Journal Paper Format

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 3, (2020), pp. 11132 - 11138

Comparative Study of Eel Fish (Anguilla bicolor) Mineral Levels in The Yellow Eel and Silver Eel Phase from Lake Poso

Jamaluddin*1, Dian Safitri1, Agustinus Widodo1 1Department of Pharmacy, Mathematics and Natural Sciences of Faculty,Tadulako University. Indonesia-94118 *E-mail: [email protected], E-mail:[email protected], E-mail: [email protected].

Abstract Minerals are organic nutrients that play an important role in the physiological processes of the body, mineral source can be obtained from Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) which is known to have a high nutritional content. This study aims to determine the levels of macro minerals and micro minerals of Eel fish from Lake Poso in the yellow eel and silver eel phase. Sampling is done by Purposive sampling technique by choosing the samples among of population according to the desired of researchers, based on the type of weight, size and location of capture. Type of samples taken are eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in Yellow eel phase (aged 5 - 10 years of length ≤ 30 cm – 60 cm) and Silver eel phases (aged 10- 20 years ≤500 cm to 1.6 m) by using an Inductively Couple Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results showed that the mineral content of Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in the yellow eel phase was calcium ie 10684.17 mg/kg, phosphorus 5935.13 mg/kg, potassium 1357.37 mg/kg, sodium 654.37 mg/kg, magnesium 342.27 mg/kg, zinc 20.67 mg/kg, and manganese 5.623 mg/kg and silver eel phase namely calcium 3793.30 mg/kg, phosphorus 2976.47 mg/kg, potassium 1507,745 mg/kg, sodium 619.04 mg/kg, magnesium 234.90 mg/kg, zinc 23.90 mg/kg, and manganese 1,800 mg/kg. Significantly difference of minerals are calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and manganese.

Keywords: Mineral levels, Eel Fish, Anguilla bicolor, ICP-OES

Introduction Eel fish is a fishery commodity that has important economic worth in an international trade marketespecially to export purposes, therefore the utilization rate tends tends to increase every years [1]. Currently there are 22 species of Eel fish found in the world and 9 species are found in Indonesia, namely Anguilla borneensis, A.nebulosa, A. cebesensis, A. bicolor pacifica, A. megastoma, A. interioris, A. obicura, A. bicolor bicolor, and A. mormorata[2]. Distribution of eel fish in Indonesia throught the length coast of Sumatera, south Java, Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, waters of Sulawesi, Maluku to Papua[3]. The existence of Eel fishs in Sulawesi waters is found in several regions, namely the waters of Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi[3]. In Central Sulawesi, the presence of Eel fish is abundant, especially in the Poso region, this condition supported by the deep Tomini Bay and extensive inland waters, namely Lake Poso[4]. Eel fish have a high nutritional content, such as vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, protein albumin, DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) commonly known as omega-3, as well as some other minerals[5]. Like vitamins, proteins and omega-3, the body also needs minerals to maintain the balance of acids and bases in the

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 3, (2020), pp. 11132 - 11138

body, and plays an important role in the growth and maintenance of bones, teeth and other body tissues[6]. Based on research conducted by Saparinto et al. [7] on milkfish the results testing obtained of calcium ie 20 mg/kg, phosphorus 150 mg/kg, iron 2 mg/kg, fish cork obtained of calcium ie 62 mg/kg, phosphorus 175 mg/kg and iron 0.9 mg/kg. Other research was also carried out byHafiludin[8] Milk fish obtained of calcium 37,677 mg/100g, Mn 0,058 mg/100g, Fe 0,327 mg/100g, Zn 0,806 mg/100g, K 311,505 mg/100g, Ca 53,647 mg/100g, Cu 0,036 mg/100g, and Na 70,657 mg/100g. Further research conducted by Jamaluddin, et al [9] on the yellow eel phase of wet meat Eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) from Palu river and Lake Poso obtained are potassium respectively are 1,519 mg/kg and 1,360 mg/kg; magnesium 203 mg/kg and 179 mg/kg, zinc 11.2 mg/kg (Palu river), strontium 1.32 mg/kg (lake Poso) and mercury 0.129 mg/kg (Palu river). Based on a view of study described that different types of fish provide different content and level of minerals. Based on this description, the researchers are interested in conducting a comparative study mineral levels of Eel fish species Anguilla bicolor in yellow eel and silver eel phase. Anguilla bicolor was chosen because data or scientific publications for this type of Eel fish mineral levels have not been found. In addition, there are two types of Eel fish that are widely cultivated in Poso, namely A. marmorata and A. bicolor, where A. marmorata has carried out a mineral comparison study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials The main material used in this study were Eel fish (Aguilla bicolor) in the Yellow Eel and Silver Eel phase from Lake Poso, concentrated nitric acid (HNO3), Be 1 μg/L, Co 1 μg/L, In 1 μg/L, Ba 1 μg/L, Pb 1 μg/L, Th 1 μg/L, and U 1 μg/L and aquabidest. Samples Technique The samples used were from Lake Poso, sampling was carried out using purposive sampling method is a sample determination technique by choosing a sample among the population according to what the researcher wanted, ie based on the type of fish.The types of samples taken were Eel fish (Aguilla bicolor) in Yellow Eel and Silver Eel phase from Lake Poso[10]. Samples Preparation The sample is cleaned first, then in fillets and blended until homogeneous and place in a clean container and closed, than stored in the freezer until it's time to be analyzed. Destruction is carried out with wet deception using a microwave digestion device. The stage of deception is that each sample is carefully weighed ± 0.5 grams and then inserted into the vessel. Added 5 ml of concentrated HNO3, the vessel is inserted into the protection shield, then closed until tight. The vessel is fed into microwave digestion, then connected to a temperature sensor, the sample is destruction for 15 minutes at 150ºC. After the destruction process complete, cooled in room temperature. The resultant solution was collected into a 50 ml volumetric flask and added to aquabidest until the boundary markers[9]. Analysis Procedure Qualitative tests use the method of screening elements on ICP-OES devices with an external standard solution in which the standard solution serves to determine the concentration of the elements to be analyzed. An external standard solution is called "smartune" which contains Be 1 μg/L, Co 1 μg/L, In 1 μg/L, Ba 1 μg/L, Pb 1 μg/L, Th 1 μg/L, and U 1 μg/L. The samples were analyzed by ICP-OES, screening elements were

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 3, (2020), pp. 11132 - 11138

carried out based on the mass of the identified minerals, namely the mass number susceptibility between 6 to 240 nm. Quantitative tests, calibration using each of the elements tested are Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, P, K, Na, and Zn. the sample that has been digested is taken 25 ml and put into a hose on the ICP-OES device for analysis. The test uses a quantitative method which will be seen from each mineral mass measured [9].

Results and Discussion The results of mineral content testing that has been carried out show that the mineral content of Eel Fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel and silver eel phase from Lake Poso shows 8 types of mineral elements which can be seen in the Figure 1.

12000 10684.17

10000

8000

5935.15

6000 Mineral Levels Levels (mg/kg) Mineral

3793.30 4000 2976.42 1507.745 2000 1375.37 654.73 342.27 Yellow Eel 23.90 619.04 0.565 5.623 234.90 1.800 20.67 0.545 0 Zinc (Zn) Potassium (K) Sodium (Na) Magnesium Copper (Cu) Calcium (Ca) Manganese Phosphorus Silver Eel (Mg) (Mn) (P)

Figure 1.The results of mineral content testing that has been carried out show that the mineral content of Eel Fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel and silver eel phase from Lake Poso

The results of the mineral content testing that has been carried out show that the mineral content of Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel and silver eel phase from Lake Poso is found in 7 types of minerals, which can be seen in the Table 1.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 3, (2020), pp. 11132 - 11138

Table 1. The results of the mineral content testing that has been carried out show that the mineral content of Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel and silver eel phase from Lake Poso

Levels (mg/kg) No. Minerals Significant Yellow eel Silver eel 1 Calcium (Ca) 10684,17 3793,30 0,020*

2 Phosphorus (P) 5935,15 2976,42 0,025*

3 Potassium (K) 1375,37 1507,645 0,044*

4 Magnesium (Mg) 342,27 234,90 0,015*

5 Manganese (Mn) 5,623 1,800 0,014*

6 Sodium (Na) 654,73 1507,745 0,222

7 Zinc (Zn) 20,67 23,90 0.075 Remarks: significant value P<0.05, it can be concluded that there are significant differences in the levels of minerals in Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel and silver eel phase

Eel fish have a high nutritional content, namely vitamins A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, protein albumin, DHA (Docosahexaenoic acid) and EPA (Eicosapentaenoic acid) commonly known as omega-3, and some other minerals[5]. This study aims to determine the comparison of the mineral level profiles of Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in the yellow eel and silver eel phases. This fish was chosen because its mineral content was not yet known, and for the yellow eel and silver eel it was a consumption phase where the phase was consumed by the community around Lake Poso. Besides that, the types of Eel fish that are widely cultivated in Poso are A. marmorata and A. bicolor [11], this study about nutritional content that can be utilized in fulfilling the nutrition of human body, especially minerals. The results of the analysis of mineral content of Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel and silver eel phase from Lake Poso found that the mineral content of the Eel fish both of had the same mineral content. Analysis of mineral content of Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel and silver eel phase namely Zinc (Zn), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Manganese (Mn), Phosphorus (P), Copper (Cu). Based on figure 1, the results of the minerals comparative data known as calcium levels in the yellow eel phase are 10684.17 mg/kg and silver eel phase are 3793.30 mg/kg while the levels of minerals needed in the body such as calcium in children are 350-550 mg/kg, in adults 700-1000 mg/kg[12]. Calcium serves to process the formation and maintenance of the skeletal tissues and some important activities in the body. This mineral playing an important role in the formation of bones and teeth, blood clotting, conduction of nerve impulses, and muscle contraction [13]. The results of the analysis of potassium content in the yellow eel phase is 1375.37 mg/kg and silver eel phase ie 1507.745 mg/kg, the need for potassium in children is 800-2000 mg/kg and adults 3100-3500 mg/kg [12]. Potassium plays an important role in regulating the body's acid base balance[13].

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 3, (2020), pp. 11132 - 11138

The results of the analysis of magnesium content in the yellow eel phase ie 342.27 mg/kg and silver eel phase ie 234.90 mg/kg, the need for magnesium in children is 85-200 mg/kg, adult is 270-300 mg/kg [12]. Magnesium serves to maintain nerves and muscles. Magnesium also plays an important role as an essential ion in various basic enzymatic reactions to compound metabolism [13]. The results of the analysis of sodium content in the yellow eel phase ie 654.73 mg/kg and silver eel phase ie 619.04 mg/kg, the need for sodium in children is 500-1500 mg/kg and adult 1600 mg/kg. sodium serves to maintain plasma and intrastitial fluid volume, acid- base balance, efforts to maintain electrical delivery activity of body cells, and sensitivity of the cardiovascular system to circulate suppressive compounds that are endogenous [13]. The results of the analysis of zinc content in the yellow eel phase ie 20.67 mg/kg and silver eel phase ie 23.90 mg/kg, the need for zinc in the children is 0.5-7.0 mg/kg and adult are 7.0-9, 5 mg/kg [12]. Zinc plays an important role in cell growth and division, as antioxidants, sexual and hormonal development, dark adaptation, taste, and appetite. zinc is a component of metalloenzymes to maintain cell membrane metabolism and stability [14]. The results of the analysis of manganese contentin the yellow eel phaseie 5.623 mg/kg and silver eel phase ie 1.800 mg/kg, the number of nutritional needs in manganese is 1.9 mg - 2.3 mg. Manganese plays an important role to regulate the use of choline, enzymes catalisator to activate the use of biotin, thiamine and vitamin C[2]. The results of the analysis of phosphorus content in yellow eel phase ie 5935.13 mg/kg and silver eel phase ie 2976.47 mg/kg, the need phosphorus in the children is around 270- 450 mg/day and adults are 550-775 mg/day. The functions of phosphorus as a process of formation and growth of teeth and bones, plays an important role in facilitating the process of digestion of food, overcome digestive disorders, keep a kidney health and balance the body's electrolytes[2]. The copper content of the yellow eel and silver eel phases was not detected on ICP-OES devices because the copper levels in both phases was extremely least. This is because the ICP-OES cannot detect mineral levels below 0.5 mg/kg. Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel phase levels of each mineral calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and phosphorus (P) were higher than in the silver eel phase. Otherwise the content of zinc (Zn) and potassium (K) in the silver eel phase is higher than the yellow eel phase. Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel phase has an average amount of mineral content of 2716.85 mg/kg, while in the silver eel phase has an average amount of 1308.16 mg/kg. this the mineral content of Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel phase is higher than silver eel phase which has a different mineral content of 1408.69 mg/kg. The results of statistical data analysis with independent T-test (table 1) showed that the comparison of each mineral content both of the yellow eel and silver eel phase can be seen from the value of t arithmetic > t table, with a significant value <0.05 (α = 5%), it can be concluded that there are differences in mineral levels in Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in both phase, including minerals calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn). If the value of t arithmetic < t table, with a significant value> 0.05 (α = 5%), it can be concluded that there are no differences in minerals level in Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) inboth of phase namely potassium (K), sodium (Na) and zinc (Zn). As a comparative study, one of which was conducted by Saparinto et al. [7] on milkfish obtained ie calcium 20 mg/kg of, phosphorus 150 mg/kg, iron 2 mg/kg, cork fish obtained ie calcium 62 mg/kg, phosphorus 175 mg/kg and iron 0.9 mg/kg. As well as the research that has been done by Jamaluddin, et al [9] on the wet meat of Eel fish (Anguilla

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 3, (2020), pp. 11132 - 11138

marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) in yellow eel phase from Palu river and lake Poso, respectively potassium 1,519 mg/kg and 1,360 mg/kg; magnesium 203 mg/kg and 179 mg/kg; zinc 11.2 mg/kg (Palu river), strontium 1.32 mg kg (lake Poso) and mercury 0.129 mg/kg (Palu river). Other studies have also been studied by Jamaluddin, et al [15]mineral composition of eel fish (Anguilla marmorata (Q.) Gaimard) weighing ± 3 kg, ie Ca 322 mg/kg, Mg 151 mg/kg, P 2025 mg/kg, K 2339 mg/kg, and Na 352 mg/kg, and the sample with weight of ± 0.5 kg ie Ca 264 mg/ g, Mg 145 mg/kg, P 1964 mg/kg, K 2473 mg/kg, and Na 415 mg/kg . Whereas the mineral composition in Anguilla bicolor with a weight of ±3 kg, ie K 2515 mg/kg, Mg 205 mg/kg, P 2272 mg/kg, Zn 12.4 mg/kg, and I 1.06 mg/kg, and samples with a weight of ± 0.5 kg, ie K 3120 mg/kg, Mg 184 mg/kg, P 2385 mg/kg, Zn 12.4 mg/kg, and I 1.8 mg/kg. From each study shows that the content and mineral content obtained are different. This is due to differences in mineral levels in an organism can be caused by differences in fish species, food consumed by fish and environmental conditions. The difference in the content of mineral content in aquatic organisms is influenced by the absorption of food from various substances suspended in the surrounding waters. The ability of organisms to absorb various suspended substances is influenced by several factors, such as environmental conditions, the size of the organism, species, pH and eating habits of the organism[16]. According to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic Indonesia number 75 in 2013, the recommended nutritional adequacy of minerals for people a day of Indonesian includes calcium ie 1000 mg - 1200 mg, phosphorus ie 700 mg - 1200 mg, magnesium ie 150 mg - 350 mg, sodium ie 1200 mg - 1500 mg, potassium ie 4500 mg - 4700 mg, manganese ie 1.9 mg - 2.3 mg, and copper ie 700 mcg - 900 mcg [17]. Based this standard can be said that to meet the mineral nutrient adequacy in the body can be fulfilled by consuming Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel and silver eel phase, as for the minerals needed by the body include Zinc (Zn), Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Manganese (Mn), Phosphorus (P). Where these minerals are very important to maintain the acids-bases balances in the body, as a catalyst for reactions related to the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and the formation of fat and protein in the body, as hormones and body enzymes, help maintain and balance the body's water, help sending messages throughout the body as a neurotransmitter, as part of intestinal fluid, plays an important role in the growth and maintenance of bones, teeth, and other body tissues [6].

Conclusion Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded type a mineral content of Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in yellow eel phase, is macro mineral namely Potassium (K) 1375.37 mg/kg, Sodium (Na) 654.73 mg/kg, Magnesium (Mg) 342.27 mg/kg, Calcium (Ca) 10684.17 mg/kg, Phosphorus (P) 5935.13 mg/kg, micro minerals consisting of Manganese (Mn) 5.623 mg/kg and Zinc (Zn) 20.67 mg/kg .Type a mineral content of Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) in silver eel phase, is macro mineral namely Potassium (K) 1507,745 mg/kg, Sodium (Na) 619,04 mg/kg, Magnesium (Mg) 234,90 mg/kg, Calcium (Ca) 3793.30 mg/kg, Phosphorus (P) 2976.47 mg/kg, micro minerals consisting of Manganese (Mn) 1,800 mg/kg and Zinc (Zn) 23,90 mg/kg. There are significant differences in mineral levels between calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) in Eel fish (Anguilla bicolor) yellow eel and silver eel phase from Lake Poso.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 3, (2020), pp. 11132 - 11138

Acknowledgement The author would like to thank the PT Saraswanti Indo Genetech Bogor Laboratory for helping to complete this research.

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