Ahmed Abu Zeid
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Ancient Egyptian Royal Circumcision from the Pyramid Complex of Djedkare
Ancient Egyptian Royal Circumcision from the Pyramid Complex of Djedkare • XLIX/2 • pp. 155–164 • 2011 mohAmED mEGAhED, hAnA VYmAZALoVÁ ANCIENT EGYPTIAN ROYAL CIRCUMCISION FROM THE PYRAMID COMPLEX OF DJEDKARE ABSTRACT: Male circumcision in ancient Egypt is well documented in representative scenes in tombs, as well as in physical remains of Egyptian people from various periods. Scenes showing the operation of circumcision are however very rare and only a few examples have been preserved from the millennia of Egyptian history. This paper presents another example of such a scene, which was found on a relief fragment discovered in the pyramid complex of the Fifth Dynasty king Djedkare. At the moment, it is the oldest preserved depiction of this operation known so far, and it probably played a ritual function within the king's pyramid complex decoration program. KEY WORDS: Ancient Egypt – Djedkare – Relief – Circumcision INTRODUCTION numerous fragments of reliefs have been found in the late Fifth Dynasty pyramid complex of Djedkare in As well as the other old Kingdom pyramid complexes, South Saqqara (Figure 1) by the Egyptian archaeological Djedkare's pyramid complex was badly damaged over missions between the 1940s and 1980s, when limited and time, and as a result of the reuse of its building materials unsystematic excavations were carried out in the funerary throughout succeeding generations. modern excavation temple under the direction of Abdel Salam mohamed of the monuments have however begun to reveal the hussain, Ahmed Fakhry, and mahmoud Abdel Razek. architectural plan of the sites and have brought to light Results of this work were never fully published and the fragments of decoration programs of the individual fragments of relief decoration have not been available complexes; these provide us with partial information about for the scientific public (see Fakhry 1959: 10, 30, Leclant the kings and their reigns. -
Tutankhamun's Dentition: the Pharaoh and His Teeth
Brazilian Dental Journal (2015) 26(6): 701-704 ISSN 0103-6440 http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-6440201300431 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Tutankhamun’s Dentition: Surgery, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany The Pharaoh and his Teeth 2Institute of Egyptology/Egyptian Museum Georg Steindorff, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany 3Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany Niels Christian Pausch1, Franziska Naether2, Karl Friedrich Krey3 Correspondence: Dr. Niels Christian Pausch, Liebigstraße 12, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Tel: +49- 341-97-21160. e-mail: niels. [email protected] Tutankhamun was a Pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty (New Kingdom) in ancient Egypt. Medical and radiological investigations of his skull revealed details about the jaw and teeth status of the mummy. Regarding the jaw relation, a maxillary prognathism, a mandibular retrognathism and micrognathism have been discussed previously. A cephalometric analysis was performed using a lateral skull X-ray and a review of the literature regarding Key Words: Tutankhamun’s King Tutankhamun´s mummy. The results imply diagnosis of mandibular retrognathism. dentition, cephalometric analysis, Furthermore, third molar retention and an incomplete, single cleft palate are present. mandibular retrognathism Introduction also been discussed (11). In 1922, the British Egyptologist Howard Carter found the undisturbed mummy of King Tutankhamun. The Case Report spectacular discovery enabled scientists of the following In the evaluation of Tutankhamun’s dentition and jaw decades to analyze the Pharaoh's remains. The mummy alignment, contemporary face reconstructions and coeval underwent multiple autopsies. Until now, little was artistic images can be of further use. However, the ancient published about the jaw and dentition of the King. -
Famous Pharaohs
Ancient Egyptians: History Information Sheet Famous Pharaohs Name: Khufu Name: Khafra Reigned: 2589 - 2566 BC Reigned: 2558 - 2504 BC Khufu is also known as King Cheops and Khafra is famous for building the is the builder of the Great Pyramid of second of the pyramids at Giza and the Giza. The Giza pyramids are famous as Sphinx which guards his tomb. Some being the oldest of the Seven Ancient historians believe that the head of the Wonders of the World and the only one Sphinx is carved in Khafra’s image. to still be in existence today. Name: Ankhenaten Name: Hatshepsut Reigned:1351 - 1337 BC Reigned: 1472 - 1457 BC Ankhenaten is most remembered for Hatshepsut is remembered not only changing the belief system of ancient because she was a woman (it was very Egypt, if only for a short while. He rare for a woman to be a ruler) but also introduced Aten, a sun god, as the one because of the many accomplishments true god and changed Egypt from a she achieved throughout her reign. kingdom that worshiped many gods to During her reign, trade flourished, the a kingdom that worshiped just one. economy grew and she built and restored many magnificent temples Name: Rameses II and other buildings. Reigned: 1279 - 1213 BC Rameses II is also known as Rameses Name: Tutankhamen the Great. He was a great military ruler Reigned: 1334 - 1325 BC and famously defeated the Hittites to Tutankhamen is not remembered for his regain control of lands that had been reign as king as much as he is famous lost during the reign of Ankhenaten. -
Key Vocabulary Pyramids Giza Pharaoh Cleopatra Tutankhamun
Science key area of learning: Key Vocabulary Ancient Egyptians: the Identify that humans and some other animals have Key areas of maths learning: skeletons and muscles for support, protection and We will start by looking at Pyramids structures left by mankind movement. timesing 2 digits by 1 digit. How do buildings affect our Understand the importance of maintaining our teeth and We will them move on to look at Giza values and beliefs? look at what will happen if oral hygiene isn’t maintained. money- specifically converting pounds and pence, and adding and Pharaoh subtracting amounts of money. Science working scientifically skill development: Cleopatra Year group 3 We will use straight forward Tutankhamun Our Enquiry for the year is: How does humankind leave its mark upon scientific evidence to answer Unit links to maths learning: the world? key questions and support our Canopic Jars opinions. We will use our multiplication Our Enquiry for this unit is: How do buildings affect our values and We will make systematic and knowledge to build our own Mummification beliefs? careful observations and, where pyramids with different sized bases. appropriate take accurate Sphynx measurements Key areas of English learning: Our Story Afterlife Science knowledge and We will continue to revise some People: the general public understanding: Key elements of writing such as Place: present day - Apostrophes to show worship Problem: An investigation: Why did the Ancient Egyptians possession What makes a balanced diet? build the pyramids? How did their beliefs -
The Iconography of the Princess in the Old Kingdom 119 Vivienne G
THE OLD KINGDOM ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONFERENCE HELD IN PRAGUE, MAY 31 – JUNE 4, 2004 Miroslav Bárta editor Czech Institute of Egyptology Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague Academia Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague 2006 OOKAApodruhéKAApodruhé sstrtr ii–xii.indd–xii.indd 3 99.3.2007.3.2007 117:18:217:18:21 Contributors Nicole Alexanian, James P. Allen, Susan Allen, Hartwig Altenmüller, Tarek El Awady, Miroslav Bárta, Edith Bernhauer, Edward Brovarski, Vivienne G. Callender, Vassil Dobrev, Laurel Flentye, Rita Freed, Julia Harvey, Salima Ikram, Peter Jánosi, Nozomu Kawai, Jaromír Krejčí, Kamil O. Kuraszkiewicz, Renata Landgráfová, Serena Love, Dušan Magdolen, Peter Der Manuelian, Ian Mathieson, Karol Myśliwiec, Stephen R. Phillips, Gabriele Pieke, Ann Macy Roth, Joanne M. Rowland, Regine Schulz, Yayoi Shirai, Nigel Strudwick, Miroslav Verner, Hana Vymazalová, Sakuji Yoshimura, Christiane Ziegler © Czech Institute of Egyptology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague, 2006 ISBN 80-200-1465-9 OOKAApodruhéKAApodruhé sstrtr ii–xii.indd–xii.indd 4 99.3.2007.3.2007 117:18:217:18:21 Contents Foreword ix Bibliography xi Tomb and social status. The textual evidence 1 Nicole Alexanian Some aspects of the non-royal afterlife in the Old Kingdom 9 James P. Allen Miniature and model vessels in Ancient Egypt 19 Susan Allen Presenting the nDt-Hr-offerings to the tomb owner 25 Hartwig Altenmüller King Sahura with the precious trees from Punt in a unique scene! 37 Tarek El Awady The Sixth Dynasty tombs in Abusir. Tomb complex of the vizier Qar and his family 45 Miroslav Bárta Die Statuen mit Papyrusrolle im Alten Reich 63 Edith Bernhauer False doors & history: the Sixth Dynasty 71 Edward Brovarski The iconography of the princess in the Old Kingdom 119 Vivienne G. -
Tutankhamun, the Golden Pharaoh, Part II
TTutankhamun,utankhamun, TThehe Golden Pharaoh, Part II 12 Lesson Objectives Core Content Objectives Students will: Locate Egypt on a world map or globe and identify it as a part of Africa Identify Tutankhamun as a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and explain his signif cance Explain that much of what we know about ancient Egypt is because of the work of archaeologists Language Arts Objectives The following language arts objectives are addressed in this lesson. Objectives aligning with the Common Core State Standards are noted with the corresponding standard in parentheses. Refer to the Alignment Chart for additional standards addressed in all lessons in this domain. Students will: Describe the connection between King Tut’s tomb and historians’ knowledge of ancient Egyptian culture (RI.1.3) Ask and answer who questions orally, requiring literal recall and understanding of the details or facts of “Tutankhamun, the Golden Pharaoh, Part II” (SL.1.2) Add drawings to descriptions of details about Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt (SL.1.5) Prior to listening to “Tutankhamun, the Golden Pharaoh, Part II,” make predictions about what Howard Carter found in King Tut’s tomb, and then compare the actual outcomes to predictions Share writing with others Early World Civilizations 12 | Tutankhamun, The Golden Pharaoh, Part II 137 © 2013 Core Knowledge Foundation Core Vocabulary priceless, adj. Worth more than any amount of money Example: My grandmother thinks that my artwork is priceless. Variation(s): none sarcophagus, n. A stone coff n Example: The mummy was placed in the sarcophagus. Variation(s): sarcophaguses or sarcophagi triumph, n. A great success Example: The band’s performance was a triumph, and everyone was pleased. -
Egyptians History W3
Ancient Egyptians: History Worksheet 3A Name: _____________________________ Date: ____________________ Can you use the words in the word bank to fill in the gaps in the information below about pharaohs? Word Bank laws Egyptians god Horus queens family army Pharaohs were the kings and ___________ of ancient Egypt. The pharaoh owned all of Egypt and was in charge of everyone and everything in it. He or she controlled the ____________, collected taxes and made the __________. The ancient ________________ believed that pharaohs were half man and half _______. When a man or woman became the pharaoh he or she was incarnated with the spirit of ___________, the sun god. The position of pharaoh was passed on through the royal ____________. Copyright © PlanBee Resources Ltd 2016 www.planbee.com Ancient Egyptians: History Worksheet 3B Name: _____________________________ Date: ____________________ Can you use the words in the word bank to fill in the gaps in the information below about pharaohs? Word Bank Lands pharaoh religion hereditary Horus god queens controlling charge important laws royal Priest owned Pharaohs were the kings and _____________ of ancient Egypt. The pharaoh ______________ all of Egypt and was in __________ of everyone and everything in it. He/she had two titles: ‘Lord of Two_________’ and ‘High ___________ of Every Temple’. This means that as well as being in charge of creating _______, ______________ the army and collecting taxes, he/she was also the most ______________ person in Egyptian ____________. This is because the ancient Egyptians believed when a man or woman became the ______________ he/she was incarnated with the spirit of __________, the sun god. -
Cleopatra: Egypt’S Last Pharaoh
1. WEBSITE DEFINITION: Name: Leah Morrison Website: Cleopatra: Egypt’s last Pharaoh Purpose: A biography of Cleopatra’s life and discuss her role as the last pharaoh of Egypt and her legacy. Intended audience: 1. Teachers and students studying ancient Egypt 2. Student researching ancient civilizations 3. Students researching famous female rulers 4. Students and young adults who are interested in Egyptian history and Cleopatra 5. Students and young adults who are interested in curses and dramatic history 6. Students researching ancient Rome and Ceasar Objectives: 1. To discuss Cleopatra’s life and reign 2. To increase the amount of interest in Cleopatra’s life and reign 3. To increase viewer traffic on the National Geographic and History websites’ Cleopatra pages 4. To increase a younger audience base interested in Egyptian history 5. To increase social media shares/reblogs on Egyptian history or Cleopatra 2. CONTENT OUTLINE: Home page: Title: Home Header: Cleopatra: Egypt’s Last Pharaoh 5 Primary links: Home, Family, Reign, Marriage, Death, and Legacy, Contact Us 6 Secondary links: Ascension to the Throne, Caesar, Mark Antony, Curses, Photo Gallery Copy/text: (2 – 3 short paragraphs of 3-5 sentences each explaining purpose of site): Excerpts from the featured pages and slider titles 3-6 Primary slider visuals: (Include a thumbnail and title for each image) The Drama of Cleopatra’s Love Affairs, Cleopatra’s Curse, The Queen’s Claim of Divinity 3-6 Secondary thumbnail visuals: (Include a thumbnail and title for each image) Primary pages Primary pages #1 Title: Family Subtitle: Cleopatra’s Family and Power Struggle Subtitles for each subtopic on the page: Cleopatra’s Lineage and Upbringing, Sibling Rivalry Links in addition to the sites primary and secondary links: Copy/text for each topic covered on the page (1- 3 short paragraphs max for each subtopic) Though much research has been done about Cleopatra’s life, she is still a mystery to us. -
Pyramid of Unas : 11 Unas (Unis)(C. 2356
11 : Pyramid of Unas . Unas (Unis)(c. 2356 - 2323 BC) was the last king of the Fifth Dynasty. The pyramid dedicated to this king lies to the south of the Step Pyramid. The Pyramid of Unas (Unis) is in poor condition however, the burial chambers are worth the visit. In this chamber, you will find the earliest Egyptian funerary texts carved into the walls and filled with a blue pigment. These are referred to as the Pyramid Texts. They are the rituals and hymns that were said during the in the walls of the pyramids. burial. Before this time, nothing was engraved The pyramid, when it was complete stood about 62 ft (18.5 m). The core of the pyramid was loose blocks and rubble and the casing was of limestone. Today it looks like a pile of dirt and rubble, especially from the east side. Although the outside of the pyramid is in ruin, the inside is still sound. You may enter the pyramid from the north side. Trying to block the way, are three huge slabs of granite. Once inside the chamber, you will find the Pyramid Texts that were intended to help the pharaoh's soul in the afterworld. They were to help the soul find Re, the sun god. 12 : Pyramid of Pepi II . South Saqqara is completely separate from Saqqara. It is located about 1km south of the pyramid of Sekhemkhet, which is the most southern of all the pyramids in Saqqara. South Saqqara was founded in the 6th Dynasty (2345 - 2181 BC) by the pharaohs. -
Beepop Curriculum
PASCUA YAQUI SUMMER PROGRAM A Joint Endeavor of Pasqua Yaqui Tribe Carl Hayden Bee Research Center University of Arizona, School of Mathematical Sciences June 9 - July 11, 2014 BEEPOP The Population Dynamics of the Honey Bee in the Hive and in the Wild I. Sizing up the Population Reading: Bee Hives Materials: • Map of New Pascua • Frames with comb, brood, and honey • Frames with foundation Classroom Activities: Census Methods • Estimating the number of saguaros on a reserve • Estimating the number of fish in a lake • Estimating the population of a village 1 Bee Hives Long ago, people from many parts of the world discovered that they could increase honey production by creating a special envi- ronment for bee hives. Today, apiculture, the science of beekeeping, is a comprehensive sci- entific and technological enterprise. Beekeep- ers study topics from the anatomy and physi- ology of bees to their evolution, genetics, and ecology. The best beekeepers are those who can combine scientific knowledge with practi- cal skills to manage their hives and to process and market honey. We know, from pictures on the of the Egyp- tian sun temple of Nyuserre Ini from the 5th Dynasty, dated earlier than 2422 BC, that bee have been kept in artificial hives for more that 4500 years. The pictures on these walls depict workers blowing smoke into hives as they remove honeycombs. The first human-made hives were quite variable in size and shape. They were made Figure 1: Medieval beekeeper working with by these ancient beekeepers from material bees in a skep, conical basket for housing sees that was readily available. -
Contents Chronological Table Xii Abbreviations and Symbols Xiv
Contents Chronological Table xii Abbreviations and Symbols xiv Foreword by Antonio Loprieno xxiii Introduction Literary Genres and Literary Styles 3 PART ONE: The Old Kingdom I. Monumental Inscriptions from Private Tombs 15 Inscriptions of Princess Ni-sedjer-kai 15 Inscription of Hetep-her-akhet x6 Inscription of Nefer-seshem-re called Sheshi 17 Stela of Ni-hebsed-Pepi from Naqada 17 The Autobiography of Weni 18 The Autobiography of Harkhuf 23 II. A Royal Decree 28 Charter of King Pepi I for the Chapel of hs mother 28 III. From the Pyramid Texts 29 Unas Pyramid Texts: Utterances 217, 239, 245, 253, 263, 270, 273-274» 304» 3°9> 317 3° Teti Pyramid Texts: Utterances 337, 350, 373, 402, 403, 406,407 40 Pepi I Pyramid Texts: Utterances 432, 440, 442, 446» 454» 486» 517, 573 44 IV. A Theological Treatise 51 "The Memphite Theology" 51 V. Didactic Literature 58 The Instruction of Prince Hardjedef 58 The Instruction Addressed to Kagemni 59 The Instruction of Ptahhotep 61 ix X CONTENTS PART TWO: The Transition to the Middle Kingdom I. Monumental Inscriptions from Private Tombs 83 Stela of Count Indi of Th 84 The Fin Part 0f the Autobiography uî Ankhufi 85 Steia of che Butler Mere of Edfu 87 Stela of the Treasurer İti of Imyotru 88 Stela ot the Stewa d Seneni of Coptu 89 Stela ot the Soldier Qede f om Gebelem 90 Stela of the Treasurer Tjetji 90 iL The Prayers of a Theban King 94 A Stela of King Wahankh Intet II 94 111 The Testament of a Hcracleopolitan King 97 The In t uct o Addre~ ed to K ng Merikare 97 ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? I. -
Seafaring in Ancient Egypt
Seafaring in Ancient Egypt Cheryl Ward For more than 40 years, Abdel Moneim Abdel crafts were built of thick planks fastened by lashing Halim Sayed sought evidence to expand our and by mortise-and-tenon joints that were not locked knowledge of ancient Egyptian seafaring in texts, in place with pegs. These wooden boats are built like images, and along the Red Sea coast. His work in those of no other culture in the world then or since. this area provided the first, and for many years, the I have argued elsewhere that wooden boat building only physical evidence of a second millennium BCE technology evolved independently within Egypt presence on the Red Sea and inspired a number of in response to local conditions and within a social students and scholars to further explore questions structure that relied on boats as a means to legitimize related to the nature of Egyptian voyages on the Great power through participation in a regional trade Green. This brief contribution assesses the impact of network at least occasionally accessed via the Red Sea Professor Sayed’s discoveries at Marsa Gawasis on our before the third millennium.2 understanding of the business of going to sea in the Early boat builders in Egypt had sufficient raw Middle Kingdom through an evaluation of relevant materials, easy conditions for traveling on the Nile, finds from the joint Italian–American expedition at and other resources that made travel attractive to Gawasis currently directed by Rodolfo Fattovich of sedentary populations. Abundant native timbers and the University of Naples l’Orientale and Kathryn buoyant grasses or reeds allowed experimentation and Bard of Boston University.