Eucalyptus morrisbyi

morrisbys gum

T A S M A N I A N T H R E A T E N E D S P E C I E S L I S T I N G S T A T E M E N T

Image by Naomi Lawrence

Scientific name: Eucalyptus morrisbyi Brett, Pap. & Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 129: pl. 14–15 (1939) Common name: morrisbys gum Group: vascular plant, dicotyledon, family Myrtaceae

Status: Threatened Species Protection Act 1995: endangered Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999: Endangered

Distribution Biogeographic origin: endemic to Tasmania Tasmanian Natural Resource Management Region: South Tasmanian IBRA bioregions (V6): South East

Figure 1. Distribution of Eucalyptus morrisbyi, Plate 1. Eucalyptus morrisbyi: buds, capsules, adult & showing IBRA bioregions juvenile leaves (scale bar=2cm) (images by Brad Potts)

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum)

SUMMARY: Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum) If flowering is compromised, the canopy held is a small tree endemic to Tasmania’s southeast. seedbank is only viable for about two years as It is only known from two locations 21 km capsules become too woody to release their apart; in the Government Hills near Risdon, seed. The Calverts Hill stand in particular has a and the fragmented Cremorne subpopulation large number of seedlings that have been which now consists of a main stand at Calverts repressed by continuous browsing to ground Hill and several small remnant stands following level and potentially may be many years old. past clearing for residential and agricultural Plants in the Risdon stand have resprouted purposes. The Risdon and the main Calverts from lignotubers following a major dieback Hill stands have suffered rapid dramatic event and genetic testing of stems has declines in recent decades with the loss of all demonstrated considerable clonality in the but a few mature trees which are all located at stand (Jones et al. 2005). Calverts Hill. The Risdon stand is now considered to be functionally extinct as it no Eucalyptus morrisbyi is susceptible to drought, longer produces seed. This leaves the species being the first of the local eucalypts to show with fewer than 30 mature trees in the wild that signs of stress following drought events, with produce seed. The species appears to have been stress symptoms particularly evident in trees contracting to wetter gullies over time, growing on drier sites. Stressed plants including exacerbated by the recent warmer and drier any regrowth are more susceptible to vertebrate conditions associated with climate change. The and insect browsing, often rapidly resulting in species is highly palatable and once stressed, death or dieback. recovery is hampered by vertebrate and insect browsing that if left unchecked leads to the There are considerable genetic differences death of trees within years. The smaller between the Calverts Hill and Risdon stands. roadside stands in the Cremorne area are Plants from the Risdon stand are less palatable additionally at risk from clearing to improve to vertebrate browsing as demonstrated in road safety and the small Lumeah Point stand mixed plantings (Mann et al. 2012). However, cannot expand due to existing urban plants from the Risdon stand have been shown development. While at imminent risk of to be more susceptible to myrtle rust extinction in the wild, the species is not likely to (Austropuccinia psidii) (newly introduced to face extinction in the short to medium term due Tasmania) than those from Calverts Hill (Potts to ornamental and ex situ plantings. The most et al. 2016). immediate needs are to protect wild and planted seedlings at Calverts Hill to allow them Plants from the two stands can be distinguished to reach maturity and to ensure that the genetic using molecular techniques (Jones et al. 2005). variability of the species is maintained by Some molecular differences are also evident supplementing and managing seed collections between plants from the Calverts Hill stand and that can be used for future conservation its associated remnant stands in the Cremorne actions. area. Despite the small size of the Risdon IDENTIFICATION AND ECOLOGY subpopulation, variation remains high and it is not showing signs of inbreeding. This may be a Eucalyptus morrisbyi is a small tree, growing to a consequence of inbreeding being limited by the height of approximately 6 to 12 m. Seedlings high levels of self-incompatibility shown by the take about ten years to produce flowers, a species (Potts & Savva 1988) and the longevity relatively long time for eucalypts. Peak of the existing genotypes. flowering occurs from February to May (Williams and Potts 1996). The species is Although Eucalyptus morrisbyi hybridises with relatively well adapted to fire, which stimulates Eucalyptus viminalis in the wild, studies have not release of seed from capsules for regeneration. revealed significant contamination of its gene pool.

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 2

Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum)

Description A number of conservation plantings have been While Eucalyptus morrisbyi is generally rough made and Eucalyptus morrisbyi has been widely barked at the base of the trunk, the old bark is planted as a specimen tree and ornamental. shed further up leaving the upper part of the In natural stands, Eucalyptus morrisbyi occurs in trunk and the branches smooth and brown, coastal, dry sclerophyll woodland on gentle to white-grey or pink-grey in colour. The bluish- hilly slopes where it tends to be restricted to green juvenile leaves are glaucous, unstalked gullies that offer some relief in this drought and rounded, 2 to 3 cm long and 2 to 4 cm prone, low rainfall area. It is associated with wide. They are arranged in opposite pairs. The poor soils, with the Calverts Hill and associated adult leaves are stalked, less glaucous and remnant stands occurring on recent sands arranged alternately. They are about 5 to 10 cm overlying dolerite and the Risdon stand on long and 1.5 to 4 cm wide. The flower buds Permian mudstone. The species tends to occur have a pointed cap and are glaucous and shortly in relatively pure stands with a number of other stalked. They arise in clusters of three from the eucalypt species occurring nearby. leaf axils. The flowers are cream and develop into cylindrical, glaucous, woody capsules, 9 to 11 mm long and 6 mm wide (Plate 1). RESERVATION STATUS [description based on Curtis & Morris 1975] Eucalyptus morrisbyi is formally protected in the Calverts Hill Nature Reserve and the East Survey techniques Risdon State Reserve. The Lumeah Point stand is on a coastal reserve that has been leased to This small tree can be identified at any time of the Clarence City Council for recreational use. the year, though mature trees (with capsules) are required to confirm the identity of this POPULATION PARAMETERS species. Number of subpopulations: 2 (1 reproductive) Confusing Species Number of locations: 2 (1 reproductive) 2 Eucalyptus morrisbyi can be confused with the Extent of occurrence: ~45 km closely related Eucalyptus gunnii (cider gum), and Area of occupancy: ~ 12.5 ha Eucalyptus cordata (heart leaved silver gum). It (0.5 ha for mature individuals) Area of occupancy (as per IUCN criteria): 8 km2 can be distinguished from Eucalyptus gunnii by 2 its coastal lowland habitat and presence of (or 4 km as reproductive in only 1 location) warty protuberances on buds and capsules. It No. of mature individuals: < 30 can be distinguished from Eucalyptus cordata by Eucalyptus morrisbyi is known only from two its smaller capsules that occur in the axils of subpopulations in the wild (Table 1). In the adult leaves only. Refer also to Wiltshire and Cremorne area, the subpopulation has been Potts (2007). Eucalyptus morrisbyi can hybridise fragmented into the Calverts Hill stand, and with Eucalyptus viminalis and some stands and several small remnant stands approximately older plantings contain a significant proportion 2 km away. The species is no longer present at of hybrid trees. The hybrids are readily some sites where it was collected in the past in distinguished by their narrower and less the Cremorne area. Numbers in the smaller glaucous juvenile leaves. remnant stands have been supplemented by plantings and other plantings in the area have DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT been made.

Eucalyptus morrisbyi is endemic to Tasmania with A census of trees in the Risdon subpopulation wild occurrences known only from the in 1996 showed 69 trees with adult foliage, Cremorne area, with a main stand at Calverts though less than 20 of these were carrying seed. Hill and several small nearby remnant stands, as This stand is now functionally extinct with only well as from a small subpopulation 21 km away weak, spindly, non-reproductive lignotuber in the Government Hills near Risdon (Figure 1, regrowth remaining. Table 1).

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 3

Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum)

The Calverts Hill stand is close to being It qualifies as Critically Endangered using the functionally extinct. There were 1915 mature IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List trees in the Calverts Hill stand in 1991 and only criteria given its restricted distribution, a greater seven mature trees were still alive in early 2018 than 80% decline observed in the number of (one dying) following a dramatic decline that mature individuals and fewer than 50 mature started after 2005 (and was first reported in individuals remaining in the wild. 2014 at which time 70 to 80% of mature trees Eucalyptus morrisbyi forest and woodland is listed had already died). Seed-bearing mature as a threatened vegetation community on individuals can still be found in the small schedules of the Nature Conservation Act 2002. remnant patches in the Cremorne area though some of the roadside trees have died since the last census in 1991. In total, the number of THREATS, LIMITING FACTORS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES naturally occurring mature trees (reproductive) of Eucalyptus morrisbyi is estimated to be fewer Eucalyptus morrisbyi has undergone a dramatic than 30. decline in recent decades to the point at which the species is at imminent risk of becoming At least two mid-1990s ex situ plantings grown extinct in the wild. Extinction of the species as from a genetically diverse collection of seed a whole is unlikely, at least in the short to from Calverts Hill are reproductive, with medium term, given the presence of ex situ and recruitment present in the understorey. Once ornamental plantings. The main issues with the the seedlings grow to maturity, these plantings decline and recovery prospects are discussed could be considered to be self-perpetuating and below. could be included as subpopulations for the purposes of applying extinction risk criteria.

Conservation Assessment Eucalyptus morrisbyi meets the following criteria for listing as endangered on the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995: A. Total population reduction in the form of 1. an observed reduction of at least 50% within the last three generations (to a maximum of 100 years) based on a. direct observation B. Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5,000 km2, and Plate 2. Calverts Hill site, April 2016 1. it is known to exist at no more than five (image by Richard Schahinger) locations, and 2. there is a continuing decline observed in Clearing and fragmentation: Past records the number of mature individuals indicate a decline from clearing for agriculture and urban development of at least 50% in the C. Total population estimated to number fewer area occupied by Eucalyptus morrisbyi in the than 2,500 mature individuals, and Cremorne area since European settlement 2 there is a continuing decline observed in (Wiltshire 1992). Much of the original Lumeah numbers of mature individuals and Point stand is likely to have been cleared, with a.(i) no subpopulation estimated to the remaining trees in a narrow coastal strip contain more than 250 mature adjacent to a housing subdivision. The risk of individuals, further clearing has decreased with the a.(ii) at least 90% of all mature individuals reservation of the bulk of the Calverts Hill in a single subpopulation stand in 2007. D. Total population estimated to number fewer than 250 mature individuals.

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 4

Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum)

Table 1. Population summary for Eucalyptus morrisbyi

Subpopulation Tenure NRM 1:25,000 Year of Area of Number of region mapsheet census occupancy adult trees (ha) (NR not reproductive) 1.1 Calverts Hill Calverts Hill South Cremorne 2019 6 Nature Reserve 2018 7 1991 11.5 1915 1.2 Lumeah Point Coastal South Cremorne 2019 ^ Reserve 1991 0.15 16 1.3 Honeywood Drive 2019 >8^^ road reserve*, South Cremorne 1991 0.15 12 1.4 South Arm Road/ private land 2017 6^^^ Delphis Drive 1.5 Cremorne Avenue 2019 5^^^^ 1991 ~5 2 Government Hills, East East Risdon South Hobart 2014 0 (219NR)** Risdon State Reserve 2002 0.7 0 (81NR) 1996 <20 (69 NR) *managed by the Department of State Growth for sites1.4 and Clarence City Council for sites 1.3 and 1.5 **of the 219 stems sampled, there were 110 distinct genotypes (Jones unpubl.) ^mix of natural and planted trees both pure and hybrid, more hybrids than pure, some recruits ^^seed collected from 8 trees, others with little seed, no recruits ^^^plus 9 planted (North Barker Ecosystem Services 2017) ^^^^plus 2 hybrids and some planted (origin disputed)

However, the roadside remnant stands have It is now evident that with the current rate of suffered from roadside maintenance and are at climate change, significant intervention will be risk of being cleared for safety reasons as they required to maintain Eucalyptus morrisbyi in the impede line of sight to the highway from access wild. roads to new subdivisions. Vertebrate browsing: Genotypes from the The stands in the Cremorne area have also Calverts Hill stand are particularly palatable to suffered from woodcutting. The fragmentation vertebrate browsing (mainly possums, wallabies caused by conversion for agriculture, roads and and possibly rabbits). While there are a large housing has contributed to invasion by weeds number of seedlings still evident in the Calverts and increased vertebrate and insect browsing Hill stand following the death of all but a few pressure in the stands. mature trees, they were continually being Climate change: Eucalyptus morrisbyi is browsed, often to ground level after resprouting from lignotubers. susceptible to drought, with the range of the species apparently retracting to wetter gullies Several areas with seedlings (natural or planted) since the last glaciation (Wiltshire et al. 1991). have been fenced or caged, allowing the This makes the species particularly vulnerable seedlings to grow, but possum damage was to the warmer conditions and changed rainfall evident where fences had been breached or patterns associated with the accelerated rate of seedlings had outgrown their cages. Further climate change seen in recent decades. As well works to prevent browsing by possums and as increasing transpiration rates, warmer and other vertebrates include the installation of drier conditions may cause an increase in the perimeter and some internal fencing, cutting of browsing pressure on Eucalyptus morrisbyi as overhanging branches, and relocation of food resources become restricted or as a result possums. of local increases in insect populations.

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 5

Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum)

However, relocation of browsers and Competition: The poor health of the Risdon maintenance of fences for at least the next 7 to subpopulation has reduced its competitive 10 years may be required to allow the seedlings ability. In the late 1970s, a native parasitic vine, in this stand to grow to maturity and regular Cassytha pubescens, threatened to smother and kill surveillance will be required to allow prompt many of the trees and was removed (Brown & intervention before significant damage occurs. Bayley-Stark 1979). The understorey of silver Surrounding agricultural land is likely to wattle, blackwood and prickly mimosa was continue to attract vertebrate browsers to the thinned in October 2001 in order to further site. reduce competition stress on the trees. These Insect browsing: Both subpopulations of actions have not reversed the decline. Eucalyptus morrisbyi are highly susceptible to Weeds: Drought conditions and a lack of insect browsing. The mortality rate, particularly awareness in relation to identification and of saplings and seedlings, is high following impacts, have allowed serrated tussock (Nassella drought stress and the trees appear to become trichotoma), a declared weed and Weed of more susceptible to defoliation caused mainly National Significance to significantly increase in by the autumn gum moth (Mnesampela privata). numbers. It is present in the Calverts Hill stand, The mortality rate, particularly of saplings and where it poses a significant threat if not seedlings, has also been observed to increase controlled, by invading recruitment niches and following high rainfall growing seasons due to increasing fire frequencies by significantly outbreaks of insect populations. Surviving trees increasing the fuel load. Control will need to be are weakened and flowering is compromised in ongoing given continual invasion from large following seasons. Warmer temperatures and occurrences that may not be possible to unusually wet periods in warmer months may eradicate on adjacent cleared land within and encourage increased insect populations. surrounding the Calverts Hill Nature Reserve. Allowing seedlings to reach maturity will Invasion of recruitment niches by chilean require monthly monitoring in spring, summer needlegrass (Nassella neesiana), another declared and into autumn, and treatment of insect weed, is a risk to the smaller remnant stands of outbreaks. Weeds may also attract and the Cremorne subpopulation. contribute to insect outbreaks. The diversity of weeds in the Cremorne Noisy miners (Manorina melanocephala) are native subpopulation may increase insect damage to honey eaters that can move into eucalypt stands Eucalyptus morrisbyi by supporting increases in in large numbers, particularly when the stands insect populations. are fragmented and drought stressed, where Fire: Frequent fires will cause a decline in they drive out other bird species by their stands. While larger trees can resprout from aggressive behaviour. By driving out insect lignotubers and epicormic buds, smaller trees eating birds, noisy miners can cause increases in will be killed. If the store of seed held in the insect populations that can result in eucalypt canopy is not replenished in the fire-free dieback (Bennett et al. 2015). interval, recruitment from seedlings will not While noisy miners have been noted in the replace the individuals killed. Calverts Hill stand, it is not known whether The small Risdon subpopulation is particularly they contributed to the recent decline and at risk from fire as the mortality rate would be monitoring will be required to determine high given the poor health of trees and whether they might adversely impact recovery. currently there is no seed being produced in the ‘Aggressive exclusion of birds from potential stand. A burn in the area, however, may woodland and forest habitat by over-abundant provide an opportunity to replant the fire noisy miners (Manorina melanocephala)’ is listed as created recruitment niches using stored seed. a threatening process under the Environment Fire will need to be excluded from the Calverts Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Hill stand until most of the wild and planted seedlings are large enough to survive a burn.

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 6

Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum)

Sock grazing of cleared land at Calverts Hill to Seed used in most of the ornamental and early reduce fuel loads and the establishment of a conservation plantings is thought to have mineral earth fire break have been undertaken originated from the smaller fragments of the to protect recovering seedlings from wildfires. Cremorne subpopulation. Ex situ management of genetic resources: However, the seed used was collected from a Ex situ plantings were established at Brighton small number of individuals that may not have in 1994, and Geeveston and Lutana in 1999. been representative of the genetic variation These seed orchards provide a resource of seed available and it included hybrids that were not for revegetation and long-term storage. An culled prior to planting. A relatively large additional planting at Meadowbank was burnt number of trees planted at Lumeah Point in in 2012 and the trees are not currently order to supplement numbers in the stand reproductive. appear to be hybrids. The Brighton planting was established from Maintenance of the species in the wild: seed from plants originating from the Calverts Given the decline of the Risdon and Calverts Hill stand and genetically diverse seed has been Hill stands and small size and threats faced by collected from this planting. the four smaller remnant stands of the The health and seed output of the declining Cremorne subpopulation, maintenance of the Risdon subpopulation was briefly improved species in the wild will be dependent on following an unusually wet spring and summer recovery of the Calverts Hill stand. in 1995/96, allowing seed to be collected for Recovery of the Risdon stand is unlikely to be the establishment of the Geeveston and Lutana feasible given the small area occupied by the ex situ plantings. Seed from the Geeveston site species and ongoing decline that has not been has subsequently been collected for possible to arrest. A burn in the area, however, conservation storage. may alleviate threats and provide an The Geeveston ex situ planting was planted opportunity to replant the fire created with alternate rows of seedlings from the recruitment niches using stored seed. Risdon and Calverts Hill stands. The Calverts Hill derived plants were severely browsed with Recovery of the Calverts Hill stand will be only one tree flowering at the time the seed was dependent on ongoing control of vertebrate set so that there would have been minimal and insect browsing pressure to allow existing contamination of the Risdon Hills seed seedlings and supplementary plantings to collected. If necessary, molecular techniques survive to maturity. However, to improve the could be used to identify and cull any prospects of maintaining the species in the intraspecific hybrids though molecular studies wild, plantings of the more vertebrate browsing indicate that the contamination was minimal resistant Risdon genotypes have been made at and restricted to seed from trees surrounding the site. To alleviate edge effects, a buffer the flowering tree from Calverts Hill (Jones planting of more drought tolerant eucalypt unpubl.). Supplementation of the collection species could be considered. may require prior pruning of any of the Calverts Hill trees with flower buds. MANAGEMENT STRATEGY Given genetic differences, the supplementation The main objectives for the recovery of of the small collection of seed from the smaller Eucalyptus morrisbyi are to maintain the species in remnant stands in the Cremorne area is the wild by arresting declines and to preserve warranted. The Eucalyptus morrisbyi seed genotypic variation within the species through collections are currently held in long term conservation storage of seed and the conservation storage at the Tasmanian Seed establishment of ex situ plantings in areas Conservation Centre based at the Royal where the future climate is expected to be Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. suitable for the species.

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 7

Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum)

What has been done? have been banded to prevent damage from possums. • Long-term research conducted at the University of Tasmania has been • Groups including staff and students from fundamental to our understanding of the the University of Tasmania, NRM South and population genetics, evolutionary Wildcare’s Threatened Plants Tasmania have relationships, and population decline. been involved in survey and monitoring actions at Calverts Hill. • Implementation of a Recovery Plan for Eucalyptus morrisbyi commenced in 1992. The • The Department of State Growth is Recovery Plan was revised in 2006 implementing measures to encourage (Threatened Species Section 2006). Both recruitment away from the road verge in the plans were partially implemented. South Arm Road/Delphis Drive stand through land acquisition, fence relocation • The bulk of the Calverts Hill stand of and weed management. Eucalyptus morrisbyi is now in the Calverts Hill Nature Reserve, acquired through the 1999 • A Threatened Species Recovery Fund Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) Private project to recover the Calverts Hill stand Forest Reserve Program. following its catastrophic decline is being implemented. • Ex situ plantings and seed orchards are being maintained by Forestry Tasmania and What is needed? the University of Tasmania, School of Biological Science. Agencies, groups or individuals may assist with some or all of the following recovery actions. • Serrated tussock in the Calverts Hill Nature Coordinated efforts may achieve the best and Reserve is being managed. most efficient results. • Seed from trees originating from the Risdon • implement the actions detailed in and Calverts Hill stands has been collected Threatened Species Recovery Fund for long term conservation storage at the project, such as: Tasmanian Seed Conservation Centre based at the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. − protect surviving trees, seedlings and plantings in the Calverts Hill stand from • The Parks and Wildlife Service have taken vertebrate and insect browsing, action to reduce the risk of the Risdon stand − supplement plantings at Calverts Hill, being burnt by illegally lit fires, a firebreak has been established to protect the Calverts − include the species in Greening Australia’s Hill stand. Eucalyptus restoration trials in sites that are projected to be within the future climate • Through the efforts of Pipe Clay Coast Care envelope of the species, Group and the Understorey Network, a number of conservation plantings have been − control invasive grasses, made on private land in the vicinity of − supplement seed conservation holdings Calverts Hill using locally sourced seed from trees originating from the Calverts (collected under permit) to address Hill stand, fragmentation and to establish wildlife − supplement seed conservation holdings corridors. from the Cremorne lowland remnants. • Plantings have been made to supplement the • monitor wild and ex situ stands and manage Calverts Hill stand. as appropriate; • Fences and cages have been constructed and • implement measures to control serrated maintained to protect natural and planted tussock in the Calverts Hill Nature Reserve seedlings from browsing at Calverts Hill, and to prevent spread of Chilean needle possums caught in the fenced areas have grass into the remnant stands of the been relocated, and remaining mature trees Cremorne subpopulation;

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 8

Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum)

• conduct a census of plants in the small Eucalyptus morrisbyi. Australian Journal of Botany remnant stands of the Cremorne 53: 367–377. subpopulation; Mann A.N., O'Reilly-Wapstra J.M., Iason G.R., • maintain conservation plantings and seed Sanson G. & Davies N.W. (2012). holdings; Mammalian herbivores reveal marked genetic divergence among populations of an • establish seed conservation holdings for the endangered plant species. Oikos 121: 268– smaller remnant stands; 276. • supplement the conservation seed holding North Barker Ecosystem Services (2017). of the Risdon subpopulation; Sandford Morrisby Gum Conservation Area, South • consider a buffer planting at Calverts Hill Arm Secondary Road. Management Report of more drought tolerant eucalypt species July 2017 For Department of State Growth. to address edge effects; Potts, B.M. & Savva, M. (1988). Self- • reduce competition in the Risdon stand incompatibility in Eucalyptus. In ‘Pollination when needed; 88’. pp. 165–170. Plant Cell Biology • encourage an ecological burn in the Risdon Research Centre, University of Melbourne: site and supplement the stand if burnt, Melbourne. through sowing or planting; Potts, B.M., Sandhu, K.S., Wardlaw, T., • consider culling planted hybrids (do not cut Freeman, J., Li, H., Tilyard, P., Park, R.F. down naturally occurring hybrids); (2016) Evolutionary history shapes the susceptibility of an island tree flora to an • consider culling noisy miners at Calverts exotic pathogen. Forest Ecology and Hill if monitoring demonstrates that their Management 368: 183–193. numbers are reducing bird diversity onsite; Threatened Species Section (2006). Flora • pursue uplisting to Critically Endangered Recovery Plan: Morrisby’s gum, Eucalyptus on schedules of the Environment Protection morrisbyi Year 2006–2010. Department of and Biodiversity Protection Act 1999. Primary Industries and Water, Hobart. Williams, K.J. & Potts, B.M. (1996). The natural distribution of Eucalyptus species in REFERENCES Tasmania. Tasforests 8: 39–165. Bennett , J.M., Clarke, R.H., Thomson, J.R. and MacNally, R. (2015) Fragmentation, Wiltshire, R.J.E (1992). Section III. Eucalyptus vegetation change and irruptive competitors morrisbyi R.G. Brett. In Wiltshire, R.J.E, affect recruitment of woodland birds. Potts, B.M. Reid, J.B. and Brown, M.J. Ecography 38: 163–171. (Eds): Conservation of Endangered Species of Blackhall, S.A. & Lynch, J. (1992). Eucalyptus Eucalypts in Tasmania. A report to the World morrisbyi flora Recovery Plan: Management phase. Wildlife Fund. Department of Parks, Wildlife and Heritage, Wiltshire, R.J.E & Potts, B.M. (2007). Eucaflip. Hobart, Tasmania. School of Plant Science, University of Brown, M.J. & Bayly-Stark, H.J. (1979). The Tasmania & CRC for Forestry. plant communities of the East Risdon Wiltshire, R.J.E, Potts, B.M. & Reid, J.B. Nature Reserve. The Tasmanian Naturalist (1991). Phenetic affinities, variability and 58: 1–11. conservation status of a rare Tasmanian Curtis, W.M. & Morris. D.I. (1975). The endemic, Eucalyptus morrisbyi R.G. Brett. In Student’s Flora of Tasmania, Part 1 (Second Banks, M.R. et al. (Eds): Aspects of Edition), Government Printer, Tasmania. Tasmanian Botany – A tribute to Winifred Curtis. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 31: 213–229. Jones R.C., McKinnon G.E., Potts B.M. & Vaillancourt R.E. (2005) Genetic diversity and mating system of an endangered tree

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 9

Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum)

Prepared in 2001 under the provisions of the Tasmanian Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. Revised in March 2009, September 2018 and February 2020. Reapproved by the Secretary in September 2020. Cite as: Threatened Species Section (2020) Listing Statement for Eucalyptus morrisbyi (morrisbys gum). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania. View: www.naturalvaluesatlas.tas.gov.au www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au/threatenedspecieslists www.threatenedspecieslink.tas.gov.au/ Contact details: Threatened Species Section, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, GPO Box 44 Hobart Tasmania Australia 7001. [email protected] Permit: It is an offence to collect, disturb, damage or destroy this species unless under permit.

Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 10