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Kajian Bioekologi Dan Lingkungan Perikanan Sidat (Anguilla Spp.) Di Bengkulu Dan Cilacap.Pdf

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Kajian Bioekologi Dan Lingkungan Perikanan Sidat (Anguilla Spp.) Di Bengkulu Dan Cilacap.Pdf LAPORAN TEKNIS Kajian Bioekologi dan Lingkungan Perikanan Sidat (Anguilla spp) di Bengkulu dan Cilacap Sumber Dana: APBN 2015 Oleh: Dina Muthmainnah Ni Komang Suryati Budi Iskandar Prisantoso Yanu Prasetiyo Pamungkas Dewi Apriyanti Akhlis Biantoro Raider Sigit Junianto Balai Penelitian Perikanan Perairan Umum Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kelautan dan Perikanan Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Desember 2015 KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT atas segala karuniaNYA, sehingga laporan teknis penelitian ini dengan judul Kajian Bioekologi dan Lingkungan Perikanan Sidat (Anguilla spp) di Bengkulu dan Cilacap dapat diselesaikan. Penelitian ini merupakan salah satu dari kegiatan penelitian yang ada di Balai Penelitian Perikanan Perairan Umum Palembang untuk tahun anggaran 2015. Lokasi penelitian dilaksanakan di Bengkulu dan Cilacap dan dan survei dilakukan sebanyak enam kali. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagian siklus hidup ikan sidat di lingkungan air tawar untuk pengelolaan dan konservasinya. Dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan rekomendasi untuk pengelolaan yang keberlanjutan dalam pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan sidat. Dan dari hasil penelitian ini diharapkan tersedianya data dan informasi mengenai biologi ikan sidat yang meliputi taksonomi, pertumbuhan, makanan dan reproduksi; karakteristik lingkungan (fisika, kima dan biologi) habitatnya, serta pola pasang surut dan curah hujan yang mempengaruhi migrasi dan aktivitas penangkapannya. Informasi ini akan dijadikan bahan untuk pengelolaan keberlanjutan pemanfaatan sumber daya ikan sidat. Pada kesempatan ini kami mengucapkan banyak terima kasih kepada pihak- pihak yang telah banyak membantu terutama kepada Kuasa Pemegang Anggaran (KPA) Balai Penelitian Perikanan Perairan Umum (BPPPU), peneliti, teknisi dan pejabat struktural lingkup BPPPU Palembang. Juga kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan. Kritik dan saran diharapkan untuk membantu usaha perbaikan pelaksanaan penelitian dan penulisan Laporan Teknis , juga untuk perencanaan penelitian-penelitian pada tahun-tahun mendatang. Semoga laporan teknis penelitian ini dapat memberikan gambaran pelaksanaan penelitian ini. Palembang, Desember 2015 Penanggung Jawab Kegiatan, iii ABSTRAK Ikan sidat atau catadromous eel memiliki nutrisi yang baik, dan merupakan ikan konsumsi terutama oleh masyarakat Jepang, China, Korea, Amerika dan beberapa Negara di Erofa. Untuk pemenuhan kebutuhan konsumsi tersebut perlu pasokan benih yang masih bergantung pada usaha penangkapan elver di muara- muara sungai. Permasalahan yang dihadapi pada keberadaan ikan sidat adalah selama migrasi tingkat kematian cukup tinggi sehingga yang bertahan hingga menjadi ikan dewasa. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagian siklus hidup ikan sidat di lingkungan air tawar untuk pengelolaan dan konservasinya dengan menyediakan data dan informasi mengenai biologi ikan sidat; karakteristik lingkungan (fisika, kima dan biologi) habitatnya, dan aktivitas penangkapannya. Penelitian ini bersifat survei-eksploratif yang meliputi pengumpulan data dan informasi secara primer dan sekunder. Lingkup kegiatan meliputi kajian/analisa parameter lingkungan perairan, serta identifikasi spesies ikan dengan wilayah kerja adalah Bengkulu dan Cilacap, Jawa Tengah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa wilayah Bengkulu dan Cilacap memiliki potensi yang sangat besar untuk perikanan sidat akan tetapi potensi ini belum terdata dengan baik. Perubahan dan kerusakan habitat merupakan salah satu permasalahan pada perikanan sidat. Jenis ikan sidat yang ditemukan di Bengkulu di dominansi oleh jenis short fin (A. bicolor) sedangkan di wilayah Cilacap di dominasi oleh jenis long fin (A. marmorata). iv DAFTAR ISI Halaman HALAMAN JUDUL i HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ii KATA PENGANTAR iii ABSTRAK iv DAFTAR ISI v DAFTAR TABEL vi DAFTAR GAMBAR viii 1. PENDAHULUAN 1 2. TUJUAN DAN SASARAN KEGIATAN 6 3. KELUARAN YANG DIHARAPKAN 6 4. HASIL YANG DIHARAPKAN 7 5. MANFAAT DAN DAMPAK 7 6. PELAKSANAAN PENELITIAN 7 7. HASIL DAN DISKUSI 14 8. KESIMPULAN 49 9. DAFTAR PUSTAKA 49 10. PERSONIL 52 11. JADUAL KEGIATAN 52 LAMPIRAN 53 v DAFTAR TABEL Tabel Halaman 1. Parameter kualitas air yang diukur/dianalisa serta metode 10 alat mengukurnya 2. Beberapa aspek biologi ikan sidat yang dianalisis serta 11 metode analisanya 3. Koordinat dan elevasi lokasi berpotensi ditemukan ikan 15 sidat di Provinsi Bengkulu 4. Koordinat dan elevasi lokasi berpotensi ditemukan ikan 16 sidat di Kabupaten Cilacap 5. Kualitas air lokasi pengambilan sampel ikan sidat di 18 Bengkulu pada Maret 2015 6. Kualitas air lokasi pengambilan sampel ikan sidat di 18 Bengkulu pada Mei 2015 7. Kualitas air lokasi pengambilan sampel ikan sidat di 19 Bengkulu pada September 2015 8. Kualitas air lokasi pengambilan sampel ikan sidat di Cilacap 19 pada April 2015 9. Kualitas air lokasi pengambilan sampel ikan sidat di Cilacap 20 pada Juni 2015 10. Kualitas air lokasi pengambilan sampel ikan sidat di Cilacap 20 pada Oktober 2015 11. Plankton yang ditemukan di lokasi penelitian Cilacap pada 22 April 2015 12. Data luasan DAS dan bendungan di Provinsi Bengkulu 25 13. Faktor kondisi dari sampel ikan sidat dari Bengkulu dan 33 Cilacap 14. Data jumlah ikan yang disetor dan dijual per bulan selama 44 tahun 2015 15. Data berat total ikan (kg) yang disetor ke kolektor dalam 45 kurun waktu 2012 hingga 2015 di Cilacap vi 16. Daftar harga ikan sidat dari kolektor di Cilacap 46 17. Analisis SWOT untuk menentukan strategi pengembangan 48 perikanan sidat yang berkelanjutan vii DAFTAR GAMBAR Gambar Halaman 1. Anatomi ikan sidat (Anguilla bicolor) 3 2. Peta lokasi (a) Bengkulu dan (b) Cilacap 8 3. Pengukuran panjang ikan sidat dewasa 11 4. Penghitungan jumlah ruas tulang belakang larva ikan sidat 12 5. Pengukuran jarak dorsal dan anal 12 6. Distribusi ikan sidat di Bengkulu dan Cilacap dihubungkan 17 dengan elevasi 7. Data bulanan curah hujan dan jumlah hari hujan di 23 Bengkulu pada tahun 2010 hingga 2013 8. Data tahunan curah hujan dan jumlah hari hujan di Cilacap 24 pada tahun 2008 hingga 2013 9. Identifikasi ikan Sidat mengunakan kunci identifikasi Ege 29 yang berdasarkan pada pigmentasi pada sirip ekor untuk glass eel dan warna kulit untuk yellow eels 10. Sketsa long dan short fin dari Anguilla 30 11. Perbandingan sampel ikan sidat yang termasuk long dan 30 short fin di Bengkulu dan Cilacap 12. Frekuensi dari masing-masing panjang ikan sidat 31 yang termasuk short dan long fin 13. Panjang rata-rata sampel ikan sidat dari Bengkulu dan 32 Cilacap 14. Hubungan panjang dan berat sampel ikan sidat dari 32 Bengkulu dan Cilacap 15. Analisis jenis-jenis makanan yang dimakan oleh ikan Sidat 36 di Bengkulu dan Cilacap 16. Jenis makanan yang dimakan oleh ikan Sidat di Bengkulu 37 dan Cilacap 17. Nilai produksi ikan sidat tiap kabupaten di Provinsi 39 Bengkulu dalam Rupiah selama tahun 2009 hingga 2013 viii 18. Nilai produksi ikan sidat tiap kabupaten di Provinsi 39 Bengkulu dalam ton selama tahun 2009 hingga 2013 19. Frekuensi, jumlah individu dan persentase ikan sidat 40 dikirim Pelabuhan Ratu dan Bogor yang tercatat di BKIPM Bengkulu 20. Produksi ikan sidat bulanan selama tahun 2012 – 2014 41 21. Produksi Ikan Sidat (kg) berdasarkan tipe genangan tahun 41 2010-2014 22. Jenis alat tangkap ikan sidat di Bengkulu 42 23. Jenis alat tangkap ikan sidat di Cilacap 43 ix Kajian Bioekologi dan Lingkungan Perikanan Sidat (Anguilla spp) di Bengkulu dan Cilacap 2015 1. PENDAHULUAN Spesies Anguilla merupakan familia dari Anguillidae, memiliki pola hidup katadromous yaitu memulai kehidupan dari laut, tumbuh menjadi dewasa di perairan tawar dan kembali ke laut untuk memijah. Klasifikasinya adalah (Linnaeus, 1758): Filum : Vertebrata Divisio : Pisces Klas : Teleostomi Ordo : Anguilliformes Sub Ordo : Anguilloidae Familyia : Anguillidae Genus : Anguilla Sidat memiliki sirip dada (pectoral) yang sempurna yang terdapat pada bagian belakang tutup insang serta sirip punggung (dorsal), sirip ekor (caudal) dan sirip anal yang saling berhubungan satu dengan yang lainnya. Sirip sidat dilengkapi dengan jari-jari lunak yang dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang. Menurut Berg (1949 dalam Deelder, 1984), ciri ikan sidat adalah tubuh memanjang seperti ular, sirip dorsal, sirip caudal dan sirip anal bergabung menjadi satu, sirip dada ada dan sirip perut tidak ada, tubuh diliputi sisik halus. Ikan sidat memiliki linea lateralis yang terbentuk dengan baik, perut jauh dari kepala, mulut terminal, rahang tidak memanjang secara khusus, gigi kecil, pektinat dan setiform dalam beberapa sisi rahang dan vomer, terdapat gigi halus pada tulang faring, membentuk “ovate patch” pada faring, bagian atas celah insang lateral vertical berkembang dengan baik dan terpisah satu sama lainnya. Insang ~ 1 ~ Kajian Bioekologi dan Lingkungan Perikanan Sidat (Anguilla spp) di Bengkulu dan Cilacap 2015 dapat terbuka lebar, terdapat lidah, bibir tebal, tulang frontal, berpasangan tetapi tidak tumbuh bersama. Palatopterygoid berkembang baik, premaksila tidak berkembang sebagi suatu elemen yang dapat dibedakan pada ikan dewasa, lengkun pektoral terdiri dari 7-9 (untuk yang masih muda mencapai 11) elemen radial, tulang ekor tanpa proses transverse. Bentuk ikan sidat sangat berbeda antara stadia dengan stadia dewasanya. Telur yang telah dibuahi akan berkembang menjadi leptocephalus, pada saat tersebut bentuknya berupa daun. Leptocephalus tersebut akan mengalami metamorfosa menjadi larva transparan (elver, glass eel). Bentuk sidat pada
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