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Satélites Artificiales UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA “EXPERIENCIAS DE LAS UNIVERSIDADES EN EL DESARROLLO DE PEQUEÑOS SATÉLITES” T E S I S QUE PARA OPTAR POR EL GRADO DE: INGENIERÍO EN TELECOMUNICACIONES P R E S E N T A: RAÚL MONROY GÓMEZ DIRECTOR DE TESIS: M.I. JOSÉ LUIS GARCÍA GARCÍA OCTUBRE 2013 _________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ Desarrollo de nanosatélites en las Universidades para el proyecto QB50. i _________________________________________________________________________ Resumen Actualmente las Universidades desarrollan un gran número de proyectos satelitales con fines de investigación dentro de sus aulas, proyectos que en el pasado era casi imposible desarrollar en cualquier Universidad que no contara con los recursos financieros suficientes. Con el desarrollo de nuevos estándares de construcción satelital como la norma CubeSat ha sido posible que casi cualquier Universidad pueda desarrollar sus propios satélites, pues se ha reducido en gran medida el costo de fabricación y el tiempo de construcción. La tesis que a continuación se presenta nos muestra una descripción de la estructura general de un satélite así como del estándar CubeSat para construcción de satélites que ha sido muy usada en los últimos años en proyectos satelitales dentro de las Universidades. También se describe el proyecto QB50 de la Unión Europea basado en la plataforma CubeSat, así como la forma en que la UNAM colabora dentro de este proyecto. Lo anterior con el objetivo de poder mencionar los beneficios que se tienen de colaborar en proyectos similares a este. Abstract Universities currently develop a large number of satellite projects with the finality of research, projects that in the past was almost impossible to develop in universities that did not have sufficient financial resources. With the develop of new standards for construction of satellites as the standard CubeSat, has been possible for almost any university can develop their own satellites, due to the great reduction cost of manufacture and time construction. This thesis shows a description of CubeSat standard for construction of satellites that has been widely used in recent years in satellite projects within universities. Also is described the QB50 project from European Union based in the standard CubeSat, well as the way the UNAM collaborates in this project. The objective is to mention the benefits of collaborate in similar projects to this. _________________________________________________________________________ Desarrollo de nanosatélites en las Universidades para el proyecto QB50. ii _________________________________________________________________________ Dedicatoria A mis padres y mi hermano. Agradecimientos A la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y a la Facultad de Ingeniería, que me han dado la oportunidad de tener una carrera profesional. A mis amigos que me han acompañado a lo largo de este trayecto y con quienes he pasado muy buenos momentos. _________________________________________________________________________ Desarrollo de nanosatélites en las Universidades para el proyecto QB50. iii _________________________________________________________________________ Índice general Resumen ............................................................................................................................... ii Agradecimientos ................................................................................................................. iii Índice general ...................................................................................................................... iv Prólogo ............................................................................................................................... viii Objetivo General ................................................................................................................. ix Objetivos específicos ......................................................................................................... ix Alcances ............................................................................................................................... ix Capítulo 1 .............................................................................................................................. 1 Antecedentes históricos y actualidad de la tecnología satelital en la UNAM ............. 1 1.1 Introducción ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Proyecto UNAMSAT ............................................................................................. 3 1.3 Proyecto SATEDU ................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Proyecto QUETZAL .............................................................................................. 7 1.5 Proyecto CONDOR ............................................................................................... 7 1.6 Proyecto CanSat ................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................... 10 Capítulo 2 ............................................................................................................................ 11 Los satélites artificiales ..................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introducción .......................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Tipos de satélites ................................................................................................ 11 2.2.1 Por su órbita de operación ......................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Por su tamaño .............................................................................................. 18 2.2.3 Por su aplicación .......................................................................................... 20 2.3 Estructura de un satélite .................................................................................... 23 2.3.1 Subsistema de comunicaciones ................................................................ 23 2.3.2 Subsistema de computadora a bordo principal ....................................... 24 2.3.3 Subsistema de energía eléctrica ............................................................... 26 2.3.4 Subsistema de control térmico .................................................................. 34 2.3.5 Subsistema de posicionamiento y orientación ........................................ 37 2.3.6 Subsistema de propulsión .......................................................................... 40 2.3.7 Subsistema de rastreo, telemetría y comando (TTC) ............................ 45 2.3.8 Subsistema estructural ............................................................................... 47 2.3.9 Subsistema de carga útil ............................................................................ 49 _________________________________________________________________________ Desarrollo de nanosatélites en las Universidades para el proyecto QB50. iv _________________________________________________________________________ 2.4 Constelaciones de satélites de órbita baja ..................................................... 50 2.4.1 Constelación Iridium .................................................................................... 50 2.4.2 Constelación Globalstar .............................................................................. 51 2.4.3 Constelación Orbcomm .............................................................................. 52 2.4.4 Constelación O3b Networks ....................................................................... 54 2.5 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................... 55 Capítulo 3 ............................................................................................................................ 56 El estándar CubeSat ......................................................................................................... 56 3.1 Introducción .......................................................................................................... 56 3.2 Antecedentes del estándar CubeSat ............................................................... 56 3.3 El estándar CubeSat ........................................................................................... 58 3.4 Desarrollo de proyectos CubeSat en algunas Universidades del mundo .. 67 3.4.1 Proyecto CubeSat de la Universidad de Tokio ....................................... 68 3.4.2 Proyecto satelital SUCHAI ......................................................................... 69 3.4.3 Proyecto XATCOBEO ................................................................................. 70 3.4.4 SwissCube .................................................................................................... 71 3.5 Conclusiones ....................................................................................................... 73 Capítulo 4 ............................................................................................................................ 74 El Proyecto QB50 .............................................................................................................
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