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Identifikasi Batas Lateral Cekungan Airtanah (Cat) Palu

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Identifikasi Batas Lateral Cekungan Airtanah (Cat) Palu ek SIPIL MESIN ARSITEKTUR ELEKTRO IDENTIFIKASI BATAS LATERAL CEKUNGAN AIRTANAH (CAT) PALU Zeffitni* Abstract Groundwater basin naturally constrained by the limits controlled by the hydrogeologic and geologic conditions or groundwater hydraulics, and in general not the same as the government boundaries. The purpose of this study to identify the lateral boundary of Palu Groundwater Basin (CAT Palu). Analysis method based on analysis of field data for the determination of the geometry and configuration of the lateral aquifer system. The results showed that: 1). external zero flow boundary, are the contact area between the aquifer and the aquifers that form CAT Palu. This form of field boundary fault, conformity and the unconformity as the main geological structures are dominated by graben structures known as Palu Fault, 2). CAT Palu boundary based on groundwater divide coincides with the boundary surface of the water separator which separates the two main aquifer groundwater flow in the opposite direction, 3). external head-controlled boundary in CAT Palu is the sea level because the main aquifer is not depressed, and 4). inflow boundary located in the east and west of Palu River, from structural buckling hillsides and Mount Mount Gawalise Tanggungguno. In the southern part of the Palu River upstream Kamamora area. Outflow boundary located in the northern part of the Gulf of Palu. Key words : basin, groundwater, aquifer Abstrak Cekungan airtanah umumnya dibatasi oleh batasan yang dikendalikan oleh kondisi hidrogeologi dan geologi atau kondisi hidraulik airtanah, dan umumnya tidak sama dengan batas wilayah pemerintahan. Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi batasan lateral dari cekungan airtanah Palu (CAT Palu). Metode analisa didasarkan pada analisa data lapangan untuk menentukan geometri dan konfigurasi sistem akiifer cekungan tersebut. Hasil identifikasi memperlihatkan bahwa: 1). batas tanpa aliran eksternal, adalah bidang kontak antara akuifer dan non akuifer yang membentuk CAT Palu. Bentuk batasan ini berupa bidang sesar, keselarasan dan ketidakselarasan sebagai struktur geologi utama yang didominasi oleh struktur graben yang dikenal sebagai sesar Palu, 2). batas struktur CAT Palu berdasarkan batas pemisah airtanah berimpit dengan batas pemisah air permukaan pada akuifer utama yang memisahkan dua aliran airtanah dengan arah berlawanan, 3). Batas air permukaan eksternal di CAT Palu adalah muka air laut karena akuifer utama bersifat tidak tertekan, dan 4). Batas aliran airtanah yang masuk berada di bagian timur dan barat Sungai Palu, dari tekuk lereng perbukitan struktural Gunung Gawalise dan Gunung Tanggungguno. Di bagian selatan yaitu dari hulu Sungai Palu di daerah Kamamora. Batas aliran airtanah yang keluar (outflow boundary) berada di bagian utara yaitu Teluk Palu. Kata Kunci : cekungan, airtanah, aquifer 1. Pendahuluan spasial. Keberadaan CAT Palu erat Airtanah di Cekungan kaitannya dengan struktur graben di Airtanah Palu (CAT Palu) merupakan Cekungan Palu, yaitu Sesar Palu. salah satu fenomena fisik yang Secara alamiah cekungan airtanah memerlukan pendekatan analisis dibatasi oleh batas hidrogeologi yang dikontrol oleh kondisi geologi dan * Staf Pengajar Jurusan Teknik Sipil Fakultas Teknik Universitas Tadulako, Palu Jurnal SMARTek, Vol. 9 No. 4. Nopember 2011: 337 - 349 atau hidrolika airtanah, serta pada pada zona yang 100% jenuh umumnya tidak sama dengan batas (saturated). Di atas zona yang 100% wilayah pemerintahan. Berdasarkan jenuh terdapat zona yang tidak 100% pembatasannya, terdapat cekungan jenuh tetapi sebagian terisi oleh airtanah yang utuh di dalam udara dan dikenal sebagai zona kabupaten / kota, lintas kabupaten / tidak jenuh (unsaturated). Distribusi kota, lintas propinsi dan bahkan lintas vertikal airtanah disajikan pada negara (Pusat Lingkungan Geologi, Gambar 1. 2007). Suatu batas cekungan Hendrayana (1994) airtanah tidak sama dengan batas memberikan batasan airtanah wilayah pemerintahan. Berkaitan sebagai air yang bergerak dalam dengan kajian penelitian, konsep tanah yang terdapat dalam ruang batas cekungan menurut Pusat dari batuan sebagai air celah. Lingkungan Geologi (2007) juga Airtanah dibedakan atas: airtanah ditemui di CAT Palu. CAT Palu secara yang terdapat pada lapisan tanah administratif pemerintahan, yang permeabel dan impermeabel, mencakup Kota Palu sebagai Ibukota airtanah bebas dan airtanah Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah serta tertekan, serta airtanah tumpang sebagian Kabupaten Donggala dan yaitu airtanah yang terbentuk di atas Sigi. Analisis agihan sistem akuifer suatu lapisan impermeabel di dalam berdasarkan identifikasi batas lateral zona aerasi. CAT Palu, merupakan salah satu Pada pendapat lain Perdue metode untuk dapat mengetahui Research Foundation (1996) batas CAT Palu. memberikan batasan airtanah sebagai air yang tersimpan dalam akuifer pada suatu cekungan 2. Telaah Pustaka airtanah, yang dipengaruhi oleh 2.1 Hidrogeologi dan Akuifer kondisi geologi, hidrogeologi, gaya Todd (1980) memberikan tektonik serta struktur bumi yang batasan airtanah sebagai air yang membentuk cekungan. mengisi pori-pori atau ruang antar butir-butir tanah maupun batuan Gambar 1. Distribusi Vertikal Airtanah (Todd, 1980) 338 Identifikasi Batas Lateral Cekungan Airtanah (CAT) Palu (Zeffitni) Gambar 2. Tipe Akuifer (Todd, 1980; Santosa dan Adji, 2006) Notosiswoyo (2002) memberikan batasan bahwa menambahkan bahwa airtanah penentuan batas lateral dan vertikal merupakan sumberdaya alam yang cekungan airtanah akan terbaharui, namun waktu pengisian menunjukkan geometri cekungan kembali (replenishment) sangat airtanah. Penentuan agihan lateral relatif, tergantung pada: dan vertikal akuifer maupun non ketersediaan air, kondisi permukaan, akuifer menunjukkan konfigurasi curah hujan, litologi, konduktivitas sistem akuifer. Parhusip (2001) hidraulik, topografi, kedalaman muka menambahkan bahwa tinjauan airtanah dan pengaruh sifat zona terhadap airtanah memiliki cakupan tidak jenuh. Todd (1980) menjelaskan yang cukup luas, diantaranya: jenis bahwa airtanah tersimpan dalam akuifer, parameter akuifer yang suatu lapisan batuan yang dapat menunjukkan karakteristik akuifer, menyimpan dan meluluskan air yang maupun pemanfaatan serta disebut sebagai akuifer. Terdapat kualitasnya. Informasi geologi beberapa macam perlapisan batuan diantaranya: penampang (cross atau formasi geologi yang dapat section) geologi, log pemboran dan berfungsi sebagai akuifer, antara lain: sumur yang dikombinasi dengan endapan aluvial, batugamping, informasi hidrogeologi akan batuan vulkanik, dan batupasir. menunjukkan unit hidrostratigrafi Gambar 2. mengilustrasikan akuifer cekungan airtanah (Maxey, 1964; berdasarkan letak dan Seaber, 1988). Penampang (cross kedudukannya terhadap batuan, section) geologi dapat menunjukkan yang dibagi menjadi: akuifer tidak formasi geologi, unit stratigrafi, bidang tertekan (unconfined aquifer) dan piezometrik, kandungan kimia air dan akuifer tertekan (confined aquifer). korelasi formasi dari log pemboran Berkaitan dengan geometri dari beberapa sumur (Erdelyi, 1988). dan konfigurasi akuifer, Pusat Pendugaan geolistrik merupakan Lingkungan Geologi (2007) salah satu metode geofisika untuk 339 Jurnal SMARTek, Vol. 9 No. 4. Nopember 2011: 337 - 349 mengetahui material penyusun cekungan airtanah merupakan suatu akuifer melalui geometri dan satuan hidrogeologi yang terdiri dari konfigurasi akuifer (Todd, 1980; satu atau beberapa bagian akuifer Zohdy, 1989; Santosa dan Adji, 2006). yang saling berhubungan membentuk suatu sistem dan dapat berubah akibat perubahan 2.2 Cekungan airtanah lingkungan. Hadian dkk., (2006) Boonstra dan Ridder (1981) ; menambahkan bahwa airtanah Zeffitni, (2010) menjelaskan bahwa merupakan air inter koneksi secara pada suatu cekungan airtanah terbuka pada batuan saturasi di mengalami proses hidrologi yang bawah permukaan tanah, baik pada berlangsung secara terus menerus. zona jenuh maupun tidak jenuh. Proses pertambahan volume airtanah Pada zona jenuh, terdapat sistem air dalam cekungan melalui proses jenuh berupa air bawah tanah. Sistem perkolasi dari air permukaan, ini dipengaruhi oleh kondisi geologi, sebaliknya volumenya akan hidrogeologi, dan gaya tektonik yang berkurang akibat proses membentuk cekungan airtanah. evapotranspirasi, pemunculan Pada pendapat lain Gregory sebagai mataair, serta adanya aliran dan Walling (1973); Zeffitni (2010), menuju sungai. Faktor litologi sangat menjelaskan bahwa cekungan menentukan terhadap kecepatan airtanah merupakan suatu area proses perkolasi air permukaan. dengan air yang berasal dari aliran Keterdapatan endapan aluvial permukaan. Cekungan airtanah merupakan ciri utama litologi suatu merupakan salah satu contoh dari cekungan airtanah. Todd (1980); sistem geomorfologi. Zeffitni, (2010) berpendapat bahwa Gambar 3. Morfologi dan Sebaran Sedimen Pada Cekungan Airtanah (Boonstra dan De Ridder, 1981) 340 Identifikasi Batas Lateral Cekungan Airtanah (CAT) Palu (Zeffitni) Penggunaan sistem boundary), dan batas pemisah geomorfologi sangat tepat untuk airtanah (groundwater devide). menunjukkan hubungan antara bagian - bagian sistem dalam suatu b. Batas Muka Air Permukaan (Head- objek. Sistem aliran airtanah Controlled Boundaries) dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor. Batas muka air permukaan Hubbert (Gregory dan Walling, 1973); merupakan batas cekungan Zeffitni (2010) menambahkan bahwa airtanah, pada batas tersebut aliran airtanah disebabkan oleh beda diketahui tekanan hidrauliknya. potensial fluida. Toth (Gregory dan Batas muka air permukaan terdiri Walling,
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