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Revisión Histórica De Los Cambios Nomenclaturales Aplicados a Las Familias De Angiospermas Presentes En Venezuela

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Revisión Histórica De Los Cambios Nomenclaturales Aplicados a Las Familias De Angiospermas Presentes En Venezuela ACTA BOT. VENEZ. 41 (2): 179-260. 2018 179 REVISIÓN HISTÓRICA DE LOS CAMBIOS NOMENCLATURALES APLICADOS A LAS FAMILIAS DE ANGIOSPERMAS PRESENTES EN VENEZUELA Historical review of the nomenclatural changes applied to the Angiosperm families present in Venezuela Rafael A. GHINAGLIA A. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela [email protected] RESUMEN Los cambios taxonómicos a nivel mundial y local han afectado la nomenclatura botánica de las familias de angiospermas presentes en Venezuela, con la consecuente modificación, inclusión, exclusión o permanencia dentro de los catálogos de la flora venezolana. Si bien las plantas son las mismas, es su clasificación la que ha variado en el tiempo, por ello que se hace necesaria una actualización y ordenación de estos cambios en un mismo texto, que sirva como referencia y difusión de la situación actual de la nomenclatura en el país, así como los pasos que llevaron finalmente a estas modificaciones. Una revisión histórica de estos cambios hasta 2019 fue hecha a partir del año 1945, tomando en cuenta de forma cronológica la bibliografía más relevante y de uso frecuente, en la cual se reflejaban para el momento las familias de plantas presentes en Venezuela. Como resultado se enumeraron 146 familias sin variación en su nomenclatura, 89 nombres se excluyeron o corrigieron y 42 nombres fueron incluidos o recuperados. El total de familias en Venezuela acorde al APG IV fue de 251. Fueron agregadas algunas notas relevantes referentes a las causas que motivaron las sucesivas actualizaciones. Finalmente, se mencionan las modificaciones que siguen las principales propuestas a nivel mundial. Palabras clave: cambios nomenclaturales, clasificación, revisión histórica, taxonomía ISSN 2443-4264 Depósito Legal 196902DF68 Depósito Legal (Internet) ppi 201402DC4561 Recibido: 10/07/2018 Aceptado: 27/06/2019 180 Ghinaglia ABSTRACT Global and local taxonomic changes have affected the botanical nomenclature of Angiosperm families present in Venezuela, with the consequent modification, inclusion, exclusion or permanence in the catalogs of Venezuelan flora. Although the plants remain the same, their classification has changed over time. It is necessary to update and organize these changes in the Venezuelan literature that serve as a reference and dissemination of the current status of the nomenclature in the country, as well as the process that finally led to these changes. A historical review of these changes from 1945 to 2019 was made, taking into account the chronologically the most relevant and frequently used literature, in which the Venezuelan plants families were reflected at that moment. As a result, 146 families were listed without variation in their nomenclature, 89 names were excluded or corrected and 42 names were included or recovered. The total of families in Venezuela according to APG IV was 251. Some relevant notes were added referring to the causes that lead to the successive updates. Finally, the modifications that follow the main proposals worldwide are mentioned. Key words: explorations, herbaria, history of botany, research, teaching, Venezuela INTRODUCCIÓN Desde el inicio de las colecciones botánicas profesionales en Venezuela, realizadas por Pehr Löfling en 1754 y Nikolas Jacquin en 1757 (citados en Hokche et al. 2008), la clasificación de las familias de plantas reportadas y descritas para Venezuela, ha pasado por numerosos cambios que obedecen a diferentes causas: el incremento de las colecciones botánicas por regiones, el aporte de nuevas especies para la ciencia, el mejor conocimiento y descripción de las especies y grupos ya existentes, los cambios realizados a nivel mundial con base en las diferentes áreas de investigación, tales como anatomía, morfología, ontogenia, filogenia, citoquímica, palinología, génetica y biología molecular entre otras, y el establecimiento de reglas y códigos de nomenclatura de aceptación global. Estos cambios, introducidos por investigadores fuera y dentro del país, han sido registrados en diversas publicaciones y acumulados cronológicamente; Revisión histórica de cambios nomenclaturales 181 de ellos se mencionan las que han tenido mayor influencia en el ámbito nacional y que engloban, en líneas generales, las diferentes corrientes y propuestas de clasificación de angiospermas: Engler & Prantl (1887- 1915); Thonner (1895, 1917); Hutchinson (1926-1934, 1959); Engler- Melchior (Melchior 1964); Cronquist (1981); Dahlgren et al. (1985); Goldberg (1986); Takhtajan (1997, 2009); Doweld (2001); Stevens (2001); Thorne (2001); Wu et al. (2002); Judd et al. (1999, 2002, 2007, 2016). El primer trabajo que abarca sistemáticamente la mayoría de familias de plantas con flores presentes en Venezuela es el Catálogo de la flora venezolana de Pittier y colaboradores, publicado entre 1945 y 1947, sin desmerecer trabajos previos existentes como por ejemplo: Clave analítica de las familias de plantas fanerógamas de Venezuela (Pittier 1917); Initia florae venezuelensis (Knuth 1928); Manual de las plantas usuales de Venezuela (Pittier 1926); Genera plantarum venezuelensium (Pittier 1939), y sin olvidar los aportes hechos por Adolfo Ernst en el siglo XIX (Ernst 1874). Sin embargo, la información de estas publicaciones se halla descrita e incluida en Pittier et al. (1945-1947). El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo principal resumir y reflejar los cambios nomenclaturales a nivel de familias en la flora de Venezuela y algunas de las causas que los motivaron, ya que dicha información se halla de manera dispersa y desorganizada dentro de la bibliografía disponible, así como en las redes digitales. De esta manera se pretende agrupar la información para que sirva como rápida referencia en el uso en subsiguientes trabajos de investigación, e inclusive contribuir en la actualización y organización nomenclatural del material preservado en los herbarios a nivel nacional. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS En esta investigación se tomó como base, cronológicamente, la infomación de las obras venezolanas que reflejaban una clasificación nacional de familias de angiospermas (Tabla 1). Cada uno de los trabajos antes mencionados está fundamentado en alguna de las clasificaciones propuestas en su momento, o en un consenso 182 Ghinaglia Tabla 1. Publicaciones sobre clasificación de familias de angiospermas a nivel nacional. Obras Autores Catálogo de la flora venezolana Pittier et al. (1945-1947) Clave de las familias de plantas superiores de Badillo & Schnee (1951) Venezuela Clave analítica de las familias de traqueofitas de Lasser (1954) Venezuela Las familias de traqueofitas de Venezuela Lasser (1965) Clave de las familias de plantas superiores de Badillo et al. (1985) Venezuela Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Hokche et al. (2008) Venezuela de ellas y que, a criterio de los respectivos autores, era la más adecuada o aceptada, como se relaciona en la Tabla 2. Tabla 2. Sistemas de clasificación considerados por los autores de las obras taxonómicas a nivel nacional. Autor(es) Sistemas de clasificación Pittier et al. Engler & Prantl (1887-1915) Badillo et al. Thonner (1917) y el sistema de clasificación Engler- Melchior (Melchior 1964). Lasser Hutchinson (1926-1934, 1959) Hokche et al. Cronquist (1981) y algunos arreglos según Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2003) Adicionalmente, se suministró información referente a los cambios propuestos por el Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG 1998, 2003, 2009, 2016), motivado a la influencia y relevancia que dichos cambios tienen en el ámbito botánico a nivel mundial y en vista de que, hasta el momento, no existen para Venezuela trabajos posteriores al catálogo de Hokche et al. Revisión histórica de cambios nomenclaturales 183 (2008), ni actualizaciones del mismo que pudieran aceptar o rechazar alguna de las modificaciones propuestas por el APG. La recopilación de la información se realizó simultáneamente con diferentes fuentes: Biblioteca Nacional de Venezuela, Biblioteca Henri Pittier (Jardín Botánico de Caracas), fuentes digitales (Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden; Biblioteca Digital del Jardín Botánico de Madrid; Gallica, Bibliothèque Nationale de France; Biodiversity Heritage Library; The International Plant Name Index, Royal Botanic Garden, Kew) y material bibliográfico privado. Partiendo del catálogo de Pittier et al. (1945-1947), son citadas a continuación las familias a las cuales se aplicaron cambios nomenclaturales o, en caso de no estar mencionadas allí, a partir de la publicación en la cual fueron incluidas. Se indica el número de géneros y/o especies presentes en el país para cada familia de acuerdo a los tratamientos realizados por los especialistas en Hokche et al. (2008). Posteriormente se realizó un resumen de aquellas familias cuyo nombre no ha sido alterado aún cuando presenten cambios tanto supra como infrataxa; luego las familias que han sido incluidas durante o en fecha posterior a la publicación del Nuevo catálogo de la flora vascular de Venezuela (Hokche et al. 2008), seguidas de una relación de los nombres excluidos; por último, un cuadro actualizado de las familias de angiospermas presentes en Venezuela de acuerdo a la propuesta de clasificación del Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG IV 2016). RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN Se listaron 146 familias sin cambios nomenclaturales, 89 nombres excluidos o corregidos y 42 nombres incluidos o recuperados. El total de familias de angiospermas reportadas para Venezuela de acuerdo al APG IV (2016) es de 251 y para la fecha de la presente publicación se mantiene este número. El nombre
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