Preliminary Discourse on tha Study out above, Flerschel, Whewell, and Mill were of Natural Philosoplty (1830), English-speaking scientistsbecame self-con- Science had not and could not proceed by the method set out by Bacon. scious about the proper method of doing science. During the years Yet Bacon was the patron saint of the scientific revolution, and "inductive" 1837-1842, when Darwin was residing in London and rvorking on the species was an honorific title not to be discarded' lightly' Al1 three men wanted problem, the great debate on the philosophy of science erupted between to reservethe term "induction" for the processby which scientific knowledge. wanted to use it to refer to the means William Whewell (1794*1866) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873). In 1833 is attained. Simultaneously they also Whewell contributed his Astronomy and General Physics Considered witlt by which such knowledge was proved {actual. For Herschel and Mill induc- the reference to Natural Theology to the Bridgewater Treatises. In 1837 he tion was the discovery of empirical laws in the facts, reasoning from the published his History of the Inductiue Sciencesand in 1840 The Philosophy known to the unknown. Concurrently, this inductive method insured of con- of Inductiue Sciences,Founded upon their History. Darwin was impressed truth of these laws. For Whewell, induction was the superinducing to by the breadth of l<nowledgeexhibited in these five volumes and remem- cepts o11the facts by the mind. Experience might stimulate the mind bered Whewell as one of the best converserson srave subiects to whorn form a concept, but once the appropriate concept had been conceived, he had ever listened.2 truth was guaranteed. For Herschel and Mill, both Kepler's laws and the experi- In 1843 Mill brought out his influential System of Logic, Ratiocinatiue parallel line postulate of Euclidean geometry were inductions from be known and Inductiue, Being a Connected Vieut of the Principles of Euidence, ence; for whewell they were self-evident truths whose truth could and the Methods of Scientific Inuestigation. Although Mill had gathered a priori. Ol Induc' most of what he knew of science lrom reading Whewell's volumes, his Whe*eli did pot reply to Mill for six years, then published his System of Logic was largely an empiricist attack on Whewell's reworking tion,wit'hEspecialReferencetoMr.'!.StuartMill'sSystemofLogic of Logic''Ihe of Kant's rationalist philosophy. The key word in this dispute and in the (1849), just in time for the third eclition of Mill's System Mill's favor, nct because methodological objections raised to Darwin's theory was "induction." It controversy which ensued was gradually decided in but because would be nice to be able to set out at this point the meaning which the Mill's position was especialiy superior to that of Whewell, to the rising em- disputants attached to this word, but I cannot. Everyone meant sornething whewell,s version of I(antian philosophy ran contrary over scientific different by it, and in the .works of a single man, one is likely to find piricism of the tirne. It was in the midst of this controversy by Means many different uses of the word. Initially it was used by Francis Bacon method that Darwin published his On the Origin of Species Races in the struggle (1561-1626) to contrast his abortive "inductive method" with the Aris- ol Natural selection, or tlte Preseruation of Fauoured coincidence was' to say the least, a totelian "deductive method." As popularly misconceived, the deductive for Life (1859). For Darwin, this method consistedin an irresponsibleleap to a conclusion of high generality mixed blessing. Discourse which, and the subsequentdeduction of consequencesof these generalizations re- In his last year at cambridge, Darwin read I{erschel',s in him"a burn- gardlessof observedfacts. Perhaps the scholasticsat their worst were guilty along with I{umboldt,s PersonalNarratiue (1818), stirred the noble structure of such maneuvers, but the above characterization was not only a parody ing zeal to add even the most humble contribution to eticit precisely this of Aristotle but also fails to identify the actual weaknessesin Aristotle's of Natural Science."3Herschel had written his book to scientific revolution. system. The inductive method, also as popularly misconceived, began with reaction in his readers.Newton had brought about the the details of Newton's observation and proceeded by the cautious construction of generalizations Henceforth, all scientists had to do was to filI in always within the New- of greater and greater generality. The deductive method proceeded from great structure, perhaps expanding upon it, but science and reiigion' the peak of the pyramid of knowledge down to its base,whereas the induc- tonian framework. Nor was there any conflict between o{ the Bible, but scientists tive method started at the base and worked up.
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