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The International Planetary Protection Handbook THE INTERNATIONAL PLANETARY PROTECTION HANDBOOK An online-only supplement to Space Research Today, volume 205
Article in Space Research Today · October 2019 DOI: 10.1016/j.srt.2019.09.001
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The International Planetary Protection Handbook
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THE INTERNATIONAL PLANETARY PROTECTION HANDBOOK
by Gerhard Kminek (ESA, Noordwijk, The Netherlands), Jean-Louis Fellous (COSPAR, France), Petra Rettberg (DLR, Germany), Christine Moissl-Eichinger (Medical Univ. Graz, Austria), Mark A. Sephton and Samuel H. Royle (Imperial College London, UK), J Andy Spry (SETI Institute, CA, USA), Hajime Yano (ISAS/JAXA, Japan), Toshihiro Chujo (formerly JAXA, now Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan), Diana B. Margheritis (Thales Alenia Space, Italy), John R. Brucato (INAF, Italy), and Alissa J. Haddaji (formerly COSPAR, now Harvard University, MA, USA)
An online-only supplement to Space Research Today, volume 205
The International Planetary Protection Handbook
3
THE INTERNATIONAL PLANETARY PROTECTION HANDBOOK
The PPOSS project Coordination and Support Action has received funding from the European Commission’s H2020 Program (2016-2018) under grant agreement 687373.
The International Planetary Protection Handbook
3
THE INTERNATIONAL PLANETARY PROTECTION HANDBOOK
The PPOSS project Coordination and Support Action has received funding from the European Commission’s H2020 Program (2016-2018) under grant agreement 687373.
The International Planetary Protection Handbook Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... 5 INTERNATIONAL LIST OF ACRONYMS ...... 9 PLANETARY PROTECTION GLOSSARY ...... 11 PPOSS CONSORTIUM – HANDBOOK AUTHORS ...... 13 INTRODUCTION ...... 15 HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ...... 15 5 THE PLANETARY PROTECTION OF OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM (PPOSS) PROJECT ...... 16 INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION IN THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM, FROM MARS TO THE ICY MOONS ...... 17
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 17 WHY HAS PLANETARY PROTECTION SO FAR CONCENTRATED ON MARS? ...... 17 WHY IS PLANETARY PROTECTION NOW LOOKING TO THE ICY MOONS? ...... 18 HOW ARE MARS AND THE ICY MOONS PHYSICALLY SIMILAR? ...... 18 HOW ARE MARS AND THE ICY MOONS PHYSICALLY DIFFERENT? ...... 18 WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE MARS ENVIRONMENT? ...... 19 WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT AN ICY MOON ENVIRONMENT? ...... 19 HOW DIFFERENT ARE THE HABITABILITIES OF MARS AND THE ICY MOONS? ...... 19 HOW DIFFERENT ARE THE POSSIBILITIES OF FALSE POSITIVES ON MARS AND THE ICY MOONS? ...... 20 WHAT ARE THE STANDARD PLANETARY PROTECTION STRATEGIES CURRENTLY USED FOR MARS? ...... 20 WHAT ARE THE STANDARD ORGANIC CLEANLINESS CONSIDERATIONS CURRENTLY USED FOR MARS? ...... 21 WHAT ARE THE STANDARD PLANETARY PROTECTION STRATEGIES CURRENTLY USED FOR ICY MOONS? ...... 21 WHAT EXISTING PLANETARY PROTECTION TECHNIQUES ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL FOR ICY MOONS? ...... 22 WHAT NEW PLANETARY PROTECTION TECHNIQUES NEED TO BE DEVELOPED FOR ICY MOONS?...... 23 WHAT ORGANIC CLEANLINESS CONSIDERATIONS ARE PARTICULARLY USEFUL FOR ICY MOONS? ...... 23 WHAT MISSIONS ARE BEING PLANNED FOR THE ICY MOONS? ...... 24 CONCLUSIONS ...... 24 HANDBOOK OBJECTIVES ...... 28 INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS ...... 28 CHAPTER 1. PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS ...... 29
PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS ...... 29 hat p anetar prote tion is not 2 Histor of p anetar prote tion 2 ationa e for p anetar prote tion 2 rame or for p anetar prote tion 0 P anetar prote tion ategories 0 P anetar prote tion re uirements 1 eporting to C P hings to remem er THE COSPAR PANEL ON PLANETARY PROTECTION ...... 37 C P at a an e he rame or or P anetar Prote tion he C P Pane on P anetar Prote tion aintaining the C P P anetar Prote tion Po i hings to remem er BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY ...... 40 i roorganisms are the o est form of ife on Earth 0 i es shapes an stru tures of mi roorganisms i ro ia istri ution an a un an e
TABLE OF CONTENTS The International Planetary Protection Handbook he ete tion of i roorganisms 6 hings to remem er ORGANIC CONTAMINATION CONTROL ...... 49 rgani ontamination mportan e of organi ontamination ontro Pra ti es of organi ontamination ontro 0 Histor of organi ontamination ontro 1 Current ha enges in organi ontamination ontro 1 BIOBURDEN, ASSAY AND STERILIZATION ...... 53 i ro ia i ersit io ur en on pa e raft 6 teri i ation e hno ogies an io ur en e u tion 6 ounting an ssa hings to remem er ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS ...... 59 er ie Ha a usa 2 an P anetar Prote tion Ho to Pro e Comp ian e 60 ai ure Pro a i it pa e raft s stem fai ure rate 60 ai ure pro a i it eteoroi i rate 61 mpa t pro a i it after fai ure 61 hings to remem er 66
PLANETARY PROTECTION CATEGORY II ...... 67 P anetar Prote tion Categor es ription 6 Case tu for P anetar Prote tion Categor epiCo om o 6 e uirements for Case tu 6 hings to emem er 6 PLANETARY PROTECTION CATEGORY III ...... 69 P anetar Prote tion Categor es ription 6 Case tu for P anetar Prote tion Categor E o ars ra e as r iter ( 6 e uirements for Case tu 6 mp ementation of e uirements for Case tu 6 hings to emem er 0 PLANETARY PROTECTION CATEGORY IVA – INSIGHT ...... 72 Categor a Case tu er ie 2 P anetar Prote tion Categor a es ription 2 Case tu for P anetar Prote tion Categor a – nsight 2 e uirements for the H ission mp ementation of e uirements hings to emem er 6 no e gements PLANETARY PROTECTION CATEGORY IVB – EXOMARS ...... 78 P anetar Prote tion Categor es ription P anetar Prote tion Categor – he E o ars mission P anetar Prote tion e uirements for E o ars mp ementation of P anetar Prote tion e uirements for E o ars 0 P anetar Prote tion e uirements erifi ation aun h Campaign re ontamination on the groun an at aun h P anetar Prote tion o umentation hings to emem er PAYLOAD CASE STUDY ...... 90 CASE STUDY FOR PLANETARY PROTECTION CATEGORY V – UNRESTRICTED EARTH RETURN: HAYABUSA-1 & 2...... 94 P anetar Prote tion Categor es ription e uirements for Case tu mp ementation of e uirements for Case tu
TABLE OF CONTENTS The International Planetary Protection Handbook –
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TABLE OF CONTENTS The International Planetary Protection Handbook
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TABLE OF CONTENTS The International Planetary Protection Handbook
AIT Assembly, Integration and Test ATLO Assembly, Test and Launch Operations BPOCC Best Practice of Organic Contamination Control CAD Computer Aided Design CAST China Academy of Space Technology 9 CCAM Contamination Collision Avoidance Maneuver CDR Conceptual Design Review CETEX Committee on Contamination by Extraterrestrial Exploration CISAS Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali “Giuseppe Colombo” CNES Centre National d'Études Spatiales (English: French National Centre for Space Studies) COPUOS Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space COSPAR Committee on Space Research CTE Coefficient of Thermal Expansion DHMR Dry Heat Microbial Reduction DLR German Aerospace Center DREAMS Dust characterization, Risk assessment and Environment Analyzer on the Mars Surface ECSS European Cooperation for Space Standardization ESA European Space Agency FAR Flight Assessment Review FRR Flight Readiness Review GCR Galactic Cosmic Rays GMP Good Manufacturing Practices IAF International Astronautical Federation ICSU International Council of Scientific Union ISO International Organization for Standardization JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory KBO Kuiper Belt Object MER Mars Exploration Rover MGS Mars Global Surveyor MLI Multi-layer insulation MOC Molecular Contamination (on hardware) MOMA Mars Organic Molecule Analyzer
LIST OF ACRONYMS The International Planetary Protection Handbook ars at inder ars e onnaissan e rbiter S ars Sample eturn AS ational A ademies o S ien es SA ASA ational Aeronauti s and Spa e Administration C ational esear Coun il AC arti ulate Contamination on ard are
10 C ol merase C ain ea tion reliminar esi n evie lanetar rote tion lanetar rote tion i er lanetar rote tion e uirements reliminar e uirement evie A C ualit Assuran e ualit Control os osmos ussian Spa e A en SA Sample Anal sis at ars S Small od S Small to edium nterprises S S stem e uirements evie SS Spa e Studies oard S Standard emperature and ressure AS ales Alenia Spa e C ead o SA rodu t Assuran e and Sa et epartment
LIST OF ACRONYMS
The International Planetary Protection Handbook
e ontamination emoval o ontaminatin a ents e mi roor anisms or or ani om pounds isin e tion limination o nearl all re o nized pat o eni mi roor anisms but not ne essaril all mi robial orms n apsulated ioburden en apsulated in non metalli material prote ted rom as e bioburden an e 11 posed sur a es nternal and e ternal sur a es ree or as e an e tant li e orm o li e or si natures t ereo t at is viable toda et er metaboli all a tive or dormant tin t li e orm o li e or si natures t ereo t at is unambi uousl no lon er met aboli all a tive or dormant nbound le n t e rame o sample return missions art o t e mission returnin to art ated sur a es Sur a es oined b asteners rat er t an b ad esives utbound le n t e rame o sample return missions art o t e mission leavin art lanetar rote tion it in a spa e a en t e oversees omplian e it poli in lud i er in providin re uirements and veri i ation or in losel it t e ro e t ana er to implement t e establis ed re uirements to a ieve omplian e it poli lanetar rote tion esponsible or pro e t omplian e s edulin ne otiatin overseein ission ro ram implementation and do umentation o all planetar prote tion a tivities ana er nsures t at t e pro e t meets t e re uirements and is ranted permis sion to laun estri ted art lanetar prote tion sub Cate or or sample return missions rom So eturn lar s stem bodies deemed b s ienti i opinion to ave a an e o ar borin indi enous li e orms Sterilization A validated pro ess used to render t rou elimination t rou removal ina tivation or illin o all livin mi roor anisms and viruses a produ t “free” from viable microorganisms nrestri ted art lanetar rote tion sub Cate or or sample return missions rom So eturn lar s stem bodies deemed b s ienti i opinion to ave no indi enous li e orms
GLOSSARY
The International Planetary Protection Handbook –
Editorial Team
13 Alissa J. Haddaji Gerhard Kminek Jean-Louis Fellous an boo oor ina or on en ervisor an boo i or
Contributors from the PPOSS Consortium
Mark Sephton Sam Royle
Petra Rettberg Elke Rabbow
Susan McKenna- John Brucato Lawlor
External Contributors
Hajime Toshihiro Diana J Andy Spry Yano Chujo Margheritis
AUTHORS
The International Planetary Protection Handbook –
Editorial Team
13 Alissa J. Haddaji Gerhard Kminek Jean-Louis Fellous an boo oor ina or on en ervisor an boo i or
Contributors from the PPOSS Consortium
Mark Sephton Sam Royle
Petra Rettberg Elke Rabbow
Susan McKenna- John Brucato Lawlor
External Contributors
Hajime Toshihiro Diana J Andy Spry Yano Chujo Margheritis
AUTHORS
The International Planetary Protection Handbook
on amina ion b ra erres rial lora ion Historical Perspective an a o e i s o e of on c s e erberg an o ie e lain es ablis e in an rans ferre e man a es o e ne l “…we are in the awkward situation of being fo n e ommi ee able to spoil certain possibilities for scientific investigations for a considerable interval be- n e anger missions ere e firs 15 fore we can constructively realize them…we s aceflig missions o se e o e of on urgently need to give some thought to the con- duct. The United Nations Outer Space Treaty’s servative measures needed to protect future ar icle es ablis es e legal basis for scientific objectives on the moon and the plan- Planetary Protection. It stipulates: “... parties ets…” J. Lederberg and D. o ie cience to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as lane ar ro ec ion serves o reserve lane to avoid their harmful contamination and also ar con i ions for f re scien ific inves iga adverse changes in the environment of the ions an is e mos effec ive a o ro ec Earth resulting from the introduction of extra- s ace science an e lora ion s reg la ion terrestrial matter and, where necessary, shall concerning sam le re rn missions aims o adopt appropriate measures for this pur- ro ec e ar an i s bios ere incl ing pose...” e oon from o en ial armf l e ra erres rial biological an organic con amina ion es ablis e e ons l a ive ro on o en iall armf l ffec s of ace res on s o concerns raise b e scien ific erimen s as ro g o rovi e an in erna comm ni namel e n erna ional s ro ional for m o isc ss s c ma ers an en na ical e era ion e ni e a ions form la e a olic i im lemen a ion re ommi ee on e eacef l ses of er iremen s recogni e as an in erna ional ace an e a ional ca s an ar ic no serves as a g i e of com em of cience a s ace missions mig liance i r icle of e er ace com romise f re scien ific e lora ion if rea ince en all lane ar missions ave no an le caref ll n e n erna a o im lemen lane ar ro ec ion ional o ncil of cien ific nions meas res a ifferen egrees – ranging from no no n as e n erna ional o ncil for sim le oc men a ion o e erminal s erili a cience es ablis e an a oc ommi ee on ion of en ire flig s s ems
INTRODUCTION
The International Planetary Protection Handbook
on amina ion b ra erres rial lora ion Historical Perspective an a o e i s o e of on c s e erberg an o ie e lain es ablis e in an rans ferre e man a es o e ne l “…we are in the awkward situation of being fo n e ommi ee able to spoil certain possibilities for scientific investigations for a considerable interval be- n e anger missions ere e firs 15 fore we can constructively realize them…we s aceflig missions o se e o e of on urgently need to give some thought to the con- duct. The United Nations Outer Space Treaty’s servative measures needed to protect future ar icle es ablis es e legal basis for scientific objectives on the moon and the plan- Planetary Protection. It stipulates: “... parties ets…” J. Lederberg and D. o ie cience to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space including the Moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as lane ar ro ec ion serves o reserve lane to avoid their harmful contamination and also ar con i ions for f re scien ific inves iga adverse changes in the environment of the ions an is e mos effec ive a o ro ec Earth resulting from the introduction of extra- s ace science an e lora ion s reg la ion terrestrial matter and, where necessary, shall concerning sam le re rn missions aims o adopt appropriate measures for this pur- ro ec e ar an i s bios ere incl ing pose...” e oon from o en ial armf l e ra erres rial biological an organic con amina ion es ablis e e ons l a ive ro on o en iall armf l ffec s of ace res on s o concerns raise b e scien ific erimen s as ro g o rovi e an in erna comm ni namel e n erna ional s ro ional for m o isc ss s c ma ers an en na ical e era ion e ni e a ions form la e a olic i im lemen a ion re ommi ee on e eacef l ses of er iremen s recogni e as an in erna ional ace an e a ional ca s an ar ic no serves as a g i e of com em of cience a s ace missions mig liance i r icle of e er ace com romise f re scien ific e lora ion if rea ince en all lane ar missions ave no an le caref ll n e n erna a o im lemen lane ar ro ec ion ional o ncil of cien ific nions meas res a ifferen egrees – ranging from no no n as e n erna ional o ncil for sim le oc men a ion o e erminal s erili a cience es ablis e an a oc ommi ee on ion of en ire flig s s ems
INTRODUCTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook
The Planetary Protection o Outer Solar Sys protection o outer solar syste bodies in te PPOSS pro ect tac led the science tech cluding s all solar syste bodies. nology and policy a ing co ponents related De elop a uropean engineering road ap to biological and organic conta ination o or the industry sector. outer solar syste bodies in particular icy e ie the international outer solar syste oons. This intensi e three year progra has planetary protection regulation structure 16 pro ided an international plat or and oru and categori ation and suggest i pro e here science industry and policy actors et ents and to nurture and cataly e discussions e change acilitate the disse ination o no ledge o no ledge and produce policy reco en related to planetary protection. The PPOSS dations on the atter o planetary protection. pro ect gathers se en uropean partner or The ain ob ecti es o the PPOSS pro ect are gani ations one international partner and to: one international obser er. Describe the state o the art and good ic ed o or three years in January practice or i ple enting planetary pro PPOSS as supported by the uropean o tection re uire ents and identi y good ission ori on progra under grant practices and lessons to be learnt. agree ent . Identi y scienti ic challenges re uire ents or ore in or ation: http: pposs.org and no ledge gaps related to planetary
THE PPOSS PROJECT The International Planetary Protection Handbook Introduction to Planetary Protection in the Outer Solar System, from Mars to the Icy Moons EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Planetary protection ai s to li it the har ul conta ination o habitable orlds beyond arth by terrestrial organis s and organic olecules. The recent shi t in ocus o astrobiological e ploration ro ust ars to include the icy oons o the outer solar syste necessitates the re ie and e pan sion o our planetary protection protocols. There are signi icant di erences bet een ars and the icy oons: the or er is dry and organic atter poor at least at the sur ace hile the latter are poten tially et and organic atter rich. onta ination on ars can be e pected to co prise local isolated 17 e ents although stor s and dust transport do in ol e planet ide at ospheric transport. On the other hand conta ination o subsur ace oceans on icy oons can potentially beco e global. The produc tion o alse positi es on li e detection issions to ars and the icy oons are li ely to be di erent in nature and re uency. ars li e detection e peri ents are ore li ely to su er ro terrestrial conta ination hereas those on icy oons are sub ect to being o er hel ed by non biological i ics o biopoly ers.
WHY HAS PLANETARY PROTEC- icrobial li e is in direct contact. Se eral en i TION SO FAR CONCENTRATED ron ents hich ay e ist and be i portant to ON MARS? sensiti ity o conta ination by terrestrial li e and by si ilarity ay also be i portant or So ar the search or li e beyond the arth has present day e tant li e on ars ha e already ocused on ars. The i ing landers in the been docu ented and include: e tre e condi s loo ed directly or li e and the uriosity tions ith li uid brines underground shelters lander is currently loo ing or organic co and i pact related hydrother al syste s pounds hich ay pro ide e idence o past or u el et al. . present li e rot inger et al. lein Leshin et al. Le in and Straat The deli ery o terrestrial icrobes to ars Le in and Straat ing et al. and their subse uent sur i al and proli eration . The lure o ars e ploration re lects its ay obscure or preclude the disco ery o pris pro i ity to arth and the possibility o its tine e idence o ona fi e artian li e. ortu past habitability. nately the ost co on terrestrial icroor ganis s that ay conta inate spacecra t sur Studies o biology in e tre e en iron ents on aces can be e pected to be illed o by the arth continue to e pand the no n range o radiation e posure high te peratures and des en iron ental para eters co patible ith iccation associated ith space light. et it li e increasing our no ledge about the li eli ust be noted that studies ha e sho n that hood o organis s sur i ing in isolated cir so e icroorganis s especially spores dis cu stances on ars. play adaptations to desiccated and high radia Present day habitability is a possibility or a tion en iron ents usilo a et al. and nu ber o areas on the red planet identi ied as ay sur i e space tra el Schuerger et al. potential ‘special regions’ u el et al Tauscher et al. aisha payan et . These locations should any e ist ay al. . It is noted that e en i rendered acco odate the sur i al and replication o non iable by e posure to space light condi terrestrial icrobes ettberg et al. tions dead icrobes are still co posed o or ettberg et al. . n en iron ent o bio ganic co pounds that could ob uscate analysis tic rele ance ay be as s all as to o nati e data collected on ars. icrons. Thus habitable conditions need only be restricted to that those area s ith hich
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook e rolling a e o c rren ars e plora ion l issions are eing s ie or e elope as se eral i plica ions or ca sing e or o searc or li e on e ic oons e associ ar con a ina ion o ars irs e n er a e po en ial o ei er con a ina e in igeno s o planne ars issions alone increases e io a or crea e alse posi i es in li e e ec ion po en ial or con a ina ion econ e scope e peri en s is en ance e presence o o ac i i ies con c e ring s r ace issions a er an e n er o no n po en iall a i a le en iron en s o e e plore in e near re HOW ARE MARS AND THE ICY are e pec e o increase ra a icall an ill MOONS PHYSICALLY SIMILAR? arge regions ee e li el o pro i e e i ars an e ic oons o e o er solar s s
18 ence o pas or presen a er li i or ice e s are so e p sical proper ies o are irra ia e e n al o g in a i ion e ic oons recei e par icle ra ia ion ro e WHY IS PLANETARY PROTEC- agne osp eres o e plane s e or i is TION NOW LOOKING TO THE ICY ra ia ion lea s o e pro c ion o ig l o i MOONS? i e s r aces lein a lin e al ere is increasing e i ence o e po en ial o ars an e ic oons con ain or li e o e is on e ic oons o o r o er re isi e a n ances o all e ele en s neces solar s s e s r ace oceans a e co sar or li e argel et al olo o on on ic oons agne ic iel a a s gges olo o an oc ro er e presence o ig l con c i e saline a er al s s e s o en ci e as loca ions o as ro elo e s r ace o ropa i elson et al iological in eres are presen on ars an e e i elson et al an oc ell an arlo ile ocean loor allis o i elson et al in erac ions are arg e o occ r on e ic oons c ollo et al a lin et al as recen l anno nce in ature ance et al ews a o ser a ions le par s sing e le pace elescope a ree i es HOW ARE MARS AND THE ICY o ser e pl es o a is s spec e o e MOONS PHYSICALLY DIFFER- a er apor e ana ing ro e s r ace o ENT? ropa ese o ser a ions ic are ongoing par s et al s ppor earlier repor s ars is rela i el close o e ar an can e o et al o e possi le presence o reac e spacecra in a o si on s c a er pl es a ropa ic i lin e o a oons a e longer o reac spacecra o s s r ace ocean co l po en iall or con ager arri e a pi er in o ears no i s o a regi e a s ppor s li e oo i e ears o arri e a pi er an assini oo se en ears o arri e a a rn ars is ecen l e assini ission e ec e e e a e in galac ic an solar ra ia ion ine p lsion o ro er all ri en pl es ro an a a e ra ia ion le els pre ncela s orco et al s et al sen a e s r ace on ars are less an ose c a et al pencer an i o e perience so e ic oons agenal et e possi ili o s s r ace a er on al ars as ig le els o s ile e ic oons as i plica ions or e origin e ic oons a e large areas o a er ice an is ri ion o li e in e solar s s e e cl ing s r ace processes ars can e con ca se li i a er is a e prere isi e or a sidered geologically ‘dead’ with a stagnant i a ili ep on o e er e case li osp ere n con ras i al in erac ions on a e ic oons ig pro i e a so rce o c oons a ri e ac i e cr osp eres a li e is no eans ni ersall accep e as acili a e c e ical c cles i e capa ili o cal ero s lan er pes incl ing e c ange s r ace a erial i a s s r ace e icles i e capa ili o pene ra e ocean an et al illips et al ro g ice o po en ial s s r ace oceans an orco et al
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE to inhi it ioche ical reactions ro eing ac MARS ENVIRONMENT? ti e nor too hot to rea the onds o organic co o nds e hton a ita ility on ars dis lays seasonal changes owing to its ars is li ely to e con ined to s s r ace a o li ity o which leads to aria le o i ers and hydrother al regions or highly het lar ice ca s he to ogra hy and ther o hysi erogeneo s and transient s r ace water cal ro erties o the artian s r ace generate so rces erha s related to deli escing salts te erat re and ress re gradients which o gh et al owing to the highly arid dri e local and regional scale at os heric cir nat re and l o the solar e osed s r c lation leading to the rod ction o d st ace en iron ent es ite showing a ndant stor s antor et al here are roc s e idence o ast ha ita le conditions the c r 19 and inerals at the s r ace o ars t while rent day ars s r ace en iron ent a ears rel there is lenty o e idence o a ast acti e late ati ely challenging or li e he icy oons tectonic syste ch li e that on arth dis contain li id water s et al i el laying ro en reser ed s d ction and son et al i elson et al and s reading ones trans or ing a lts and ol there ore resent otentially ha ita le en iron canoes ars is now tectonically inacti e ents or any still ia le icro es ro ght late tectonics ceased when the antle had ro arth in a orward conta ination e ent cooled too e tensi ely to s ort constr cti e r i al and roli eration o organis s is th s late argin s reading lee la si le osing the need or care l lanetary WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT AN ICY rotection consideration MOON ENVIRONMENT? tant li e on ars or the icy oons is li ely i id water the ri ary rere isite or ha to e s s r ace and there ore relies on energy ita ility is li ely to e resent at the icy oons so rces inde endent o o ygen and s r ace ro a i elson et al any ede i hotosynthesis tati e e tant ios heres elson et al allisto i elson et al wo ld there ore li ely e s orted y che and ncelad s s et al idal otro hic ri ary rod cers or e a le a energy dri es the icy oon geological and ge i ers o acidic rines co ld ro ide the ingre oche ical e change rocess which ay ro dients needed to s ort eta olic athways ote interactions etween a s s r ace ocean or s s r ace artian organis s s stained its roc y core and a che ically rich o idi ed y iron and s l h r che olithotro hy analo oon s r ace a lin et al ryo ol go s to the s s r ace anaero ic icro ial canic l es which release water ice gases ha itat o the io into de osits ern nde and organic co o nds ansen et al e olar et al he o idation o seis orco et al aite r et al are ogenic is tho ght to e a a or so rce o elie ed to e resent on at least ro a and eta olic energy in the dee s s r ace on ncelad s reading and s d ction ones arth and co ld si ilarly s ort any e tant ha e een identi ied at ro a ios here on ars c ahon et al HOW DIFFERENT ARE THE HAB- n the high radiation en iron ent o the icy ITABILITIES OF MARS AND THE oons o idants rod ced y radiation on the s r ace o icy satellites co ld e carried to s ICY MOONS? s r ace li id water reser oirs that ay con i id water is an essential re ire ent or all tain red ctants redo reactions rod ce an en nown terrestrial li e ioche istry relies on a ergy so rce see c ay et al and re er edi in which co o nds can dissol e and ences therein n a closed syste consisting o che ical reactions occ r ew other sol ents a oon co ered y thic ice water roc reac can atch the ca a ility o water to s stain the tions in a tidally heated reser oir or a series o reactions o li e nder conditions which s redo reactions rod ced y the radioacti e ort a li id hase – which is neither too cold
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook et al et al et a HOW DIFFERENT ARE THE POS- 20 SIBILITIES OF FALSE POSITIVES WHAT ARE THE STANDARD ON MARS AND THE ICY MOONS? PLANETARY PROTECTION STRATEGIES CURRENTLY USED FOR MARS? et al in the size range up to 0.5 μm for every cubic et al et al designed to control the lander’s bioburden and et al
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook 21 a ‘special re- gion’ of Mars or into water on an WHAT ARE THE STANDARD OR- GANIC CLEANLINESS CONSIDER- ATIONS CURRENTLY USED FOR MARS? et al et al WHAT ARE THE STANDARD PLANETARY PROTECTION
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook STRATEGIES CURRENTLY USED ini in t e pro a ilit esti ation i i- FOR ICY MOONS? o r en at la nc ii r ise s r i al of con- ta inating organis s iii rganis s r i al e lanetar rotection ategories efine in t e en iron ent of an on ropa iii t e o ittee on pace esearc - ro a ilit of lan ing on ropa i e ifferentiate etween space issions ec anis s an ti escales of transport to t e accor ing to t eir t pe fl or iter lan er s s rface of ropa an rganis s r i al sa ple ret rn w ile also ta ing into acco nt an proliferation efore ring an after s - t e egree to w ic t e conta inants of a s rface transfer is partic lar approac also spacecraft ig t co pro ise t e processes of lea es open t e possi ilit to incl e a i- 22 n erstan ing local c e ical e ol tion an or tional para eters in t e calc lation the origin of life. COSPAR’s Panel on Plane- tar rotection ine an el WHAT EXISTING PLANETARY el et al pro i e an e ten e PROTECTION TECHNIQUES ARE t si plifie ersion of a proce re t at a PARTICULARLY USEFUL FOR pre io sl een reco en e t e a- ICY MOONS? tional esearc o ncil is i i es t e ic o ies of t e o ter solar s ste into t ree e as ro p on t e orwar onta ina- gro ps for anal sis large gro p of o - tion of ropa concl e t at c rrent cleaning ects incl ing s all ic o ies w ic were an sterili ation tec ni es are s fficient to judged to have only a ‘remote’ chance of con- eet t e nee s of f t re space issions to - ta ination spacecraft issions of all t pes ropa o e sef l efinitions are liste elow gro p consisting of an e e itan osewoo an ilson riton l to aron an t ose iper elt o - terili ation processes ai e at co plete ects wit ia eters greater t an one alf t at eli ination t ro g re o al inacti ation of Pluto, that were also thought to pose a ‘re- or illing of all li ing icroorganis s an mote’ concern for conta ination ir ses see lossar gro p pair consisting of ropa an ncela s isinfection eli ination of nearl all rec- that were believed to have a ‘significant’ ogni e pat ogenic icroorganis s t c ance of conta ination spacecraft is- not necessaril all icro ial for s sions. The ‘significant’ chance of contamina- econta ination ns ring t at an ite is tion referre to in re ires t e i ple enta- safe to an le an reasona l free fro t e tion of significant eas res potentiall in- trans ission of organis s incl ing re- cl ing io r en re ction for fl s as o al of conta inating agents e g i- well as for or iter an lan er issions to - croorganis s or organic co po n s an ropa an ncela s ai e o erall at re cing potentiall of io atter fro ea icro- t e pro a ilit of ina ertent conta ination of organis s see lossar o ies of water eneat t e s rfaces of t ese o ects to - per ission ese tec ni es incl e i ing- eri e pro- ce res s c as cleaning s rfaces wit isopro- e approac a opte for eter- p l alco ol an or sporici es an sterili ation - ining co pliance wit its stan ar for r eating as well as ore o ern pro- issions targete to ropa an ncela s cesses s c as sterili ation rogen pero - an to a lesser e tent for issions to an - i e e onstration t at t ese tec ni es e e incl ing also itan riton along wit t e calc late effects of e pos re to l to aron an large iper elt o ects t e ropan ra iation en iron ent can effec- re ires t e a ressing of conser ati el esti- ti el re ce io- r en to prescri e le els is ate alt o g as et poorl nown para e- t erefore necessar significant ters n t is regar in t e case of ropa t e c allenge is t e nee to sterili e t e encaps - following ite s are presentl incl e at a late spacecraft io r en is will re ire
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook e tended e posure to sterili ing dry-heat tem- introduce perennial heat sources into a habita- peratures dry heat is one of only two technol- ble environment under the ice together with ogies that can effectively sterili e an encapsu- contaminated spacecraft hardware. To meet lated bioburden, the other being penetrating the probabilistic re uirements of radioactive ioni ing radiation . Therefore, spacecraft ma- material coming into contact with the ocean terial must be carefully selected to be compat- present on an icy moon it is anticipated that ible with the selected mode s of sterili ation. strict limits will be imposed onstantinidis et All components of the probe instrumentation al., . t is li ely that planetary protection must be decontaminated for chemical and bio- re uirements will in future re uire careful con- logical reduction using both physical and sideration in that regard. The potential global chemical treatments depending on the material connectivity of subsurface oceans means that 23 properties and si e of the component part. microbial contamination could spread across n brief, physical methods could include dry the whole moon RC, . t has thus been recommended that current ars-focused heat up to C for bul y heat-resistant spore-based culturing techni ues used to esti- parts , steam at C for surfaces of heat and mate the total bioload on a spacecraft should water-resistant components , germicidal be supplemented by screening tests for specific radiation at nm for all -resistant and types of e tremophiles, such as radiation-re- unshadowed surfaces and ioni ing radiation sistant organisms RC, . t has also ric et al., onstantinidis et al., . been suggested that modern molecular meth- Chemical methods for cleaning, bioburden re- ods, such as those based on the polymerase duction and or sterili ation could include de- chain reaction PCR , may prove to be more tergent al aline mi tures, alcohol mi tures, rapid and more informative for detecting and hydrogen peroxide (≥ , hypochlorous acid identifying biological contamination than for stainless steel parts , supercritical carbon NASA’s and ESA’s existing culturing proto- dio ide, ethylene o ide and o one ric et al., cols for planetary protection RC, a onstantinidis et al., . or each uc et al., . component, a combination of decontamination methods leads to greater effectiveness. Atten- WHAT ORGANIC CLEANLINESS tion needs to be paid to matching process pa- CONSIDERATIONS ARE PARTICU- rameters with the hardware for the mission. LARLY USEFUL FOR ICY or e ample, heat eventually ills all microbes MOONS? hours at C reduce surface numbers by many orders of magnitude . lectronic compo- n the case of icy moons, the organic cleaning nents utili ed onboard a mission to the icy steps used for ars during hardware assembly moons should thus be suitably ualified to are directly transferable. Perhaps the most sig- withstand processes aimed at reducing the nificant difference between icy moons and overall contamination. ars is the type of sample available for analy- sis. ars samples of regolith or roc are en- WHAT NEW PLANETARY PRO- countered as, or are transformed to, granular TECTION TECHNIQUES NEED TO materials. hen orbiting, icy moons, samples BE DEVELOPED FOR ICY may be present as volatile or particulate MOONS? plumes. or e ample, nceladus is venting Owing to the great distances of the icy moons plumes of water ice, methane, and simple or- from the Sun, nuclear power sources may be ganic compounds Postberg et al., and adopted for transport. Current planetary pro- transient plumes have also been suggested for tection rules concerning nuclear power sources uropa Roth et al., , Spar s et al., . on celestial bodies are not e plicit. owever, it hen landed, icy moon sampling missions can be assumed that there will be no desire to will encounter icy solids or possibly li uid wa- ter. The dilution cleaning approach utili ed for
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook a s a e e en e e e an anded a a e ni ed e es ia i e a i ns e a se e ease i i a e anis s a s d e ssi i i s in in diss es ani n a ina i n n i di en s i s e es ani n a ina i n ssi i i ies a d n a ina i n e Ea s ed a e ia s d n se ns and ei as i i a e e an en indi en s si na s i e in i n en s a e ade a e add essed missions, such as ESA’s JUICE and NASA’s E a i e i ene i ne ane WHAT MISSIONS ARE BEING a e i n and ani ean iness PLANNED FOR THE ICY MOONS? s a e e e s a s s e en i n e e a e a n e in issi ns en and axi i e e s ien i i e n
24 e i ns a i e i e ane a an da a a i ed e i n and ani n a ina i n nside a i ns e a a i ns e ESA i e REFERENCES ns Ex e E issi n a e n a Ande s n S a e a an ad an ed s a e and i i in e a enne a ’A s in S is E ans i e and i s i ns an ede a is e d an and i nadi n si and E a a i s e i es i e eanin ins en s e sensi i e de e sea ani nds asse et al i n ani s n a s eview of cientific e NASA E a i e issi n i nstruments repeatedly flyby Jupiter’s icy moon, passing a e e s a e e E a a ena Sid E i s n assid i e issi n i see e iden e i id A s a S e A e a e e a e in e s s a e de e ine e i A S and a e s n ness e i e s ain e iden e a e as a ndi i ns a E a’s i carus ia ex an e and e e e s a e and e ass s e e i de e a an and a n A i n e a e ia s e iden e a i a Ande s n a A eni n i i i i s and a a a d n S e a N and e s ani ean iness e a s S ien e a a CONCLUSIONS sa e ans e ain ev ci nstrum nde s andin e ans e and s i a e es ia i anis s and e de e an A a es a in e and en ane a e i n s e a ian d s s s en ei in d i n inne s a s s e a s i e a e a se a i ns ournal of dies s as a s ides a s n n eo hysical esearch da i n e de e en si i a s e e s a s s e exis in assid a in a s n n ed e s e ada ed and en an ed e ns n E e e and and a se e i ns e e s a s s e a a i a A adi sis and ide dis in a en es ane a sis Sa e i e S a es Ex e i en s and e i n e en ia esen e a ndan and e ace cience eviews n i s i id a e ani nds se d and i s n E i in ense adia i n and ida ene d i en sa e in i i i a and i edi a a a e in e a i ns ide e ssi i i e a ies S e a en ea and i ien i e a i n in n a ina i n an Se i es as in n Ea n addi i n ane a e i n a d n a ina i n ses ani e S and a N a ean iness is a s an essen ia e i e en ex a a i n and e sea s s a e i e issi ns e e s a s s e e en n a s carus ia a i a e en i n en s n i ns
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook Court , Sephton A , arnell J , and il argel J S , aye J , ead J , arion mour I he alteration of organic mat , Sassen , Cro ley J , allesteros ter in response to ionising irradiation Chemi , rant S A , and ogenboom cal trends and implications for e traterrestrial Europa s Crust and cean rigin, sample analysis eochimica et osmochimica Composition, and the rospects for ife ca cta, , rus, , ESA Schiaparelli landing in estigation imura J , and itadai N olymeri a ma es progress tion of uilding loc s of ife on Europa and ric A , ogul , Stabe is , Conley C A , ther Icy oons stro iolo y, , and Ehrenfreund er ie of cur i elson , hurana , ussell C 25 rent capabilities and research and technology ol er , al er J , and immer C de elopments for planetary protection alileo agnetometer easurements vances in ace esearch, , A Stronger Case for a Subsurface cean at Eu rot inger J , Crisp J , asa ada A , An ropa cience, , derson C , a er C J , arry , la e , i elson , hurana , and ol er Conrad , Edgett S , erdo s i and oth he ermanent and Inducti e ag ers ars Science aboratory ission netic oments of anymede carus, , and Science In estigation ace cience e views, , lein he i ing ission search and , Carlson , and Chyba C for life on ars ature, , Energy, Chemical ise uilibrium, and lein he i ing biological e eological Constraints on Europa stro iol periments on ars carus, , o y, , mine , and ada J he effect of ansen C J , Esposito , Ste art A I , Col ioni ing radiation on the preser ation of amino ell J , endri A , ryor , Shemans y , acids on ars arth an lanetary cience and est Enceladus ater apor etters, , lume cience, , mine , and ummel J C e C , and Smith A Identification S A ’s lanetary rotection olicy ace of nitrogenous organic species in itan aero esearch o ay, , sols analogs Implication for prebiotic chemis try on itan and early Earth carus, , onstantinidis , lores artine C , ach ald , hndorf A , y ta , o it , udolph , igel I , o als i J , oigt su , ostberg , Se ine , Shibuya , and others A lander mission to probe s moon Enceladus׳empf S , oranyi , Juhas A , Altobelli N , subglacial ater on Saturn Su u i , asa i and others n for life cta stronautica, , going hydrothermal acti ities ithin Encela dus ature, , a uc, , J en ates aran C A Conley A enetic In entory of Space IES roduct Cleanliness e els and craft and Associated Surfaces stro iolo y, Contamination Control, IES S CC E , Institute of En ironmental Science echnol ogy, Arlington eights I , USA eshin A , ahaffy , ebster C , Cabane , Coll , Conrad , Archer , IS IS Cleanrooms Atreya S , runner A E , uch A and others and associated controlled en ironments art olatile, isotope, and organic analysis Classification of air cleanliness by particle of artian fines ith the ars Curiosity concentration o er cience, ,
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook cience ature ournal of eo hysical e search 26 unar an lanetary cience onference cience ace cience eviews ri ife vol ios h stro iolo y cience — stro iolo y stro iolo y th cien tific ssem ly “Special Regions”: Findings of the Second stro iolo y stro iolo y eo hysical esearch etters carus
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook Sephton : igin of ife n: n ance S a n ei e i a ss ann nt od ction to st o iolog dited il de a tin and o n : o and Sephton a idge ni e d othe al s ste s in s all ocean planets s sit ess a idge p tro iolo y Sleep : a tian plate tectonics aite e is S agee n ournal of eo hysical esearch ine c innon lein R o sis o ng oc ell estla e and Spence R and i o F : ncela othe s : i id ate on ncelad s f o d s: n cti e ce o ld in the Sat n S s o se ations of a onia and in the te nnual eview of arth an lanetary pl e ature ciences 27 est R e en agne R a sche Sch e ge and icholson Roatsch and othe s : assini : S i al and e ina ilit of se es the cti e So th ole of ncelad s ci acill s s tilis Spo es posed to Si lated ence a s Sola Radiation: plications fo ife etection and laneta otection stro iol oloto : n oceanic co position o y on ea l and toda s ncelad s eo hysical esearch etters aisha pa an Fo and en a tes a an : S i al of acill s p oloto and Shoc : o po il s S FR in si lated a s at os sition and sta ilit of salts on the s face of phe e in eal space conditions n: nstruments opa and thei oceanic o igin ournal of eo etho s an issions for stro iolo y hysical esearch
INTRODUCTION TO PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook
nde standing potential ha a ds is essential to ont ol fo c oons and a s p s e space e plo ation oiding nneces issions sa challenges co ing f o int od cing n isco e the lessons lea ned f o plane anted in asi e a th fo a d conta ination ta p otection e pe ts nde lining the dos hile sea ching fo e t a te est ial life is e and don’ts in planeta p otection i ple to efficientl p s ing e plo ation he and entation 28 oo desc i es the state of the a t and good Fa ilia i e o self ith laneta otec p actices to i ple ent planeta p otection e tion i ple entation th o gh the laneta i e ents inte nationall otection hec ist his hand oo ill help o : o this end the and oo ill go th o gh nde stand hat planeta p otection is the asics of ic o iolog needed to nde and h it is i po tant stand planeta p otection p ocesses t ill then go th o gh planeta p otection at S et ac ainted ith the te Space eat and the S S e i e ents and S the est p actices in o ganic and thei i ple entation conta ination cont ol the p actical lessons lea ned th o gh and a laneta o ea n a o t the state of the a t ega ding tection hec list est actice of ganic onta ination
his hand oo has een coo dinated ith in Fo t aining o shops (“Tutorials”) were te national pa tne s f o S S S held sing an initial e sion of this and oo S and the planeta p otection of in s a apan a asadena fice to ens e that e i e ents doc enta S l e en e an cto e tion and e ie s co e the needs and o liga and ei ing hina cto e tions of the especti e space agencies fo oint
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isit pposs o g t to ial
HANDBOOK OBJECTIVES The International Planetary Protection Handbook Chapter 1. Planetary Protection Basics T e present apter pro ides an o er iew o planetar prote tion asi s in ludin an introdu tion to t e anel on lanetar rote tion ele ents o i ro iolo asi in or ation on io ur den assa and sterili ation and so e use ul rudi ents o or ital d na i s
PLANETARY PROTECTION eration ( ) and t e a BASICS3 tional ade o ien e ( ) in t e ti e period t at led to t e o ittee on onta i 29 WHAT PLANETARY PROTECTION IS NOT nation traterrestrial ploration To e in wit a lari i ation o w at planetar ( T ) esta lis ed t e nternational prote tion is not a e use ul oun il o ienti i nions ( ) t is not a out asteroid de ense n adopted t e T ode o ondu t and esta lis ed t e o ittee on • o ered in t e ear art e ts pa e esear ( ) ( ) and pa e ituational ware ness ( ) pro ra s esta lis ed t e onsultati e roup on otentiall ar ul e ts o pa e t is not a out spa e de ris peri ents • o ered in t e pa e ur eillan e and T e irst spa e li t issions to use t is ode Tra in ( T) spa e de ris and sus o ondu t were t e an er issions in taina ilit pro ra s in e t en all planetar issions ad to i ple t is not a out ultural or natural world er ent planetar prote tion easures at di erent ita e de rees – ran in ro si ple do u entation to ter inal sterili ation o entire li t s s • o ered ased on a on te s ention ( or art ) and t e anel on ploration ( or spa e) ore detailed uantitati e re ulations in par ti ular or ars were adopted in t is not a reen part or spa e (e a an and ole an a an t is not a out pla in around wit i tional et al ) “blasters” and T RATIONALE FOR PLANETARY PROTECTION HISTORY OF PLANETARY PROTECTION T e rationale or planetar prote tion an e “…we are in the aw war situation of ein or ulated as ollows a le to s oil certain ossi ilities for scientific investi ations for a consi era le interval e Ensure that scientific investigations re- fore we can constructively realize them…we lated to the origin and distribution of life ur ently nee to ive some thou ht to the con are not compromised by: servative measures nee e to rotect future • rote tin our in est ent in spa e s i scientific o ectives on the moon an the lan en e and e ploration ets…” (J. Lederberg and D. B. Cowie, cience • rote tin t e uni ue opportunit to ) learn ore a out t e ori in o li e in a T e a o e state ent re le ts t e on ern wa t at is no lon er possi le on art raised t e nternational stronauti al ed e ause o repro essin o erprintin o
er ard ine and ean ouis ellous
PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS The International Planetary Protection Handbook earliest e iden es o li e b t e ab n PLANETARY PROTECTION CATEGORIES dant ore re ent li e or s e di erent lanetar rote tion ategories • nd t en, t ere is t e ore iloso i ( re le t t e le el o interest and on ern al iss e abo t t e Dra e e ation, and t at onta ination an o ro ise t re in w et er or not we are alone in t e ni estigations. e ategories and asso iated re erse. ire ents de end on target bod and ission Protecting the Earth from the potential t e o binations. hazard posed by extraterrestrial matter Category I ll t es o issions to a target carried by a spacecraft returning from bod w i is not o dire t interest or nder 30 an interplanetary mission: standing t e ro ess o e i al e ol tion or • i le r den e – rote t t e art t e origin o li e. • n line wit t e re a tionar rin i le Category II ll t es o issions (gra it as o en iron ental rote tion. sist, orbiter, lander to a target bod w ere FRAMEWORK FOR PLANETARY PROTEC- t ere is signi i ant interest relati e to t e ro TION ess o e i al e ol tion and t e origin o li e, b t w ere t ere is onl a re ote an e e legal basis and t e goal or lanetar ro t at onta ination arried b a s a e ra t te tion were establis ed in rti le o t e o ld o ro ise t re in estigations. nited ations reat on rin i les o ern ing t e ti ities o tates in t e loration Category III l b (i.e., gra it assist and and se o ter a e, in l ding t e oon orbiter issions to a target bod o e i al and ot er Celestial Bodies ( ter a e e ol tion and or origin o li e interest and or reat , w i s ienti i o inion ro ides a signi i ant an e o onta ination w i o ld o ro “... arties to the reaty shall ursue stu ies of ise t re in estigations. outer s ace inclu in the oon an other ce lestial o ies an con uct e loration of them Category IV Lander i a tor issions to a so as to avoi their harmful contamination an target bod o e i al e ol tion and or origin also a verse chan es in the environment of the o li e interest and or w i s ienti i o inion arth resultin from the intro uction of e tra ro ides a signi i ant an e o onta ina terrestrial matter an where necessary shall tion w i o ld o ro ise t re in estiga a o t a ro riate measures for this ur tions. ose...” Category V wo s b ategories e ist nre C aintains and ro otes a lanetar stri ted art ret rn or solar s ste bodies rote tion oli or t e re eren e o s a e ar dee ed b s ienti i o inion to a e no indig ing nations, bot as an international standard eno s li e or s, and restri ted art ret rn or on ro ed res to a oid organi onstit ent and all ot ers. biologi al onta ination in s a e e loration, e ollowing list s ari es t e rrent and to ro ide a e ted g idelines and re lanetar rote tion Categories in ter s o ire ents in t is area to g ide o lian e t es o issions and targets wit t e ter a e reat . Category I l b , rbiter, Lander ndi er entiated, eta or osed asteroids ot ers BD.
lies t e absen e o en iron ents w ere terrestrial lies t e resen e o en iron ents w ere terrestrial organis s o ld s r i e and re li ate, or a er low organis s o ld s r i e and re li ate, and so e li eli li eli ood o trans er to en iron ents w ere terrestrial ood o trans er to t ose la es b a la sible e a organis s o ld s r i e and re li ate. nis . i
PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS The International Planetary Protection Handbook Category II Category IV Category IVa Uranus; Neptune; Ganymede†; Titan†; Tri- ton†; Pluto/Charon†; Ceres; Kuiper 1/2 the size of Pluto†; Kuiper den level of ≤ . ≤ . Category III Category IVb . Category IV 31 . Category V . surface bioburden level of ≤ “Restricted Earth return”: Mars; Europa; . “Unrestricted Earth return”: Venus, Moon; . . † denotes the need for a . PLANETARY PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS . . Category IVc MARS Launcher upper stage : ≤ . . Category III: stricted to a surface bioburden level of ≤ . . a surface bioburden level of ≤ ≤ ≤ ≤ .
i .
PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS The International Planetary Protection Handbook le els, and a method of pre entin their re- or anisms, pecial Re ions are defined as ar- contamination prior to accessin the spe- eas or olumes ithin hich sufficient ater cial re ion shall e pro ided acti ity N sufficiently arm temperatures to permit replication of Earth or anisms may f an off-nominal condition such as a hard e ist landin ould cause a hi h pro a ility of in- ad ertent iolo ical contamination of the spe- The physical parameters delineatin applica le cial re ion y the spacecraft, the entire landed ater acti ity and temperature thresholds are system must e sterilized to a surface io ur- i en elo : den level of ≤ spores and a total surface, o er limit for ater acti ity: ; Upper mated, and encapsulated io urden le el of 32 limit: 1 ; ≤ 2 1 spores o er limit for temperature: -2 C; No Planned -si ma pre-launch landin ellipses Upper limit defined; must e e aluated on a case- y-case asis as The timescale ithin hich limits can e iden- part of the landin site selection process, to tified is years determine hether the mission ould land or come ithin contamination ran e of areas or Observed features to e treated as pecial Re- olumes meetin the parameter definition for ions until demonstrated other ise: Mars pecial Re ions or ould impin e on al- Gullies ta on 2- , and ri ht strea s as- ready descri ed features that must e treated as sociated ith ullies; Mars pecial Re ions u surface ca ities; The e aluation must e ased on the latest sci- u surface elo meters; entific e idence and in particular include an as- Confirmed and partially confirmed Recur- sessment of the e tent to hich the tempera- rent lope ineae R 1 ture and ater acti ity alues specified for Mars pecial Re ions are separated in time Features, if found, to e treated as a pecial The e aluation must e updated durin the Re ion until demonstrated other ise: mission hene er ne e idence indicates that Ground ater; the landin ellipse and/or the operational en i- ource of methane; ronment contain or are in contamination ran e Geothermal acti ity; of areas or olumes meetin the parameter def- Modern outflo channel inition for Mars pecial Re ions or already de- scri ed features that must e treated as Mars ser ed features that re uire a case-by-case pecial Re ions e aluation efore ein classified as a pecial Re ion: Definition of Special Region ar strea s; pecial Re ion is defined as a re ion ithin Pasted-on terrain; hich terrestrial or anisms are li ely to repli- Candidate R 11 cate ny re ion hich is interpreted to ha e a hi h potential for the e istence of e tant Mar- Spacecraft-induced special re ions are to e tian life forms is also defined as a pecial Re- e aluated, consistent ith these limits and fea- ion Gi en current understandin of terrestrial tures, on a case- y-case asis
description for Gully ta on can e found in Rummel • Partially confirmed: observed either incremental et al, 2 1 ro th or recurrence; 1 ser ational e idence for Recurrent lope ineae • Candidate: slope lineae that resembles RSL but where R , adapted McE en et al , 2 1 : o ser ations needed for partial confirmation are cur- • Confirmed: observed simultaneous incremental rently lac in ro th of flo s on a arm slope, fadin , and recurrence 11 i of this se uence in multiple Mars years;
PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS The International Planetary Protection Handbook n the absence of specific information no Spe Safe uardin the arth from potential bac cial Re ions are currently identified on the ba contamination is the hi hest planetary pro sis of possible artian life forms tection priority in ars e ploration Category V: arth return missions from ars he reater capability of human e plorers are classified, “Restricted Earth return” can contribute to the astrobiolo ical e plo ration of ars only if human associated nless specifically e empted the out contamination is controlled and under bound le of the mission shall meet Cate stood ory b re uirements stablishment of en ineerin re uirements re nless the samples to be returned from ars are sub ected to an accepted and ap sponsive to these principles is under way 33 proved sterili ation process the canister s throu h a series of S and C SP R wor holdin the samples returned from ars shops involvin all the necessary sta eholders shall be closed with an appropriate verifi mine et al cation process and the samples shall re EUROPA AND ENCELADUS main contained durin all mission phases throu h transport to a receivin facility Category III and IV: Re uirements for u where it they can be opened under con ropa and nceladus flybys orbiters and tainment landers includin bioburden reduction shall he mission and the spacecraft desi n must be applied in order to reduce the probability of provide a method to “break the chain of inadvertent contamination of a uropan or n contact” with Mars, i.e. no uncontained celadian ocean to less than per mis hardware that contacted ars directly or sion indirectly shall be returned to arth he probability of inadvertent contamination Reviews and approval of the continuation of a uropan or nceladian ocean of of the fli ht mission shall be re uired at applies to all mission phases includin the du three sta es: prior to launch from arth ration beyond end of mission that spacecraft prior to leavin ars for return to arth introduced terrestrial or anisms remain viable and prior to commitment to arth and could reach a subsurface li uid water en reentry vironment or unsterili ed samples returned to arth Specific re uirements will li ely be refined a pro ram of life detection and bioha ard and standardi ed in future years but the calcu testin or a proven sterili ation process lation of this probability should include a con shall be underta en as an absolute precon servative estimate of poorly nown parame dition for the controlled distribution of any ters and address the followin factors at a portion of the sample minimum: Principles for Human Missions to Mars ioburden at launch he intent of the C SP R planetary protec Cruise survival for contaminatin or an tion policy is the same whether a mission to isms ars is conducted robotically or with human r anism survival in the radiation environ e plorers ment ad acent to uropa or nceladus Planetary protection oals should not be re Probability of landin on uropa or ncel la ed to accommodate a human mission to adus ars i e they become even more directly he mechanisms and timescales of relevant to such missions – even if specific transport to a uropan or nceladian sub implementation re uirements must differ surface li uid water environment r anism survival and proliferation be fore durin and after subsurface transfer
PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS The International Planetary Protection Handbook reliminar calculations of the probabilit of testin , or a proven sterili ation process, contamination su est that bioburden reduc- shall be undertaken as an absolute precon tion will likel be necessar even for Europa dition for the controlled distribution of an and Enceladus orbiters ate or as well portion of the sample. as for landers, re uirin the use of cleanroom technolo and the cleanliness of all parts be SMALL SOLAR SYSTEM BODIES fore assembl , and the monitorin of space he small bodies of the solar s stem not else craft assembl facilities to understand the bio where discussed in this document represent a burden and its microbial diversit , includin ver lar e class of ob ects. specific problematic species. 34 mposin forward contamination controls on Methods of bioburden reduction should re these missions is not warranted e cept on a flect the t pe of environments found on Europa case b case basis, so most such missions or Enceladus, focusin on Earth extremo- should reflect ate ories or . philes most likel to survive on Europa or En celadus, such as cold and radiation tolerant or Category V etermination as to whether a anisms. mission is classified “Restricted Earth return” or not shall be undertaken with respect to the Category V Earth return missions from Eu best multidisciplinar scientific advice. ropa and Enceladus are classified, “Restricted Earth return”: pecificall , such a determination shall ad dress the followin si uestions for each bod nless specificall e empted, the out intended to be sampled bound le of the mission shall meet re uirements for life detection missions . oes the preponderance of scientific evidence indicate that there was never nless the samples to be returned from Eu li uid water in or on the tar et bod ropa or Enceladus are sub ected to an ac . oes the preponderance of scientific cepted and approved sterili ation process, evidence indicate that metabolicall the canister s holdin the samples re useful ener sources were never pre turned from Europa or Enceladus shall be sent closed, with an appropriate verification . oes the preponderance of scientific process, and the samples shall remain con evidence indicate that there was never tained durin all mission phases throu h sufficient or anic matter or or transport to a receivin facilit where it carbonates and an appropriate source of the can be opened under containment reducin e uivalents in or on the tar he mission and the spacecraft desi n must et bod to support life provide a method to “break the chain of . oes the preponderance of scientific contact” with Europa or Enceladus, i.e., no evidence indicate that subse uent to the uncontained hardware that contacts mate disappearance of li uid water, the tar rial from Europa, Enceladus or their et bod has been sub ected to e treme plumes, shall be returned to the Earth’s bi- temperatures i.e., osphere or Earth’s Moon . oes the preponderance of scientific Reviews and approval of the continuation evidence indicate that there is or was of the fli ht mission shall be re uired at sufficient radiation for biolo ical steri three sta es prior to launch from Earth li ation of terrestrial life forms subse uent to sample collection and . oes the preponderance of scientific prior to a maneuver to enter a biased Earth evidence indicate that there has been a return tra ector and prior to commit natural influ to Earth, e. ., via mete ment to Earth re entr orites, of material e uivalent to a sam or unsterili ed samples returned to Earth, ple returned from the tar et bod a pro ram of life detection and bioha ard
PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS The International Planetary Protection Handbook or containment procedures to be necessar a ain within one ear after the end of a solar- (“Restricted Earth return”), an answer of “no” s stem e ploration mission about the areas of or “uncertain” needs to be returned to all six the tar et s which ma have been sub ect to uestions contamination R will maintain a re- or missions determined to be ate or , positor of these reports, make them available “Restricted Earth return,” the following re- to the public, and annuall deliver a record of uirements shall be met: these reports to the ecretar eneral of the nited ations or multinational missions, it nless specificall e empted, the out- is su ested that the lead partner should take bound le of the mission shall meet re- the lead in submittin these reports uirements for life detection missions 35 Reports should include, but not be limited to, nless the samples to be returned are sub- the followin information: ected to an accepted and approved sterili- ation process, the canister s holdin the he estimated bioburden at launch, the samples shall be closed, with an appropri- methods used to obtain the estimate e , ate verification process, and the samples assa techni ues applied to spacecraft or a shall remain contained durin all mission pro , and the statistical uncertaint in the phases throu h transport to a receivin fa- estimate cilit where it the can be opened under he probable composition identification containment of the bioburden for ate or missions, he mission and the spacecraft desi n must and for ate ory V “restricted Earth re- provide a method to “break the chain of turn” missions contact” with the small body, i.e., no un- ethods used to control the bioburden, de- contained hardware that contacted the contaminate and or sterili e the space bod , directl or indirectl , shall be re- fli ht hardware turned to Earth he or anic inventor of all impactin or Reviews and approval of the continuation landed spacecraft or spacecraft-compo- of the fli ht mission shall be re uired at nents, for uantities e ceedin k three sta es: prior to launch from Earth ntended minimum distance from the sur- prior to leavin the bod or its environ- face of the tar et bod for launched com- ment for return to Earth and prior to ponents, for those vehicles not intended to commitment to Earth re-entr land on the bod or unsterili ed samples returned to Earth, ppro imate orbital parameters, e pected a pro ram of life detection and bioha ard or reali ed, for an vehicle which is in- testin , or a proven sterili ation process, tended to be placed in orbit around a solar shall be undertaken as an absolute precon- s stem bod dition for the controlled distribution of an or the end-of-mission, the disposition of portion of the sample the spacecraft and all of its ma or compo- nents, either in space or for landed compo- REPORTING TO COSPAR nents b position or estimated position on R, a planetar surface ecommen s that R members inform THINGS TO REMEMBER R when establishin planetar protec- lanetar protection is about protectin sci- tion re uirements for planetar missions, and ence and the Earth ecommen s that R members provide lanetar protection re ulations are based information to R within a reasonable on the uter pace reat time not to e ceed si months after launch R maintains a planetar protection about the procedures and computations used polic and associated re uirements as ref- for planetar protection for each fli ht and erence for spacefarin nations
PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS The International Planetary Protection Handbook lanetary protection categories and re- Rummel, . , eaty, . ., ones, . , uirements are not cast in stone and evolve akermans, ., arlow, . ., oston, . ., over time as new information becomes hevrier, V. ., lark, . ., de Vera, . ., available, i.e., check the latest version at ough, R.V., allsworth, .E., ead, . ., the start of a new pro ect. ipkin, V. ., ieft, . ., cEwen, . ., ellon, . ., ikucki, . ., icholson, . ., REFERENCES melon, .R., eterson, R., Roden, E.E., ol- minek, ., onley, . ., ipkin, V. ano, lar, . ., anaka, . ., Viola, ., and ray, . ( ) R’s Planetary rotection J.J., A new Analysis of Mars “Special Re- olicy. ace esearch o ay, , - . gions”: Findings of the Second MEPAG Spe- 36 cial Regions cience nalysis roup ( R- ederberg . and . . owie, cience, . ), stro iolo y, , - , . nited ations, reaty on principles govern- agan . and . oleman, pacecraft sterili a- ing the activities of states in the exploration tion standards and contamination of ars. and use of outer space, including the moon and ournal of stronautics eronautics, ( ), other celestial bodies, rticle , . . oc. – , . RE ( ) an o. , . agan ., E. . evinthal, and . ederberg, ontamination of ars, cience, , , cEwen, . ., undas, . ., attson, . ., - , . oigo, . ., ha, ., ray, . ., ho nacki, ., yrne, ., urchie, . ., and homas, ., Recurrent slope lineae in e uatorial regions of ars, ature eosciences, , - , .
PLANETARY PROTECTION BASICS The International Planetary Protection Handbook THE COSPAR PANEL ON PLANE- THE FRAMEWORK FOR PLANETARY PRO- TARY PROTECTION12 TECTION COSPAR AT A GLANCE he legal asis and the goal for planetary pro- tection were esta lished in Article of the he p rpose of SPAR, y its harter fro nited ations reaty on Principles Go ern- the nternational o ncil for Science S , ing the Acti ities of States in the E ploration is to pro ote at an international le el scientific and se of ter Space, incl ding the Moon research in space, with e phasis on the e - and other elestial odies ter Space change of res lts, infor ation and opinions, reaty, : and to pro ide a for , open to all scientists, for the disc ssion of pro le s that ay affect “... arties to the reaty shall ursue stu ies of 37 scientific space research. outer s ace inclu in the oon an other ce lestial o ies an con uct e loration of them he SPAR issions are ainly achie ed so as to avoi their harmful contamination an thro gh the organi ation of scientific asse - also a verse chan es in the environment of the lies and p lications Fig re . arth resultin from the intro uction of e tra terrestrial matter an where necessary shall a o t a ro riate measures for this ur ose...”. SPAR aintains and pro otes a planetary protection policy PPP for the reference of spacefaring nations, oth as an international standard on proced res to a oid organic con- stit ent and iological conta ination in space e ploration, and to pro ide accepted g ide- lines and re ire ents in this area to g ide co pliance with the wording of the ter Space reaty. he stated ai of the policy is to f lfill the two following goals: The conduct of scientific investigations i ure – he three main missions of are re re of possible extraterrestrial life forms, sente on this ra h precursors, and remnants must not be he organi ational str ct re of SPAR con- jeopardized; sists of: In addition, the Earth must be protected from the potential hazard posed by ex- Scientific o issions – representing traterrestrial matter carried by a space- each and e ery scientific discipline in- craft returning from an interplanetary ol ed in space research mission. Panels – designed to deal with crossc tting iss es that can affect partic lar seg ents of THE COSPAR PANEL ON PLANETARY the international space research co - PROTECTION nity, often for which there is an rgent need he SPAR Panel is concerned with iolog- for inp t. ical interchange in the cond ct of solar syste e ploration, incl ding:
y Jean- o is Fello s, SPAR, and Gerhard nternational Social Sciences o ncil to for the nter- ine , ESA. national Science o ncil S . he S for erly nown as the nternational o n- cil of Scientific nions erged in J ly with the
THE COSPAR PANEL ON PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook MAINTAINING THE COSPAR PLANETARY PROTECTION POLICY . . 38 . . . . . . . . Commissions (SC), namely SC B on “ . ” and SC . . F on “ ”. . . .
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THINGS TO REMEMBER C an es o e oli y o e i emen s a e no a one e son s o , nei e a C S C S is an in e na ional s ien i i no a e s a e a en ies. ommi ee es a lis ed in y CS (no e SC). e C S lane a y o e ion oli y is lis ed in , C C S as o ided a o m o dis s SPAR’s information bulletin (la es e sions and ad i e on ma e s o lane a y sion in , n , e em e ). o e ion sin e i s e y e innin . e C S anel on lane a y o e ion 39 main ains e C S lane a y o e ion oli y. da in e C S lane a y o e ion oli y is a o ess a in l des e s ien i i omm ni y.
THE COSPAR PANEL ON PLANETARY PROTECTION The International Planetary Protection Handbook BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY14 e om osin or ani om oun s in natu ral nutrient les ( e a umus for Microbiology is the study of “micro or an mation isms”, i e uni ellular or anisms t at an be obser e ire tl onl t rou a mi ros o e e om osin or ani om oun s in aste Su mi roor anisms are er i erse an om ater (biolo i al aste ater treatment ni resent e an ro as sin le ells ell e om osin or ani om oun s for bio luster filaments or as biofilms as ro u tion itro en fi ation (for lant fertili ers e ma orit of mi roor anisms ( i ure are A tin as s mbioti ba teria in animals Pro ar otes ( a teria an Ar aea t e o 40 an lants ( ut ba teria su ression of not a e a ell nu leus t er mi roor anisms at o ens ellulose e ra ation belon to t e u ar otes it a ell nu leus oo ro u tion ( air ro u ts al o oli e easts al ae fun i Proto oa n a ition be era es brea so sau e, … iruses t at nee a ost ell for re li ation also Pro u tion of antibioti s itamins ster belon to t e rou of mi roor anisms oi s Pro u tion of bio atal sts (en mes Pro u tion of or ani a i s sol ents drogen, ethanol, …; inin (lea in of iron o er uranium …) t i roor anisms an e t e en ironmental on itions on art as illustrate in i ure i s o s t e an e in t e atmos eri om osition as a result of biolo i al metabo – lism MICROORGANISMS ARE THE OLDEST e im ortan e of mi roor anisms is illus FORM OF LIFE ON EARTH trate b t e armful effe ts some of t em are e ol est fossils foun t us far on art are ausin su as a ro imatel to billion ear ol fila Pro a atin infe tious iseases in umans mentous an o oi al mi robial remains in animals or lants ( uman animal or lant ro s of t e Pilbara raton estern Australia at o ens an in ro s from t e arberton re ion Sout oo oisonin ( ro u tion of to i sub Afri a ( i ure stan es om lementin t e is o er of er ol mi eterioration of materials (bio orrosion rofossils t e anal sis of t e e olution of t e biofoulin eneti material of all li in ells an be use Self i nition of a to tra e ba t e emer en e of life on art t e se uen e of t e ene for S (or S re e im ortan e of mi roor anisms is also il s e ti el ribosomal R A (ribonu lei a i lustrate b t eir e uall numerous ositi e ef an im ortant om onent of ell or anelles ne fe ts su as essar for rotein s nt esis an be a lie as a mole ular ‘ lo ’
Petra Rettber an ristine oissl i in er R ra i s re ra n b i el r oire unless ot er ise re ite
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– ncrease of the oxygen concentration in the Earth’s atmosphere due to photosynthetic microorganisms
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BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY The International Planetary Protection Handbook his r is uni ersal, has the same function bac by com aring all the and ) se in all organisms, and changes in its se uence uences to the so called ‘last uni ersal com are resumed to occur constantly and ran mon ancestor’ igure ) domly in time the history of life can be traced
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igure – he in ro aryotes and in Eu aryotes ha e a common genera structure and function
igure – he ast uni ersa common ancestor is ocated at the root of the phy ogenetic tree adapted from u er
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The ‘Tree of life’ derived from the sequence c a s s s t e t ee d a s l e e a el a a acte a c aea t d sc e ed t l t e s SIZES, SHAPES AND STRUCTURES OF MI- CROORGANISMS c a s s t at ca l e se ed t d e e t t es c sc es e t a de a et s es s a es a d st ct es as e e l ed e Bacteria and archaea e a e e e all – s le celled a d t t a cle s e s e a es t e a e d e e t t es cell alls e t e a e t le e acte a a e t e a l t t spores e e d a t eta l call ac t e est sta es e s e at s t e ed e a le sta at a a le c a es t e e e t e s es ca e ate t t e e etat e eta l call act e e l cat t e a s ce – de e s ta le c d t s acte al s es a e e es sta t a a st virus s a s all ect s a e t t at e l a s cal a d c e cal st ess act s cates l s de l cells t e a e ad at d c ds des cca s s ses ca ect all t es l e s t ac e s e a d a e t s as a als a d la ts t c a s s ll st ated a le cl d acte a a d a c aea t e t e a e
BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY The International Planetary Protection Handbook c lled cterio h es irus dimensions i Fungi elon to the rou of eu r otic or n ure nd i ure lie in the r n e isms ith mem r ne ound nucleus i ure m The question of hether viruses re livin un l cells re l r er th n cteri l cells entities rem ins o en ost fun i ro s h h e hich re c lin dric l thre d li e structures – m in di m Where Who Details eter nd u to sever l centimeters in len th ove m e endin on the s ecies fun i c n re roduce oil e t soil se u ll nd or se u ll there formin the „hay“ s ores in ver com le rocess These fun l s ores re l r er th n cteri l s ores nd in 44 esert onor n esert ri on oc s s ores roc ener l less resist nt ne rou of unicellul r fun i the e sts re lic te uddin ee surf ce ood tho ens nsects tho en –
– enicillium
MICROBIAL DISTRIBUTION AND ABUN- DANCE icroor nisms live lmost ever here on rth in ‘norm l’ s ell s in ‘e treme’ io to es T le
Where? How many?
rden soil – il r l et l ir m rin in ter ml non tho enic e nd fresh ter Tot l on rth illion tons illion hum ns e ch currentl illion livin hum ns on rth um n s in um n od n cells icro es – h t is ‘e treme’ in this c se is of course from – hum n ers ective. ‘E tremo hiles’ re or nisms th t thrive in h sic ll or eochemi c ll e treme conditions th t re detriment l to
BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY The International Planetary Protection Handbook st e s Ea th. h e t e h e a y e ee e e ts a s s a s e a e ee sea es ee se e ts …) t e y h h te e at es hy the a t ess e a at y e e e ts e ts h t s s …) h h a at e e ts ty t t e y te e at es e a st sea ea ea t s a at y e e e ts e a e s …) Et . t h h a es a a es s ata as a s s a e a s ass ate th h a e a a e …) a e. . the s the test e. t a es a a e a es …) t a e e t est ate e s t h h sa t e t at s e a at the h a y a e a te a a the 45 s ea ea es sa t es ee se h a . he e a e t sea es …) a s s s . he t ta s a the e ete s e h a e es s a ate y s s the h a e e asses e t e t e e ts ese ts a tha e es. te ea s
Limits For growth For survival
e e at e t t
ate st ess a . a . es s e a a
a ty a t e t at sa t ysta s a t ysta s e e a tes . t e ts h eta e sat ty t e e ette th t th a t t h th h sta at t e a e y e e ae th t e e ette th t a at es sta e h h a at es sta e y h h h a at es sta e y
e t yea s yea s –
Ea h a s has ts s e e e e ts th. y a ate y a a s s a e t ate the a . he a a ete a es s a a e a e tha th .e. e at . he ts th a s a a s s a e st ate a e . a s s a se e e e e t eta st ate es t ta a sy thes the e ass t ta e e a e ts se e the e e y se at sy thet ea t s a t ta e – e y a e .
BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY The International Planetary Protection Handbook THE DETECTION OF MICROORGANISMS Cultivation ) ) ) 46
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)
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BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY The International Planetary Protection Handbook next-generation sequencing )
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THINGS TO REMEMBER Microorganisms ) REFERENCES ) space- craft assembly cleanrooms
BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY The International Planetary Protection Handbook ) ) ) ) 48 ) ) ) ) )
BASICS OF MICROBIOLOGY The International Planetary Protection Handbook ORGANIC CONTAMINATION CONTROL15 ORGANIC CONTAMINATION – 49 IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC CONTAMINA- TION CONTROL – ) – ) – – ‘ ’ ) ) )
ORGANIC CONTAMINATION CONTROL The International Planetary Protection Handbook 50 – PRACTICES OF ORGANIC CONTAMINATION CONTROL
ORGANIC CONTAMINATION CONTROL The International Planetary Protection Handbook 51 HISTORY OF ORGANIC CONTAMINATION CONTROL worries were in the late 1950’s in the CURRENT CHALLENGES IN ORGANIC CON- TAMINATION CONTROL
ORGANIC CONTAMINATION CONTROL The International Planetary Protection Handbook ll o o r e erien e in or ani onta ination lor ro an ennesse 19 ontrol in the onte t o lanetar rote tion so r ani onta ination ro le s in the i in ar ha e een tailore to the artian n iron ole lar anal sis e eri ent ent whi h in o arison to the oons – – 55 oi 10 100 01 0 is now relati el well n erstoo ohnson o ss hernow n arti lar the ra iation en iron ent on the i s o an o en 01 s r a e o the oons is et to e on ltra iolet hotol sis o a ino a i s on the straine an it a well e that it will a se the s r a e o i olar ste o ies alteration o terrestrial onta inants into ne 00– 05 oi 10 101 i ar s 01 52 e te or s s this ra iation en iron ent is 09 005 e e te to also ha e reate a o le s ite ten ate anha onra o ol ers an a ro ole les ro the rri o at an aha 00 lenti l or ani s s ose to e resent at the iti ation o the a t o errestrial oon s r a e ohnson 01 i onta ination on r ani eas re ents ra an ita ai 015 it will e har to is ro the ars ien e a orator tin ish these o i ie terrestrial onta i 5 1–5 oi 10 10 9 ast nants in i eno s e o eno s non iolo i al 00 01 0 ro ts o this en iron ent an an in i e no s io ar ers whi h a e resent ro i ra an ita ai 015 ea h other he resen e on the oons o ol eri ation o il in lo s o i e on a n ant li i water aite r 009 ro a an ther oons an its n nown sol te he istr a also 0– 1 oi 10 10 9 ast 015 1 0 ha e si ni i ant e e ts aha 00 here are still s stantial eneral nowle e a s resentin hallen es in or ani onta ination ontrol i le entation hese in l e elt er 011 When biospheres collide : a la o a ra i ni ersal etho or eri i a a history of NASA’s planetary protection tion o leanliness a e ta le onta ination ashin ton le els or s e i i instr ents an statisti al etho s or anal ti al ertaint onstant a as ro on the orwar onta ination o a tation an o i i ation o e istin onta i ro a 000 nation ontrol roto ols will e ne essar or ational in re ental i ro e ents in this iel as a e ies ress ashin ton nowle e ro esses seller 19 9 ashin ton REFERENCES aite r 009 i i water on o ittee on re entin the orwar n ela s ro o ser ations o a onia an onta ination o ars 00 0 r in the l e 5 – ational 90 oi 10 10 nat re0 15 a e ies ress ashin ton
wor in 01 onta ination ontrol trate an le entation 1 10 100 s11 1 01 0 9
ORGANIC CONTAMINATION CONTROL The International Planetary Protection Handbook BIOBURDEN, ASSAY AND STERI- LIZATION16 MICROBIAL DIVERSITY 53
i re – a ple for c lti a le i ersity at eneral le el in cleanroo s o rtesy oissl –
a le – ercenta es of total isolates sho n in i re
BIOBURDEN, ASSAY AND STERILIZATION The International Planetary Protection Handbook
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STERILIZATION TERMINOLOGY z-value (D)HMR VHP Sterile BIOBURDEN TERMINOLOGY Sterilization Disinfection Pasteurization Inactivation D-value or D10
BIOBURDEN, ASSAY AND STERILIZATION The International Planetary Protection Handbook – 55 STERILIZATION STANDARDS the spacecraft… – – • – • – BIOBURDEN ON SPACECRAFT
THE BIOBURDEN REDUCTION PROCESS OP- BIOBURDEN REDUCTION PROCESS SPECIFI- TIONS CATIONS 200˚C – 45˚C, vacuum at 1 –
BIOBURDEN, ASSAY AND STERILIZATION The International Planetary Protection Handbook te that he ars r ra s pp rte e era t f e per e ta ata the e at fr spec f cat re res ap t efra e t s pp rt e pa s f pr a se f ther r e re ct pr cesses er tte te perat re ra e e ra at ca e e t ate er tte h t c tr e r e ts a s s ect t appr a a per tte re ct cre t pr tect et a sche e s the per e ta ata fr a r pe s p s er f r e re ct a e p rt the re s f a three para eters e c ta at c tr a e t pr cesses s s a s ee e t ta e t acc t 56 s rec e e crease ersta f the terrestr a he sta ar pr cesses are escr e re sphere eta the f sect NEW (D)HMR PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS STERILIZATION TECHNOLOGIES AND BIO- BURDEN REDUCTION he e s f r he heat re ct pr cesses ha e rece t r e re ct cre t s a e f r ee f e ase p ate etha t pr cesses p t c a fac f r at ch ert ss s t r e r e ts from Viking up until MSL used the “old” t s per tte t se a e t h t pr eth ss s fr ht cesses s p f es the re re e t a re ar ha e se the e spec f cat s ces the c st f r a se f a e t h t e s stea f ac DRY HEAT MICROBIAL REDUCTION e s (DHMR) PROCESS – OLD STYLE here s pp rt t t re ce ss h s pr cess s p e e te a arr te c sts ass c ate th t ha t reach perat re ra e ase c t s se f r f r sec s ef re r e re a cr ca ata e erate that ct cre t ca e ta e f r at s era he te perat re s c stra e t et ee pher c e tr heat rea p a r 125˚C, with additional credit to 146˚C ne- p a a ses t a e th the ff cer crease r e re ct cre t e the f r r er f a t e re ct s ase ar th c re ct t ca e acc te cr a s r a th creas a t f he e pr cess fac tates spacecraft heat pr cess har are a fact r e a e t at t e t pre t ach e e ster t acc t [“zero”] here s the t e t re ce the cr a s r r r a s s p p at e as a e sh s a c par s et ee the f r the refere ce r a s e caps appr ach a the c rre t pract ce ate t t e hrs a e p he pr cess re res str e t c tr f h t t s cappe at s f re ct ase the cc rre ce f s called “hardy” r a s s a ers acc te sp res pr r t ter a a sp res after h s s the s rce f the spec f cat er f r a e
spacecraft t a as per are t –
BIOBURDEN, ASSAY AND STERILIZATION The International Planetary Protection Handbook here are also some ad ne s aspects of the assem ly applications micro flight connect ne process ors ithout pigtails olted anodized and un treated aluminum plates are e amples of com or a standard “4 log” reduction the pro ple geometries that can e used to alidate cess time ill e su stantially longer at the V performance s de eloped the process same temperature the temperature of can e deployed in a ariety of configurations process ill need to e hotter for the same ased on the hard are to e sterilized from time duration room size sterilization applications through or hoeni nSight hard are for e am enchtop ca inets to indi idual agged parts ple for surface io urden mated sur such as printed ire oards faces in general the minimum ake 57 outs ere hrs for nSight a ACCOUNTING AND ASSAY compara le minimum ake out ould e hrs ith choice comes comple ity M ecomes an implementation and manage pplying a io urden eduction rocess im ment challenge plies a uality System o ensure efficacy in implementation and accounting of io urden reduction one needs to consider uipment ertification n this process represented graphically in ig Maintenance ure V enerator systems initially dehu ali ration of sensors midify the am ient air in the sterilization raining cham er then produce V y passing a ue ccessi ility ous hydrogen pero ide o er a aporizer and circulate the apor at a programmed concentra ocumentation record keeping tion in the air typically from ppm to udits ppm s ell as efficacy compati ility of the hard are ith the process also needs to e demon strated or part component compati ility tests one needs to kno the parameters that need to e tested strength surface reflectance etc n particular one needs to pay attention in the implementation phase to deltas et een as designed hen the sterilization approach – ill ha e een determined and as uilt y comparison a concentration of ppm is urther one needs to perform integrated com considered y S to e “ mmediately pati ility tests incl parameters such as angerous to Life or ealth” in humans and process cycle definition on de elopment models Validation of process and ualifica he V ma imum apor le el and corre tion of product on ualification model is also sponding decontamination time has een ali needed he process cycle must e applied to dated y L using a mg L min process the flight model and spare mg L sec log reduction he V rocess must still e matured for flight applications rocess electronic and me irty products cannot e sterilized effecti ely chanical parts need to e alidated for aseptic and relia ly ne should achie e a pre sterili zation cleanliness le el of isi ly clean hich
BIOBURDEN, ASSAY AND STERILIZATION The International Planetary Protection Handbook The International Planetary Protection Handbook ould e or all eci ied or et anol eter ining t e io urden allocation ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IM- are arge s ha shoul be a en care of in con cleaning can e u ed a not e oricidal no ing t e anu acturing roce e and PACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS17 si era ion of o en ial life on hese bo ies ne u t a attention to grade re idue and en iron ent ccor ing o he es ina ion an s acecraf a o n t at additi e e g a OVERVIEW electing t e o t a ro riate tage in y e e g orbiter, flyby, sample return…), the e can i ro e iological e icac t e a e l e uence or a l ing io his sec ion ainly focuses on he follo ing ission is ca egori e in o one or ore han o cleaning reducing t e initial re terili a urden reduction issues regar ing lane ary ro ec ion o o one) “Category” defined in he lan tion ioload – contact ti e i i ortant i t i no ing t e io urden and iodi er it ro e ha a ission sa isfies he re uire en e ary ro ec ion olicy additional credit i ta en and a tandardi ed on t e roduct fro lane ary ro ec ion olicy uan i a roce need to e de elo ed and ado ted electing a roce a ing attention to a i ely n ha shoul e care abou in he terial co ati ilitie ission esign 58 59 ntegrating t e roce in t e roduct de hese issues are iscusse in he con e of he or roce election and lanning io urden elo ent and te t lan ayabusa ission he n a anese sa le eci ication er cleanroo cla can e u ed leaning e ore ou a l a io urden re re urn ission o a s all bo y bu he analysis ta le in and docu ent duction roce e ho an rocess can be a lie o o her or a lication o roce on lig t a re a ing attention to a ro riate reconta i issions in general nation re ention roce a a i u ual ayabusa as launche by in ece ot orgetting t e are a rocedure are a aila le in ber reache i s arge y e as eroi – t ing go rong it i nece ar to re or in docu ent yugu in une an ill re urn bac o he or a e ure t at roduct can eit er ar h in is an in er lane ary s acecraf he ayabusa ission igure ) as con ta e ore c cle art o uali ication ro an he lane ary ro ec ion olicy ha o be si ere as a egory for he ou boun our gra or u e are a en in o accoun in such a ission olation o a cleaned ite e g acecra t ney i h ar icular a en ion nee e o “avoid ro a le clean en iron ent e g launc e Hayabusa-2 Mission Schedule impact with Mars under all mission scenar- hicle fairing) by an enclosure or “biobarrier” i ios”, and as Category nres ric e uring arengolt article d e ion to ur ace ar h e ar ure ece ber nece ar to re er e cleanline le el he inboun ourney corres on ing o “unre nder acuu ar h ing by ece ber s ric e ar h re urn” igure sho s orbi s uc i olation a roac e are al o i ortant yugu rri al une or cleanline re er ation during e g tor of he ar h blue line) ayabusa green c u ert r onne yugu e ar ure ece ber age rior to integration tran ortation et een line) as eroi or yugu ur le line) andian and elder eri ental ar h een ry ece ber cleanroo and or te t acilitie an ars re line) he orbi s of he s ace odeling o terili ation ect or t o HAYABUSA-2 AND PLANETARY PROTEC- craf an ars are no so close o each o her n end to end reconta ination a roac a eric ntr eating on icroorgani TION bu here are rela i ely higher chances of en u e lig t de lo a le io arrier or re en ec rie 4 coun er co are o o her lane s of course tion o reconta ination and or non lig t te hen esigning an in er lane ary ission one
orar di o a le io arrier ite during a us consi er an obey lane ary ro ec ion e l olicy in or er no o con a ina e lane s here he origin of life ay e is for ar con THINGS TO REMEMBER a ina ion) an no o en anger he ar h by io urden a and terili ation e oint bringing e ra erres rial organis s if such e include is bac ar con a ina ion) n his s u y for ar con a ina ion is consi ere as ore i or an has e elo e reco en a ions ai e a a oi ing in er lane ary con a ina – ion n ar icular ars uro a an ncela us
y oshihiro hu o a egory ny ar h return mission. “Restricted a egory lyby rbi er an er o e s arbo Earth return”: Mars; Europa; others TBD; “Unrestricted naceous hon ri e s eroi s u i er a urn ranus Earth return”: Moon o hers e une lu o haron ui er el b ec s o hers
BIOBURDEN, ASSAY AND STERILIZATION ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS The International Planetary Protection Handbook The International Planetary Protection Handbook ould e or all eci ied or et anol eter ining t e io urden allocation ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IM- are arge s ha shoul be a en care of in con cleaning can e u ed a not e oricidal no ing t e anu acturing roce e and PACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS17 si era ion of o en ial life on hese bo ies ne u t a attention to grade re idue and en iron ent OVERVIEW ccor ing o he es ina ion an s acecraf a o n t at additi e e g a electing t e o t a ro riate tage in y e e g orbiter, flyby, sample return…), the e can i ro e iological e icac t e a e l e uence or a l ing io his sec ion ainly focuses on he follo ing ission is ca egori e in o one or ore han o cleaning reducing t e initial re terili a urden reduction issues regar ing lane ary ro ec ion o o one) “Category” defined in he lan tion ioload – contact ti e i i ortant i t i no ing t e io urden and iodi er it ro e ha a ission sa isfies he re uire en e ary ro ec ion olicy additional credit i ta en and a tandardi ed on t e roduct fro lane ary ro ec ion olicy uan i a roce need to e de elo ed and ado ted electing a roce a ing attention to a i ely n ha shoul e care abou in he terial co ati ilitie ission esign 58 59 ntegrating t e roce in t e roduct de hese issues are iscusse in he con e of he or roce election and lanning io urden elo ent and te t lan ayabusa ission he n a anese sa le eci ication er cleanroo cla can e u ed leaning e ore ou a l a io urden re re urn ission o a s all bo y bu he analysis ta le in and docu ent duction roce e ho an rocess can be a lie o o her or a lication o roce on lig t a re a ing attention to a ro riate reconta i issions in general nation re ention roce a a i u ual ayabusa as launche by in ece ot orgetting t e are a rocedure are a aila le in ber reache i s arge y e as eroi – t ing go rong it i nece ar to re or in docu ent yugu in une an ill re urn bac o he or a e ure t at roduct can eit er ar h in is an in er lane ary s acecraf he ayabusa ission igure ) as con ta e ore c cle art o uali ication ro an he lane ary ro ec ion olicy ha o be si ere as a egory for he ou boun our gra or u e are a en in o accoun in such a ission olation o a cleaned ite e g acecra t ney i h ar icular a en ion nee e o “avoid ro a le clean en iron ent e g launc e Hayabusa-2 Mission Schedule impact with Mars under all mission scenar- hicle fairing) by an enclosure or “biobarrier” i ios”, and as Category nres ric e uring arengolt article d e ion to ur ace ar h e ar ure ece ber nece ar to re er e cleanline le el he inboun ourney corres on ing o “unre nder acuu ar h ing by ece ber s ric e ar h re urn” igure sho s orbi s uc i olation a roac e are al o i ortant yugu rri al une or cleanline re er ation during e g tor of he ar h blue line) ayabusa green c u ert r onne yugu e ar ure ece ber age rior to integration tran ortation et een line) as eroi or yugu ur le line) andian and elder eri ental ar h een ry ece ber cleanroo and or te t acilitie an ars re line) he orbi s of he s ace odeling o terili ation ect or t o HAYABUSA-2 AND PLANETARY PROTEC- craf an ars are no so close o each o her n end to end reconta ination a roac a eric ntr eating on icroorgani TION bu here are rela i ely higher chances of en u e lig t de lo a le io arrier or re en ec rie 4 coun er co are o o her lane s of course tion o reconta ination and or non lig t te hen esigning an in er lane ary ission one
orar di o a le io arrier ite during a us consi er an obey lane ary ro ec ion e l olicy in or er no o con a ina e lane s here he origin of life ay e is for ar con THINGS TO REMEMBER a ina ion) an no o en anger he ar h by io urden a and terili ation e oint bringing e ra erres rial organis s if such e include is bac ar con a ina ion) n his s u y for ar con a ina ion is consi ere as ore i or an has e elo e reco en a ions ai e a a oi ing in er lane ary con a ina – ion n ar icular ars uro a an ncela us
y oshihiro hu o a egory ny ar h return mission. “Restricted a egory lyby rbi er an er o e s arbo Earth return”: Mars; Europa; others TBD; “Unrestricted naceous hon ri e s eroi s u i er a urn ranus Earth return”: Moon o hers e une lu o haron ui er el b ec s o hers
BIOBURDEN, ASSAY AND STERILIZATION ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS The International Planetary Protection Handbook Ryugu is far enough i.e., almost ero collision spacecraft has higher reliability than the E probability) both from the Earth and Mars. on Engine ystem). n other ords, the E as considered to be the critical component HOW TO PROVE COMPLIANCE? and the failure of the E must be considered The re uired probability alue differs, depend first. ing on the mission. n the case of the aya busa mission, the re uirement as that the The relationship bet een reliability and fail probability of impact of the spacecraft ith ure rate λ is usually represented by: Mars under all possible mission scenarios must e p − ) be less than in the year period after its This relationship means that the reliability de 60 launch. 𝑅𝑅 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 creases e ponentially as time passes. The pa The difficulty is to pro e it uantitati ely. rameter λ is determined by specification of a enerally spea ing, accidental impact is only subsystem. or ayabusa , the E the criti reali ed in a se uence of spacecraft failure and cal component) as designed in such a ay the passi e motion of that spacecraft follo ing that out of thrusters ) must remain in control loss after the failure. Therefore, one good condition for years. needs to compute the product of the failure Then, ith . , yr , one can deri e probability by the impact probability after fail . − day . o e er, this is ust a ure. The first term depends on the system fail pure reliability𝑅𝑅 e aluation𝑡𝑡 of the E itself. or ure rate and the meteoroid ill rate. The second the𝜆𝜆 reliability related to Mars impact, hich is term depends on the mission under considera represented as , e ha e to consider the fact tion or its tra ectory design, as it is strongly re that e en if system failure occurs, an impact lated to orbital dynamics. ith Mars can be a oided as long as at least FAILURE PROBABILITY: SPACECRAFT SYS- one of the four E thrusters is operati e. TEM FAILURE RATE ) – – e p − ) − Estimating the spacecraft system failure rate 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≈ – – e p − 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 re uires referring to the reliability of subsys 𝑅𝑅 𝑡𝑡 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 𝑓𝑓 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 tems: hat is the most critical component here 𝑅𝑅 (𝑡𝑡) Reliability𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆)} re hich component is the dominant factor lated to 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀Mars impact and is the failure 𝑅𝑅 (𝑡𝑡) represents the o to estimate the failure probability probability due to bus subsystem𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 malfunction. 𝑓𝑓 These uestions illustrate ho important the is the total probability minus the proba design philosophy of the spacecraft is. bility that e ery thruster is dead and minus fail ure probability of other subsystems. s is men or ayabusa igure ), the design philos tioned, the critical component is the E and ophy as set such that any subsystem i.e., data can be regarded as negligible in this case. handling, communication, po er manage 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ment, thermal control, attitude, etc.) of the 𝑓𝑓
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ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS The International Planetary Protection Handbook FAILURE PROBABILITY: METEOROID KILL RATE 61 ≈ − 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝜙𝜙 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 – − 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑞𝑞(𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅 (𝑡𝑡 𝑅𝑅 (𝑡𝑡 𝜙𝜙 (𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 –
IMPACT PROBABILITY AFTER FAILURE
𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑝𝑝𝑝 𝑡𝑡 –
ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS The International Planetary Protection Handbook 62 ΔV ΔV – ΔV by the IES by the maximum angle error. The result on the right is the worst ΔV in the ≈ ΔV 𝜋𝜋/
ΔV
ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS The International Planetary Protection Handbook ΔV ΔV exceeds the produced ΔV capabil- 63
– Δ Based on the Lambert’s problem, the minimum ΔV departure ΔV to intercept the Mars orbit – – by, the required ΔV ΔV ΔV
ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS The International Planetary Protection Handbook Transfer trajectory to Mars dealt with as a ero his happens be ause the ori inal tra e Lambert’s problem tor aims at the arth s in b hus, the ori inal tra e tor desi n is also important Lambert’s problem assumes a spa e ra t un der the in luen e o a entral ra itational the spa e ra t ma pass near the arth or or e tra elin rom point to a point in a other planets su h as enus, it should be ta en time i ure hen the ballisti trans er into a ount in the probabilit anal sis here tra e tor an be sol ed, assumin a t o bod ore, e used onte arlo simulation, hi h problem ith epler orbit the ra it o as thou ht to be a suitable method be ause the un is dominant, it is use ul r , r , and the d nami s o s in b is reall sensiti e to 64 bein i en, the initial elo it is resol ed initial onditions, or approa h a to the Then the impulse ΔV necessary to reach P arth, and that auses a lar e dispersion o an be sol ed numeri all probabilit e thin that onte arlo simu lation as better than other possible simpler methods i ure sho s a lo hart o im pa t probabilit anal sis, both or dire t impa t ases and s in b ases or omparison he al orithm used or the a abusa mis sion onsists o t o steps the irst step is onte arlo propa ation and the se ond step is statisti al pro essin , hi h is ne essar be ause the number o ases in the onte arlo simulation is pra ti all limited, onsiderin the omputational ost he probabilit is e al uated b the time inte ral o the probabilit un tion, so ideall e ha e to onsider e er – Graphic representation of Lambert’s problem. sin le ase o timin hen the s stem ailure o urs, hi h is in inite n pra ti e, ho e er, n the a abusa mission, the probabilit o e dis reti ed the time e er one month, and dire t impa t to ars is ero, but the probabil per ormed onte arlo simulation startin it o ettin ra it assist o the arth is not ea h da
–
or ea h startin da , e de ined the number or initial de iations, e a e aussian ran o ases as , , and propa ation time as set dom numbers ith ariation a ordin to a to be ears a ter the laun h, as is re uired ura o orbit determination and uidan e er b the lanetar rote tion oli i ure ror n the omputation, e too ra it in lu en e o all the planets and the un usin
ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS The International Planetary Protection Handbook ep emer s lso e s o l ot or et t at t e stat st pro ess re s o s t e e ro ess a se b t e appro mat o o s at o o t e plots o re t loo s t a ret at o s al late as ΔV t mes t be appro mate b a ss a str b t o b s aro m tt al lat o s s o b t e re l e s e te s t e probab l t to t e t sta e e t e probab l t o ars mpa t a be al late to be o ero o rse t s a t all almost ero
i re – epresentation of iscreti e onte arlo sim lation. i re ample of intersection points on ars plane. eme t o s b ases or o s b ases or re t mpa t ases as e al ate b t e sta e rom t e art to t e terse t o po t o t e spa e ra t o t e pla e o t e art pla e s a pla e perpe lar to t e orb tal mot o aro t e e e e t e t res ol as m ll o m t e spa e ra t passes ear t e art b m ll o m e e o e t e ase s e e as a s b ase a ot er se o s b ase or e am ple o r a al s s or ases ere s stem a l re o rs o a ar ases o t o ases ere e e as o s b ases a ot er ases ere e e as i re e iation of the plots on i re s b ases or bot o t ese e prepare ere t stat st pro ess al or t ms e t t e al or t m or “s b ases” s e al or t m or “ o s b ases” s br e l es r be a s mpl e ma er rst br e l es r be rst e est ate e er tra s er tra e tor a ter ra t ass st b t e terse t o po t o t e ars pla e re art to ars s ma e b Lambert s problem s o s t e a t al res lts or t e o e ro p o t e same a e o a e ole o t e art ases t e re t e pos t o o t e s pla e t at o e ts to t e tra s er tra e tor e a t ere ore t e pos t o o ars e s sear e re e rat o o t e area o presse b re po ts mo es a b t a or to t s e ole to t e area o a r le t t e ra ts orb tal mot o l e plots are terse t o s o m ll o m s o e re ere e or t e po ts o t e spa e ra t a some spers o probab l t e stat st al pro ess s o or at rom t e t al e at o s a be te a all t e probab l t o ars m obser e mo t ese o ase rea e t e pa t s er e ars pos t o s a t s s e a e to o
ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS The International Planetary Protection Handbook
“ ”
–
ORBITAL DYNAMICS AND IMPACT PROBABILITY ANALYSIS The International Planetary Protection Handbook apter ase t es
L L However, … …all missions leaving Earth orbit must ≤ ≤ ≤ L L
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook elta v bu get re targeting , an s a e Ensure goo inter a e with laun her s s ra t esign e g , lo ation o tan s, a i tem or u er stage im a t anal sis tional mi rometeoroi rote tion ll a tivities ne essar to er orm a rob o a ommo ate these e e ts, have a irst abilit o im a t anal sis are inter is i li tra e tor anal sis rea or the nar an re uire the intera tions between his irst tra e tor anal sis shoul not be i erent engineering is i lines too sim listi – otherwise late hanges in the s a e ra t esign or o eration might be ome ne essar
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook L pa e ra t L ≤ ≤
≤ L La er pper sta e L ≤ La er pper sta e ≤ ote
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook pa e ra t ume trajectory impact probability of ‘1’ ≤ Δ
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook tar eti a pacecraft e i e lo ll acti itie ece ary to perform a prob catio of ta a itio al micrometeoroi ability of impact a aly i are i ter i cipli protectio ary a re uire t e i teractio bet ee o accommo ate t e e effect a e a fir t iffere t e i eeri i cipli e a aly i rea y at t e time of t e i fir t a aly i oul ot be too im pli tic – ot er i e late c a e i t e r u t i t e la etary y tem pacecraft e i or operatio mi t be olume 1 ue come ece ary 1 ctober 1 a e 1 1 1 ote t at t ere i a tra e off i t e aero aylor a ia t i tributio of meteor bra i e i bet ee more e tle a oi e cou teri t e art lo er aerobra i e ati e for microme olume ue 1 teoroi effect a reliability a more a a e 1 1 re i e a orter aerobra i e ati e for ar are ualificatio a operatio ure oo i terface it lau c er y tem for upper ta e impact a aly i
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook L – L – L
– “ ”. “spores” may not be the relevant measure:
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook
–
: t laun h a ount n of ≤5 total spores, ≤3 total spores on planne lan e har are an mean e pose sur a e ens ty o spores m . : ssembly an test n n or better leanroom env ronments. :
aun h re ontam nat on not to e ee at – laun h b obur en re u rements. : r h v n o samples o at least rams s a ars lan er m ss on thout l e ete t on o ea h or an mater al type or h h nstruments the n ht m ss on has been es more than s transporte to ars. nate ate ory a by the lane o umentat on o or an mater als or tary rote t on er. n a or an e th the h h are present on the spa e ra t n re u rements state n ro e ural e quantities of ≥ . u rements o ument . or th s : ate ory an type o m ss on the n ht ro aun h veh le ars avo an e o less e t s re u re to omply th the ollo n : than or years a ter laun h an probab l ty o a non nom nal mpa t o
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook ars by the spa e ra t ue to ru se phase m ss on that oul have re u re a h her level failure shall be ≤ – . o leanl ness. n a t on n ollo n urrent establ she n the latter part o the l st the re u rements are pra t e an a ter onsultat on to obta n best to ensure n orporat on o planetary prote t on ava lable a v e the mpose the nto system en neer n best pra t e n the m ollo n a t onal planetary prote t on re plementat on an aspe ts o the re u re u rements: ments. he avera e nternal beh n or tor tuous path b obur en as re u re to be ≤ spores m . he mole shall be unpo ere an ease op he pro e t a opte the stan ar pra t e or erat ons mme ately the tether to the art an ate ory a m ss ons by allo at n lan er brea s ur n sur a e operat ons. the a mum ounte obur en e u re e shall not be present th n rea h o ment o spores nto a bu et able instrument’s mole (to be demonstrated an mana n the b obur en bu et us n thermo ynam ally by pre laun h analy a lanetary rote t on u pment st s s . analo ous to the spa e ra t ass u p he mole shall not enerate a th n l u ment st but th leanl ness her ta e as lm as a result o operat ons nsu ent saye an a ounte b obur en an sur a e to transport a nm part le to be emon an volume entr es rather than mass see e strate by pre laun h analys s . erpte llustrat on o a n ure . lanetary rote t on an n te ev e as re u re . ro e t shall ut l e prov e ‘ne ’ heat m rob al re u t on spe a t ons h h prov e e pan e mplementa t on opt ons e. . no hum ty onstra nts re t or manu a tur n pro ess n as su perse n the ‘ol ’ spe at ons n the present . o ument able – . re u rements to be apture nto the evel ro e t ystem e u rements o or the pro e t spe spe al analyses that ument rst ro e t to apture all ere nee e to emonstrate that the m ss on re u rements nto the ynam b e t r oul not trans ress planetary prote t on at ente e u rements tool . e ory onstra nts the ollo n or as ll evel an re u rements are un er per orme : ro e t han e ontrol oar mana e ment. he early entr es n these a t onal re u re he an n te hara ter at on as to ments are asso ate th the pro e t emon emonstrate that the sele te an n te s a pe al e on .e. . strat n that the m ss on oul not ause trans ress on o the parameters or a ate ory .
ote that the urrent pe al e on lo er tempera ture l m t s but at the t me the n ht analyses ere per orme the re u rement as or .
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook n addition t ermal modelin as er ormed t at eatin ould enerate ater a ti i to s o t e boundin sub sur a e tem eratures ties in ore s a es t at e eed t e t res old or at t e landin site o er t e ull ars ear on mi robial a ti it e ma imum ossible t e s e i i sols o t e n i t ission in lud bul ater a ti it ( r as esti in s a e ra t a ti it it t e enetra mated to be tion ase e e ted around sol en e at t e bul s ale alt ou t e tem er t ermal model eri i ation as also er ature re ime durin s a e ra t o erations ma ormed tem oraril e eed one o t e limits (tem era e anal sis ound t at t e s ort li ed tem er ture t e ot er ( ater a ti it as not e ature ele ation o t e subsur a e abo e ambi eeded o in its nati e state t e landin site ent due to ammerin and t ermal on is not a s e ial re ion and it s a e ra t o du ti it measurement a ti ities is on t e or eration t ere is no an e or a s a e ra t in der o ean subsur a e tem era du ed s e ial re ion to be reated en e t e tures at t is site are rodu in t ermal mission ul ils ate or a re uirements and ele ations to is not a ate or mission o e er t e re olit in t e l sium re ion is dr and i e ree eliminatin t e ossibilit
– e anal sis ound t at a ulse o a small uan – tit o ater due to t e mole a ti it ould n anal sis as also er ormed to understand enerate to monola er e ui alents in t e t e ossibilit t at drous mineral om osi immediate i init o t e mole is ould re tion in artian soil a able o de dration in turn to its e uilibrium alue o monola ers t e ran e ollo in t e a ti it o it in ours iberated ater ould lo un t e mole mi t liberate small amounts o a der a illar a tion s readin out in all dire ter is ater ould mi rate otentiall en tions but t e ma imum ilm t i ness is too trainin and arr in arti les in ludin terres small to entrain a nm arti le and is bot a trial mi robes to ot er more a orable en iron s ort li ed and small distan e enomenon ments ere t e ma be able to re li ate is demonstrates t at e en at t e mi ro s ale e anal sis er ormed is onser ati e as it t e n i t mission does not trans ress t e s e (a a ounts or minerals not li el at ial re ion limits t at ould ma e it a ate e uatorial sites and (b a tors in t e ma i or mission mum uantit o ater t at ould be lost rom total de dration o t ose minerals
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook ased on t e anal sis t e ollo in lan or ard as a ro ed as a e table or demon not er element o t e n i t mission is t e stratin om lian e it t e re uirement international artners i t at e ists or ontri esi n t e biased aim oints and bution o a load elements e a a e attitude to ensure a minimum irst ass is ontributed rom ile t e a robabilit o im a t less t an or all load is ontributed rom or ea o anomalous s enarios t ese elements t e n i t ro e t as a load m lementation lans it t e instru esi n t e blo do n attitude to ensure t at t e ars en ounter is su i ientl ar a a ment ro iders t en eneratin t eir o n nsti tutional (i e and lanetar ro that the ΔV from the gravity assist is insuffi- te tion lans ient to la e t e entaur on a ear resonant tra e tor in t e nominal s enario e lans are inte rated it lo do n o re uirements to a loads and im lementa er orm ase ear onte tion mana ed b re uent tele on eren es and arlo ro a ations o t e t ree anomalous s e email e an es (e e ti e e i ient ommu narios to determine t e eta distribution s a e ni ation addressin im lementation a roa arameters or t e ear robabilities o im uestions and ro idin assa u dates is a a t to i area o dis ussion or and enerate one million sam les o ea ee l tele on eren es o t e si eta distributions re resentin t e assa o inter a es t e ard are a robabilit o an anomal and t e resultin e tan e erti i ation ro ess and status o ear robabilit o im a t bio assa s ere on site a ti ities at and ombine t e si million sam le sets it t e n i t lanetar rote tion en and anal ti al robabilities to determine t e ineer u inte ration a ross or ani ational distribution o t e estimate o t e total roba and international boundaries is e tremel de bilit o im a t sirable or smoot lo o o erations but t t e time o ritin t e a ro ed met odol needs earl in or oration into inter or ani a o is bein ritten u and submitted to a eer tional lannin ( s ontra t a reements re ie ed ournal et or an bioburden ontrolled lanetar rote s it ot er missions t e n i t ro e t as tion im lementation a roa in ludin outer a re uirement to ensure t e robabilit o t e solar s stem ate or missions (and ate (un leaned laun e i le u er sta e im a t or missions it bioburden re uirements in ars is less t an or ears a as a result o bein unable to meet robabilit ter laun i all t is is a ie ed b bias o im a t a oidan e re uirements at an a ro in t e in e tion aim oint or laun a a riate robabilit le el t e im lementation rom ars ote t at t is re uirement ( or ro ado ted b t e n i t team ro ides a use ul te tion o ars ould also be le ied on mis re eren e oint sions to outer lanets s im lemented t e n i t ase stud i e anal sis or n i t also in luded onsid li ts t e need to eration o entaur u er sta e anomal s enar ios in t e assessment in ludin ailure to se stablis and maintain an end to end bio arate ailure to er orm ailure to im burden a ountin a roa lement blo do n a attention to t e details o ro enan e (manu a turin redit inside outside leanliness inter a es en ironments test
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook a ti ities ard are ro essin re ontami nation e team ould li e to a no led e lan a ead or a ilities needs and in t e i le el o oo eration o t e n i t or oration o into t e lo ro e t team in t e om ilation o t is mate denti and build in t e time resour es rial in arti ular t e su ort o t e n i t ne essar or i strin en leanroom lanetar rote tion ead r i enar o eration dini e n i t ro e t i li ts t e bene it o ood ommuni ation bet een im lement ers ard are en ineers laun e i les o er ational esear oun il ( re entin ations ro e t mana ement and ontributin t e or ard ontamination o uro a as ard are artners to t e smoot im lementa in ton e ational ademies ress tion o lanetar rote tion – so build in lan tt s doi or etar rote tion in u ront rom t e earliest
lannin sta es o t e ro e t
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook – – • • • – • • • –
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook – – “ launcher upper stage shall be ≤1 DM separation, shall be ≤1 ”
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook shall be ≤ ≤ • ≤ conditions of 500 C for ≥ ≤ • ≤ – • shall be ≤ erage surface bioburden shall be ≤ • ≤ • ≤
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook “debris catalogue”. The altitude at which this event occurs, the “ altitude” criterion is the “Heat Load” criterion providing – thermal models providing the two “tempera- ture extreme values”. For conservative as-
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook module and the strateg to be applied at mod- hardware to be sterili ed is compatible with the ule and level during the assembl , envi- selected sterili ation process. ndications re- ronmental tests, launch campaign and launch. garding the materials and hardware compati- The general approach is to sterili e the light bilit tests or sterili ation processes are ta en hardware be ore integration and to reduce as rom the - - T- - standard. emon- much as possible the bioburden recontamina- stration o the item compatibilit with the se- tion during the successive activities up to the lected sterili ation process is re uired and it is launch. hen sterili ation processing is not done b anal sis and or test depending on the possible due to the incompatibilit o the light t pe o item. hardware with an sterili ation technolog , nvironments o di erent levels are used or cleaning and bioburden assa s are mandator the ssembl , Tests and Launch pera- to achieve the value o bioburden allocated to tions. s ar as the particulate cleanroom level the item be ore integration. is concerned, cleanrooms o , , n general, the se uence o activities is irst to and level as per - - T- - clean and then to bioburden assa the item in standard are used in the pro ect. n addition, order to now its initial bioburden level, be ore strict bioburden controlled environments appl ing a certi ied microbial reduction pro- named H Highl ontrolled level are used cess. The inal bioburden level o the item is during handling operations with bioburden then calculated considering its initial biobur- controlled hardware aimed to achieve or pre- den level be ore appl ing the sterili ation ap- serve the ategor b. e inition proach and the number o log reduction ob- o these cleanrooms bioburden level is per- tained with the sterili ation process. ormed ollowing the - - T- - and - T- - standards. hen to per orm the cleaning and the biobur- den assa s be ore sterili ation, e.g., during The ollowing average sur ace spore densit and or be ore the assembl , depends on the or cleanrooms in operation were used at the t pe o item and has to be established or each beginning o the pro ect to estimate the recon- one be ore the start o the assembl . tamination o an item into a bioburden con- trolled cleanroom The “real” bioburden re- The sterili ed or cleaned items with the nown contamination numbers were then obtained as bioburden level are integrated in bioburden results o bioburden measurements . controlled environments. econtamination class cleanroom or better, highl precautions and sur ace bioburden chec s are continuousl per ormed onto the light hard- controlled spores m class cleanroom or better, normall ware during the environmental tests and launch campaign in order to ma e sure the are within controlled spores m the allocated bioburden levels. class cleanroom, highl controlled , spores m utput o the bioburden budgets are the de ini- class cleanroom, normall con- tion o the log reduction to be applied at each trolled , spores m item with the de ined sterili ation process and ncontrolled manu acturing the de inition o the TL environments. spores m r Heat icrobial eduction H as per uring the handling operations o bioburden - - T- - , apor hase H drogen controlled hardware, not dealing with the ars eroxide bioburden reduction as per - - samples, H and H cleanroom T- - , th lene oxide, ltraviolet levels are used or the hardware integration. and amma radiation are the sterili ation portable H tent is used or transporta- methods applied or the bioburden reduction o tion and introduction in a sterile environment the light hardware and related round up- o light hardware which is part o the ars port uipment and tools. ll the light sample pathwa . This light hardware area is
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook na ed l ra lean one erile rior o he deli er o a bioburden on en iron en i h on rolled airborne ole u rolled a e ra hard are and are i lar and ar i ula e on a ina ion i u ed or a li able he ul ra leanin and in e ra ion o rior o in e ra ion e ha inhibi ur her li h hard are Thi en iron en i ade b a e o e o ed in ernal and e ernal e a rain o erile lo e bo e T T air o ed ur a e and a ed ur a e – a a borne and ur a e on a ina ion are on inu a la h i al a e – in ludin rior o ou l on rolled and oni ored i ola ion er onnel or in in ide he bioburden on he a e an e o bioburden on rolled rolled en iron en ha e o be rained bo h in a e ra hard are and are i a li a he u e o erile ar en and in he beha ior ble o be ollo ed in ide he on rolled en iron e ore and a er ri i al o era ion e en ro edure or leanroo leanin and re or be ore and a er ran or o a or oni orin li h hard are leanin and or bi ub e or odule oburden le el ain enan e durin he T a er aler and a ion le el de ia ion a i i ie in ide he e bioburden on rolled leanroo le el leanroo are e er an in iden ha ould in rea e he bioburden or he a e ra hard are and bioburden a a lan i re ared or ea h are i a li able i e be ore a l in he erili a ion ro e ioburden a a lan are re ared a odule Verification assays, prior to launch.” le el and a le el o e alua e he nu ber o ore ha an be in rodu ed durin he in e ra ion and o he re en and on rol he ur a e bioburden re on a ina ion durin he li h hard are handlin on round a re T T e in and laun h i e o era ion The bi oburden a a lan are on inuou l ada ed ollo in he e olu ion o he ro e The ioburden a a lan i i ued a he inal ha e o he i ion in he la er ion o he re laun h re or The la bioburden a a o be a en a he aun h i e ill be in luded in he o aun h re or – ioburden a a i ure are er or ed ollo in he ro edure T ailored or he o ar ro e b he u e i lanned a in in o o er a oun he ollo in re uire en i en b he u o er The are er or ed ollo in he bioburden a a lan i ued b he i e ab or ea h ur a e area on a e o ar ro e The lan a rea ed a en in o ra hard are o a oun he ollo in re uire en i en ro or iona e nu ber bu a lea one b he u tomer): “Bioburden assessments on ab or ea h ur a e area on a e ra a e ra hard are hall be er or ed a re hard are u h aller han uired o ee he bioburden on rol lan or ne i e or ea h ur a e area on a e li h e bu a lea ra hard are in he ran e o rior o a l in a bioburden redu ion T o i e or ea h ur a e area on a e ro edure e ra hard are er
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook oncernin the any mar in), the encapsulated bioburden ill subsystem that under oes a planned hard land ha e a alue hich ill depend on the in on ars contributes to ards the allo able materials as much as on the surface bioburden encapsulated bioburden. planned hard land allocation. a in into account the total bio in refers to all parts of the subsystem that burden allo ed to the descent module, shiftin are discarded prior to the terminal descent in surface bioburden to encapsulated bioburden the nominal scenario. n the o ars allocation may be done as needed. ission these subsystems are the and the s these are the final alues to be met at ithout elements different from the launch, a de ratin factor is applied to the andin platform. deli ered to the rime for the ith allo t is pointed out that planned landin profiles cated alues dependin on their location as constitute the nominal scenario, unplanned is ell as e pected si e, surface characteristics any off nominal e ent. ard are that under and en ironments in addition to the o er oes an unplanned hard landin e. ., due to all maturity of the desi n. landin failure) does not contribute to the al he samplin and analysis of all o ars lo able encapsulated bioburden. bioburden assays are performed by certi e ertheless, encapsulated bioburden shall be fied personnel at se eral ertified icrobio assessed for all the fli ht hard are, the encap lo ical laboratories i ure ). sulated bioburden is allocated only for the fol lo in o ars elements: elements that are planned to land on ars ith a hard landin crashin onto ars surface) as ront hield, ear ac et, separation system and arachute system not metallic elements that are not self sterili ed in the bul material after the cat astrophic brea up. stimation of the encapsulated bioburden of the fli ht hard are for plannin purposes are performed usin the follo in alues: – era e encapsulated spores’ density of spacecraft parts not defined as electronic or Bioburden re contamination pre ention plans not electronic parts: spores cm are prepared at module and le els in order lectronic piece parts: spores cm to maintain the measured estimated bioburden ther non metallic materials: alues of the fli ht hard are, recontamination spores cm . pre ention includes at least the follo in ac ti ities: n some particular cases, e. ., hermal rotec tion ystem ), the real density of encapsu Bioburden monitorin of hard are and lated spores spores cm ) can be measured cleanroom) up to launch ith dedicated biolo ical tests. terile alcohol ipin terile co ers biobarriers pac a in mate here is not constraint on the encapsulated rial bacterial spores but as the total bioburden terile fluids e. ., ) in contact ith the constraint is to ha e less than bacterial fli ht hard are spores includin the mar in) and the sur se of filters, bioseals face bioburden constraint for the is to ha e less than bacterial spores includin the
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook o r e o ro o ro ppor e e s o e se er so e s o p e o e ere po r s er e soprop r re or e er o ro e s o o or er o re o e e er o e p spores o er e or o s e o se o e e r spor per or e e es re e pro o ers e e ers e res o e p re e e r ro r or perso e ope e e e p r s re s er e o e o ro e e ro e s r e ro e o pro ess or er o e e e re re er e e o o pre e o s s e s s e s r e spore e s ess er por r o rr ers o ers o erpress re o spores e r spor o o e p e s s e s e re p e e e r s er e p r s o s er e e ro e s es s r e es e e o re e s er o o re ro e e por e e e e e e pro e res or r spor o o e por e e ro o o e e s o e s er e e ro e re e e ope ese es re per or e perso e e r s er e r e s s s s s oo s o e o es s
e p r e s o e pro ess e r o es o e s er e s sse e p r s s o e so e s er e e ro e s e ro e – is built as a “train” of sterile glove boxes, the o e o r or e s s er e e por se ro e ero e s r s e o r e re re e o e e e e s e re e s s s e s o e e s o e e o ro e osp ere respe o p r er s s o r s p es or e e o e r o o o e e o s o er e e re re er e o e r e o o o o o r e re re e o ess e r or e s r e o o e e o er spores s e e e p e e o e o s o ore e ro o e o o e e s r e e rs o or or e s o o r e r s ep s o e e s r es s p o p es p e e e re o e rs s p e o e o e e pro e res o or p s re e e ope e o r e e e s e s r es e ose e o e e ro e e o e re re or e o e o re per rs s p e o e re o o r per o p e or er o e s p e e s r es e s re o o r e re o o o rs p r o e r s p e p s e e r e e r o s e e rs s p e e r o ro e rs s s r re e p o s s e s r e o s zone is called “Ultra Cleaned Zone” or UCZ. e s r e o s s s s sse e r re or er o e e p r s e or e s er o
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook rill tool cha ber conta ination off gas sing drill aterials, olecular and articu late conta ination during rill , con ta ination fro lu es, entr descent landing re ressurization . he UCZ olecular organic conta ination C and articulate conta ination C are evaluated through itness sa les laced inside the . tatic contact transfer coeffi – cients for the UCZ static arts and d na ic transfer coefficients for the UCZ not static nce the UCZ is integrated, it is over ressur arts are used to evaluate the transfer of UCZ ized on ground ith sterile gas and aintained surface conta ination to the artian sa le. until landing on ars to revent bioburden he UCZ airborne olecular conta ination is and organic reconta ination. evaluated considering the outgassing of con nal tical a load arts that belong to UCZ ta inants fro ol eric aterials resent in are also treated b the a loads roviders in or the UCZ. t the beginning of o erations on der to achieve the re uired average surface ars the core sa le trans ort echanis s ore densit less than . bacterial door is o ened and the UCZ ressure is e ual s ores . terilization rocess is a lied on ized to the artian at os here ressure. the arts. edicated strategies for ac aging, herefore, the outflo of conta inants occurs trans ort, un ac ing and integrating the re and the UCZ airborne olecular conta ina lated anal tical a loads arts ith the other tion is reduced. he contribution to the olec UCZ co onents are develo ed and i le ular conta ination of the artian sa le due ented. to the adsor tion of olecular conta ination co ing fro the UCZ at os here is evaluated ta ing into account adhesion factors and the re duced UCZ airborne olecular conta ination. he first ste to addressing the re uire ents is olecular conta ination co ing fro the to understand the and to define hich s ace thrusters’ lu e i inge ent and exhaust craft aterials could directl or indirectl con gases can conta inate the external surfaces of ta inate the artian sa le fro here it is the . n addition, off gassing of the non extracted ith the drill tool until it is anal zed etallic aterials resent on the external sur ith the anal tical a loads. botto u faces of the can occur in the ars at os a roach is a lied to derive the conta ina here. nce extracted fro the ars subsur tion of the artian sa le at the end of life face the sa le te erature can influence the sa le as a su of different contributions to trans ort of conta inant if it is colder than the the sa le conta ination. he follo ing con environ ent, facilitating the condensation of tributions to the artian sa le conta ination olecular conta inants hich can be trans are evaluated orted fro the external surfaces of the to UCZ surface conta ination residue of ul the ex osed sa le. valuation of this contri tra cleaning, olecular and articulate bution to the artian sa le conta ination is conta ination during UCZ erfor ed b eans of C anal sis ta ing UCZ airborne conta ination off gassing onto account convection diffusion trans ort in of UCZ aterials the flo regi e resent on ars, the olecular ff gassing of external surfaces in conta inants off gassing fro the non etal cluding conta ination fro lu es, entr lic surfaces of the and the te erature dis descent landing re ressurization tribution on the as the surrounding envi ron ent.
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook e u r t t r the s s s e t re e es r thrusters’ u e e e t e h ust t u t e er t te h ses s e s rt u te t t s ues e er r the sur es es e t u e r t t re u re e ts re te t ress t t te er e s s the rts the r t h s tr u ur e re u re e ts re er e t s s ere t e u te the rs s e test s s t t r the r rts rs s es’ t t re u re t t the t t u re ur e ts re er e test s s the r r e t t ue t ter s ss s r t tr s er e e ts re use r the e u t ur the u h t t es the r u the rt s e t t u et s e sur e ur e rt u te r re e t t t u ts t t t h s t e t re u e h ss h se ut uts th s u et re the er ur h h the s e su the e t the e r esses te t the r u t the e t the re u re u h he re t t ues t e tr e e r e ts u e t ur the ur e rt u te r e rt u te e u r t t t r re u e the res e t e e e s the r sur es se t t u ets the u e sur es t ter the e su t t the the t e u r rt u te s e te t the ther tr u ts t r r e ures s re ssue t ether the tr ur tr s rt u h th the e t e e t t ut the ur e t t t t r r e ures t he the e u r th the the s ute rt u te e e s the sur es ur s s r er t e u te the re t t the e s e the e e s the ter e se sur es the ht h r re ter s re er r e t t u t the ere t tr ut s he ur e re t t ue t the t the rt s e t t ust e r e t t u h s e u te re t r rt et ee the re er ressur t the re e ts the the re r et es the re the r rt u te re h t hes the r he re t t ue t t t tr s er e e ts r the r t the re r Several “blanks” are tested to e str te th t et ur the u h s est te e the te r te rs s e th t s te s s “no biological” and “no organic” terrestrial the t e re t t ues re t t h h u t the test re u e the ur e u et su ts he se r h r e rs he re u re et r r te t u e t he er t the re u re e ts s r t th t the re te re e s s ress e tr e the ssue er ste e he r e ures the re t tr u e ts s th t re te re e s t the ete st the t u us u te u t the e the r r et r r te t u e ts t e e ere r e h re u re e t the er t eth the res e t e re e h s st e u s t the e e e re te he te the r r e ut er t eth s ht e s t s e test
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook n acc rate eval ation o t e le entation costs s o ld be ade ro t e t is nda ental to rovide training beginning o t e ro ect co rses or all t e ro ect tea at t e earli est ase o t e ro ect es eciall to t e i e intensive activities s c as ard are s bs ste engineers be ore t e selection cleaning icrobial assa s and sterili ation o t e s bcontractors and be ore t e de ini rocess s o ld be incl ded in t e tion o t e lig t aterials and design sc ed le to avoid sc ed le criticalities in t e and a nc erations lans e lessons learned co ing ro revio s ro ects it si ilar categori ation s is an interdisci linar co etence st be taken into acco nt it is needed to ens re a good co nica tion and e ective relations i s bet een t e e ri e re ire ent s eci ication tea and t e ro ect anager engi s o ld be laced at t e sa e level o s s neers ersonnel laboratories er te s eci ication as nor ative doc ents sonnel and s bcontractors to lo do n t e re ire ents to t e lo level s eci ications oc entation ra t inal roval evie lanetar rotection le entation e ire ents S lanetar rotection lan S lanetar rotection le entation lan re a nc lanetar rotection e ort ost a nc lanetar rotection e ort s re ired nd o ission lanetar rotection e ort s re ired rganic aterial nventor –
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook is section describes t e lanetar rotection eing art o a ategor b ission activities ndertaken rior and d ring t e as S as s b ect to re ire ents se bl and test o t e S instr ent on ro t e to level o t e ission board o o ars ntr escent od le S s b nits ere asse bled in an S la nc ed in cleanroo environ ent o on conta i nants o nd in t e cleanroo ere generated ro o r basic so rces t e acilit eo le S is t e a tono o s s r ace a load tools and rod cts reas ad acent to t e ackage acco odated on t e o ars cleanroo ere less clean t an t e cleanroo la nc ed in t is a eteorological station aterial airlock and clot ing c ange areas it t e additional ca abilit to er or eas ere conta inated b t e activities going on in re ents o t e electric ields close to t e s r t ese areas and t e conta inations in t e o t ace o ars side corridors and service len s ere not S scienti ic ob ectives are controlled e air s lied to t e cleanroo i not correctl iltered as a so rce o con eteorological eas re ents b onitor ta ination e loor alls ceiling and ot er ing ress re te erat re ind s eed and s r aces in t e cleanroo ere s r ace direction idit and d st o acit d ring so rces t eir conta ination being ostl de a artian sol eas re ents d ring rived ro ersonnel to c ing t e or de os da ti e and at nig t at t e landing site iting t eir conta ination t ro g t e air ese aracteri ation o t e artian bo ndar s r aces ere also so rces o conta ination i la er in d st conditions oor alit constr ctional co onents ere a ard onitoring b roviding a co re sed ic break and dis erse ibers ood ensive dataset to el engineers to an c i s laster etc leanroo clot ing gloves ti a ards or e i ent and an and asks are ot er s r aces t at are conta i cre velocit o indblo n d st electro nated eit er b t e eo le earing t e or b static c arging e istence o disc arges contact it ot er cleanroo s r aces erson and electro agnetic noise oten nel it in t e cleanroo can dis erse conta tiall a ecting co nications ination ro t eir skin o t and clot ing e irst ever investigation o at os eric is conta ination can be trans erred to t e electric eno ena on ars sa le t ro g t e air or b contact it t eir ands or clot ing ac ines are anot er e S ackage incl ded t e ollo ing so rce as t e can generate conta ination b s bs ste s t e ove ent o t eir constit ent arts or b S idit sensor generation b t er al electrical or ot er S ress re sensor eans a aterials sa le containers and ars e t er o eter ackaging t at ere bro g t in or i ed into et ind ind sensor t e S cleanroo co ld ave been icro S electric robe conta inated and ere considered so rces S S Solar rradiance S ectro eter entral lectronic nit atter e best esti ates o biob rden on S ere based on esti ated ree and enclosed s r ace areas ated s r aces and enca s lated non etallic vol es o str ct res and co o nents sti ates o biob rden levels ass ed
o n r cato
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook t at all ard are ndergoes icrobial red c sterile endor t be and l o sterile a tion roced res roced res or re aring ter into eac sterile alcon t be standard s ab assa ill ollo t ose re orted n t e cleanroo a sterile s ab as re oved in SS S ccording to o ro its container and t e ead o t e s ab as ars to levels re ire ents t e a load s all oistened sing t e sterile ater in t e sterile ave a cleanliness level o s ores or endor t be cess oist re ro t e e ternal general s r aces i e de ined as non s ab as e ressed against t e interior all o sensitive at deliver or integration onto t e t e t be e s ab as eld so t at t e andle ade eter ination o icrobial b rden allocations abo t a angle it t e s r ace to be sa or t e ard are re ired detailed di ensions led ile oving t e s ab in one direction and s eci ications o all co onents and s b e rotated t e ead o t e s ab slo l and s ste s aking S nclosed s r t oro g l over a eas red c s r ace aces e osed s r aces enclosed vol es and area e linear direction o t e s abbing o enca s lated vol es ere deter ined or tion as c anged and again t e s r ace eac co onent ated s r aces ere not tal s abbed t oro g l e co leted a t ird lied and a conservative ass tion o t e total coverage o t e s r ace b again c anging t e ated area o S ard are as as direction o t e s abbing otion b s ed and acco nted or as ree s r ace s ores e s ab as t in a sterile alcon t be con taining l sterile ater e broke t e s ab S r ace biob rden de ends on t e class o t e s a t at t e break oint and closed t e alcon clean roo in ic t e s bs ste is asse t be or rt er rocessing bled Sa les ere trans orted to t e laborator e deter ination o colon or ing nits stored at and rocessed it in o rs a ter t e lating o c ltivable icroor ganis s ro s r aces and ro t e air as ade according to S o ars tailored bio ac alcon t be containing t e ater and t e b rden assa roced res ro SS S s ab as laced on a vorte i er and vorte ll air sa les ere anal ed accord at a i o er or seconds ing to t e S standard air sa ling no eat ac alcon t be containing t e ater and t e s ock e cleanroo te erat re as s ab as t en laced in an ltrasonic bat and a ositive ress re di erential aking s re t e li id level in t e bat is as aintained bet een t e cleanroo and t e above t e l id level in t e t bes and sonicated o tside e relative idit as or seconds it a o er o and or eac s r ace t e n ber o sa les to be a re enc o k taken as calc lated as sa les √[ tot c c e alcon t be containing t e vorte ed and sonicated s ab as laced in a ater bat at or in tes as deter ined b a i s icient n ber o sterile dr s abs o lot t be containing a t er o eter e ade an S ab l endor t bes s re t e li id level in t e ater bat is above sterile l alcon t bes and l glass t e l id level in t e t be bottles ere re ared e a toclaved t e endor t bes and t e ater in t e l glass ter eat s ock e cooled t e alcon t be bottles se ticall i e in la inar lo cabi ra idl to bring t e contents to e net e i etted l o sterile ater into eac entire lating roced re re ires ore t an
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook in tes t s t e eat s ocked t be s all be e t t e s ab in a sterile alcon t be con laced in an ice bat or no longer t an taining l sterile ater broke t e s ab in tes rior to lating s a t at t e break oint and closed t e alcon t be or rt er rocessing ac alcon t be containing t e ater and t e e anal ed t e controls in t e sa e a as s ab as laced on a vorte i er and vor t e sa les described above te ed at a i o er or seconds se So e e a les o corres onding areas o ticall i e in la inar lo cabinet e i et S in bl e sa led are re orted in ted l ali ots onto t e s r ace o ig re and ig re etri lates e sed a sterile s reader to s read t e dil tion over t e s r ace as evenl as ossible and allo ed t e oist re to be absorbed into t e agar be ore inc bation lates ere inc bated at
e e a ined t e lates at and o rs colonies ere visible b e e e co nted and – recorded data e e a ined and recorded inal colon co nts at o rs e did not re ove t e etri late covers ntil t e inal o r co nt as ade or eac ten or e er sa les collected e also collected a 'field negative’ control, at least er da n t e cleanroo e re oved t e sterile s ab ro its container and oistened t e ead o t e s ab sing t e sterile ater in t e sterile endor t be cess oist re ro t e s ab as e ressed against t e inte – rior all o t e t be e aved t e oistened s ab t ro g t e air or to seconds and t t e s ab in a sterile alcon t be containing l sterile ater broke t e s ab s a t at t e break oint and e r eat icrobial ed ction as er closed t e alcon t be or rt er rocessing or ed on S in t e t er o vac c a ber e i ed it t elve t te era In the lab, we created at least two ‘lab negative t re sensors to onitor t e e ective te era controls’. In the laminar flow cabinet, we re- t re at di erent c a ber locations e era oved t e sterile s ab ro its container and t re as aintained at or o rs oistened t e ead o t e s ab sing t e ster ile ater in t e sterile endor t be cess ter t er o vac tests S ere oist re as e ressed ro t e s ab against s ab sa led to control t e inal bioload o t e interior all o t e t be tal co nting o ero s ores ere eas red and according to ero total case a total bioload o
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook were statisticall acco nted on the to - nder s ervision of I in do ble flight model. barriers to reserve its sterilit and biob rden allocation d ring shi ing. e orts were re- after biob rden red ction, showed ared and a roved b the lanetar rotec- average biob rden densit less than bacte- tion anager and a thori ed b the . rial s ores m on e osed s rfaces. aving meas red the bioload to be well below the lanetar rotection Im lementation e ire- ment levels, the flight hardware was delivered
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook – he main characteristics of the a ab sa- and missions are described in able . he a ab sa- mission s ccessf ll reached its target, i.e., asteroid g , arriving at m altit de from the asteroid s rface on ne , ig re . he first rover de lo - ment occ rred in e tember and ctober and the first sam les were grabbed in ebr ar , before the robe starts its one- ear long o rne bac to arth in ecember . –
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he lanetar rotection olic subcategory “unrestricted Earth return” issions in this s bcate- able describes ategor as follows gor have lanetar rotection re irements “ on the o tbo nd hase onl , corres onding to he concern for these mis- the categor of that hase t icall ategor sions is the rotection of the terrestrial s stem, I or II . the arth and the oon. he oon m st be or all other ategor missions, rotected from bac contamination to retain freedom from lanetar rotection re ire- egory defined as “restricted Earth return” ments on arth- oon travel .
a ime ano and oshi h o, I . blished in , 's in- formation b lletin, mber , ecember .
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook ressed by the abso ute rohibition of de ust re ain contained structi e i act u on return the need for contain ent throughout the return hase of a returned hard are ategory us a continuing onitoring of ro ect ac ti ities studies and research tion procedures and containment techniques).” f any sign of the e istence of a non terrestria re icating entity is found the returned sa e
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E E E E tional Research Council’s Space Studies Board “ rganic co ound ” (SSB, 1998) e erature i uid ater adiation intensity Energy sources o arison to natura inf u to Earth
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook a s that shield it rom sterili in temper or missions determined to e Cate or , atures or radiation. “Restricted Earth return,” the following re- quirements shall e met nless speci icall e empted, the out ound le o the mission shall meet con tamination control requirements to a oid etermination as to hether a mission is clas “false positive” indications in a life detec sified “Restricted Earth return” or not shall be tion and ha ard determination protocol, or underta en ith respect to the est multidisci in an search or li e in the sample a ter it plinar scienti ic ad ice, usin the rame or is returned. A “false positive” could pre- presented in (SSB, 1998). ent distri ution o the sample rom con Speci icall , such a determination shall ad tainment and could lead to unnecessar in dress the ollo in si questions or each od creased ri or in the requirements or all intended to e sampled later missions to that od . 1. oes the preponderance o scienti ic e i nless the samples to e returned are su dence indicate that there as ne er liquid a ected to an accepted and appro ed sterili ter in or on the tar et od ation process, the canister(s) holdin the samples shall e closed, ith an appropri . oes the preponderance o scienti ic e i ate eri ication process, and the samples dence indicate that meta olicall use ul ener shall remain contained durin all mission sources ere ne er present phases throu h transport to a recei in a . oes the preponderance o scienti ic e i cilit here it (the ) can e opened under dence indicate that there as ne er su icient containment. or anic matter (or C or car onates and an he mission and the spacecra t desi n must appropriate source o reducin equi alents) in provide a method to “break the chain of or on the tar et od to support li e contact” with the small body. No uncon- tained hard are that contacted the od , . oes the preponderance o scienti ic e i directl or indirectl , shall e returned to dence indicate that su sequent to the disap arth. solation o such hard are rom the pearance o liquid ater, the tar et od has body’s environment shall be provided dur- een su ected to e treme temperatures (i.e., in sample container loadin into the con 1 C) tainment s stem, launch rom the od , . oes the preponderance o scienti ic e i and an in li ht trans er operations re dence indicate that there is or as su icient ra quired the mission. diation or iolo ical sterili ation o terrestrial Re ie s and appro al o the continuation li e orms o the li ht mission shall e required at . oes the preponderance o scienti ic e i three sta es 1) prior to launch rom arth dence indicate that there has een a natural in ) prior to lea in the od or its en iron lu to arth, e. ., ia meteorites, o material ment or return to arth and ) prior to equi alent to a sample returned rom the tar et commitment to arth re entr . od or unsterili ed samples returned to arth, a or containment procedures to e necessar pro ram o li e detection and ioha ard test (“Restricted Earth return”), an answer o “no” in , or a pro en sterili ation process, shall e or “uncertain” needs to be returned to all six underta en as an a solute precondition or the questions. controlled distri ution o an portion o the sample (SSB, 1998).
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook
Evaluation on case by case basis. amples from the outer meter. amples from the same parent bodies of this group. imitation of available data led to a conservative assessment need for containment – Evaluating the biological potential in samples returned from lanetary atellites and small olar ystem odies
able summari es the ategory provi- ormancy period of hypothetic spores sions for small solar system bodies. must be of the order of billions of years in Answers to the six uestions mentioned above a dry environment. will now be reviewed in the case of ayabusa. uestion oes the preponderance of sci- uestion oes the preponderance of sci- entific evidence indicate that metabolically entific evidence indicate that there was never useful energy sources were never present li uid water in or on the target body ns er “NO”. rimitive meteoritic mate- ns er : “UNCERTAIN”. Recent discov- rial could provide sufficient energy resources eries provide mounting evidence that there was to potential life-forms. water on and in main belt -type asteroids. oth photosynthetic and chemical pro- However, “liquid” cases for NEOs of the same cesses are considered at the near Earth type are less certain. space. A ueous alteration of primitive parent hemical reduction-oxidation (red-ox) re- body material is well-known from carbona- actions are playing the key role ceous chondrite samples in which it is ineralic components like phyllosilicates, likely that li uid water penetration ended sulfides, phosphates, carbonates, silicates billions of years ago. provide nutrients like , , a, g, , e, ater ice and organic absorption signa- l, etc. tures have recently been reported for the autner . ( ) reported that micro- surface of ( ) hemis ( -type main belt bial life and plants have been grown on asteroid). urchison extracts. he discovery of “main belt comets” raises uestion oes the preponderance of sci- the possibility of water presence inside co- entific evidence indicate that there was never location of hydrated minerals and organic sufficient organic matter (or or carbonates compounds are suggested for carbona- and an appropriate source of reducing e uiva- ceous chondrites. lents) in or on the target body to support life
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook ns er : “NO”. Carbonaceous meteorites alactic cosmic rays and radionuclides con contain or anic material to su ort the rowth tained in the carbonaceous chondritic interior of or anisms. of the tar et body. rimitive meteoritic material usually con This question deserves more discussion in the tains a “few” percent of carbon case of Hayabusa , which involves two sam Carbon hases are ubiquitous in rimitive lin sequences: meteorites urface am lin , the same as for Ta ish a e meteorites have u to or Hayabusa anic content T ty e Callahan . of NA A C re • afe area no boulders of s acecraft si e orted that some nucleobases such as NA in the landin elli se bloc s Adenine, uanine and nucleo • Choosin the sites for both scientific bases analo s were e tracted from Antarc and o erational merits tic meteorites • U to two different locations Or anic inventory ma es them scientifi • Im act sam lin by ro ectiles cally interestin In this case, sterili ation is sufficient by solar uestion : oes the re onderance of sci U radiation, vacuum, and other s ace aram entific evidence indicate that subsequent to the eters, as illustrated in i ure . disa earance of liquid water, the tar et body has been sub ected to e treme tem eratures i.e., C ns er : “NO” for most pristine materials such as U erihelion do not e ceed the recommended tem erature on their surface. “YES” for local heat maximums like impact craters.
Usually in meteorites there is no evidence – that this tem erature has been e ceeded si nificantly. et al., urface tem eratures usually do not e ceed C in NEO orbits, unless very close ub surface sam lin to be attem ted a erihelion e. ., U . AU few wee s after CI crater formation C . • If the new fresh crater is identified Im act rocesses create very local e treme • If tem oral dust torus settled down to be tem eratures. safe uestion : oes the re onderance of sci • If the vicinity of the artificial crater entific evidence indicate that there is or was meets landin safety requirement sufficient radiation for biolo ical sterili ation • Only once, either inside or ust outside of terrestrial life forms of the crater ns er : “YES”. iven the e tremely lon • Total mass is at a ran e of m e osure time with slow turnover rate, a steri In this case, the sterili ation rocess must be li ation of the to surface is assumed. Also e amined as a function of time and de th. sub surface materials for both monolithic bed The dee est de th estimate of the artificial roc and re olith layers to be e cavated by ar crater on re olith layers is cm and sam tificial craterin are assumed to be sterili ed by lin attem t will be ta in lace a few wee s
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook after the crater formation sterili ation is in here are in ications that certain materials effect to some e ree . are un errepresented in the world’s mete- Sub surface sterili ation processes assessment orite collection e. . brittle carbonaceous results in the followin conclusions: material . Today’s incoming stream of meteoritic ma- Sub surface emperature le el terial ma not be representati e an ma • eat sterili ation of in i enous life in ar o er time. cm epth sub surface of or NEO the material shoul ha e alrea oes not seem likel . arri e on Earth. enetration of C with ar enin ef E E E E E fect E • ar enin epth an time in the local he a abusa pro ect was officiall ap area are unknown et tokawa pro e pro e for the apanese iscal Year Y ranular con ection on the sub km as . n anuar the Space cti ities teroi an its samples experience Commission of the o ernment of apan ap r C exposure. he cm pro e the a abusa mission. he manufac eep crater floor of re olith turin of subs stems starte in Y . n la ers ma be at the mar inal epth of a the N C lanetar rotection Sub shiel limit to protect in i enous life in committee a e a presentation of a abusa . . r ileikowsk . or hat same month the COS Collo in r Clark . with an uium at lpbach recommen e the E cat uncertaint . e ori ation. n ul at the COS Sci entific ssembl in sore n ia a res a ionucli e exposure insi e carbona olution was rante . ceous chon rite composition rom anuar to pril the first interface • Carbonaceous chon rites contain a tests took place. rom October to Sep number of lon li e ra ionucli es an tember inte ration tests were carrie Ryugu’s a ueous alteration occurre in out. n ul at the COS Scientific si e the parent bo of ri ht ssembl in oscow ussia ars impact after its accretion at . . a. t is probabilit was reporte an accepte . n e lon enou h to pro i e sufficient os cember the spacecraft was launche b a e to kill in i enous life b the present from the ane ashima Space Center. time. n ecember a abusa was sub ect to uestion : oes the prepon erance of sci Earth ra it assist. rri al to tar et asteroi entific e i ence in icate that there has been a u u occurre in une . n October natural influx to Earth e. . ia meteorites of the first ro er eplo ment an the first material e ui alent to a sample returne from samplin were ma e. eparture from u u the tar et bo will be in ecember . n ecember ns er : “YES”. ith ariations o er time a abusa will return to Earth an lan at asteroi al an certainl NEO material inclu oomera ustralia with asteroi samples. in carbonaceous chon rites an micrometeor he implementation of re uirements pertain ites has been collecte on the Earth in lar e in to orbital anal sis for impact probabilit on uantities. ars has been ealt with in the section about Spectral comparison to ate consi ers car Orbital namics an mpact robabilit bonaceous chon rites as representati e of nal sis. C t pe asteroi s.
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook E E E autner . . onner . . illham and . eamer . . . iological otential of ll sample return missions regardless of E traterrestrial aterials. - the target ody are in ategory . . ategory comprises two su -categories: Restricted and nrestricted Earth Returns ilei ows y . ucinotta . . ilson RER ER . . . ladman . ornec . indegren . RER targets such as ars Europa and En- elosh . Ric man . altonen . and celadus must e scientifically prepared for hengi . . . atural Transfer of ia- the protection of oth potential io- le icro es in Space: . rom ars to Earth spheres in out ound and in ound legs. and Earth to ars. - . eing categori ed as a ategory mission to solar system small odies is determined on a case- y-case asis using the est sci- entific nowledge a aila le at the time of the category proposal to S R . n order to assess RER ER categori a- tions small ody sample return missions must go through the si uestion series. f ER ategory is granted y - S R no further range of re uirements is re uested e cept regular mission progress reports for all and ars impact pro a ility analysis for those missions ha ing a poten- tial to go eyond the artian or it. ission design and spacecraft systems may e affected y categori ation. ct early to propose S R categori a- tion and get appro ed prior to finali ing the mission scenario and design.
allahan . . Smith .E. lea es . . Ru ic a . Stern . . la in . . ouse . . and wor in . . . ar onaceous meteorites contain a wide range of e traterres- trial nucleo ases. - . lar . . a er . . heng . . lemett S. . c ay . cSween .Y. ieters . . Thomas . and olens y . . Sur i al of ife on steroids omets and ther Small odies. – . ornec . laus . . and ancinelli R. . . Space icro iology. – . mine . onley . ip in . Yano . S R s lanetary rotection olicy .
CASE STUDIES The International Planetary Protection Handbook ha ter essons earned – o to co y ith anetary ro tection tandards “do’ d don’ts” in Planetary Protection. E E E E o ution E E E E E E E E onse uence o ution: Clarifying PP related staffers’ re- E E E E E E onse uence o ution E E EE E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E EE onse uence onse uence
LESSONS LEARNED The International Planetary Protection Handbook : a ing so eone fro t e PP tea as designated lin it t e PP Pro ect tea Progra anage ent engineering tea and conta ination control tea sitting in all re- : e selected aterial ay not lated eetings to ens re co nication andle PP sterili ation et ods forcing to start t ro g o t t e entire ission and a oid s r- aterial selection and ard are design o er rises co nicate PP concerns infor of costing oney and creating se ere delays to PP re ire ents and follo on t e general t e entire ro ect. PP stat s of t e ission. or large ro ects t is designated lin co ld also e in c arge of an- : Considering fro t e o tset t at PP aging PP training for ro ect ersonnel as ell affects ission design. t is conse ently i - as re ie t e doc entation. or large ro- ortant to disc ss ard are design and ate- ects t is is li ely to e a f ll-ti e o . rial selection it t e PP at t e eginning of t e ro ect. : esign fla s as t e ard are and ot er arts can’t andle sterili a- tion rocessing. : ncl ding s -contractors in early ro ect lanning con ersations in ite t e to : iffic lties in nderstanding PP ro ect eetings o erseen y t e PP . and t erefore andling PP re ire ents at t e is needs to e done in arallel to a Conta - rig t stage it in t e ro ect lti ately lead- ination Control a roac s -contractors ing to failing to eet PP re ire ents. s o ld a e to i le ent a CC lan. : Peer training. co etent PP lead needs to a e een t e assistant of a co etent PP lead in t e ast general trainings are not eno g in t is case . f s c co etence is : iffic lties in atc ing PP re- lac ing it is i ortant for t e PP staffer to fol- ire ents. lo a ore s ecific training ta g t y ast PP leads as is c rrently t e case t ro g : ncl ding C ersonnel in early and Planetary Protection trainings . s PP Pro ect eetings to facilitate a areness of yo r PP o en s c training co ld e t andling constraints and additional scr tiny of into lace. ard are rocessing acti ities. : PP is not ro erly ta g t at cer- tain le els of t e c ain of co and lea ing anage ent staffers often it no dee co - prehension of PP’s utility, while some sub- contractors needing ore ands-on training are so eti es only ro ided it t eoretical : iffic lty in reac ing PP re- co rses. ire ent co liance. : Creating a range of training ada ted : efining titles and PP res onsi ili- to t e different ays PP is i le ented ties etter at all le els ace agency ro ect t ro g o t t e ro ect de ending on t e is- contractor . sion’s category ranking (ranging from leading
LESSONS LEARNED The International Planetary Protection Handbook general trainings for management with incen among others lack of training, unsuited steri ti e on the historical role and fundamental pur li ation facilities etc ll of which will threaten pose of PP to trainings with a hands on ap compliance to PP re uirements proach for engineers and designers his prac he general consensus is to plan on tical training should be held where the plane ac uiring one instrument to calculate the total tary protection re uirements ha e to be applied project’s cost. to alidate the consumables and procedures he PP manager will ha e to spend an important amount of time with con tractors to fi problems that could ha e been a oided hat time spent costs possibilities for errun budget due to the need the PP manager to link with other parts of pro for additional resources and workforce ect teams that need him he material used iscussing PP cost for cleanrooms without taking into account PP re uirement and material by establishing a clear PP budget might also not handle sterili ation methods with the PP at the outset of the pro ect such as and need to be re designed Plan on pro iding a formal PP train ing for the contractors in ol ed in the space craft building phase his way, the design and de elopment of landers ro ers hardware will take into account PP re uirements from the reated o er time acti ities ery start, so the material will be able to resist translated into o er cost and delayed launch re uired sterili ation decontamination temper atures his can be planned with the help of the Planning e tra PP re iews time slots (PP , the pro ect manager and PP ead at the in the calendar for contingencies warn person start of the pro ect, to help with material selec nel that they happen more often than not and tion that could tolerate and other steri need to be seriously taken into consideration li ation methods so as to fit PP re uirements elays and possible accidental istakes when finali ing the recontamination cost, resource and plans Plan working time in cleanrooms arly on in the pro ect, teaching and with the PP ecessity to scope the need for training PP inancial and schedule aspects to staff and insert in early PP calendar taking into pro ect managers, super isors and funding consideration staff rotation (due to the risk of agencies recontamination by clean room cleaning per sonnel taff need to adapt to the regulatory procedures within cleanrooms to ensure that no re contamination occurs f a clear PP budget is not set and funding is o errun during the course of the pro ect, cuts may occur hey may entail,
LESSONS LEARNED The International Planetary Protection Handbook st s t t e project er t e t e ppropr te er o st ee e or t e e e e te . e s. to co s er t o t e p c o r re r t e es p se. e o e o t e test c t es e s o se t e s co tr ctor o (EMC, shock, vibration…) are not in a clean o to p c t e r re. e ro e t re re t o e orts to eep t e r re c e . e e test c t es t t e t t e e o t e project. e pro s ee s to e set t t e o t ject er ee s to e s re t t t e ee s re set o t e es c c e t e project este t e e re tc e t e co co e er cost c es to st rt tr cts o t spec c t o s proc re e ts. o er or re es so e o t e proce res. ccept ce re e s ee e ec se so e r ro t e o tset t t so e t es c t es c ot e c e e p to t e c es ppe or re e co s ere r t c e ess e e . so t t ter t e proce res c e pre p re ce o o er costs or e s. e ter oes ot s r e t e tr c e process e t er t e te r or process s to e o e . ress t e e or se ect o o ter . e s to co s o et ee t e t o. p t e c e r ere ces r ees o tr too e r t ere re et ee poss t ro e o c e r reco ect o o o to oper te c rtoo e s etc es to s e t e er e t e c e roo . e e ect o tr ees e ces or ro p t e er o e c pt o tr e r s or too te r t e project. such as “cleanliness”. t pes o co e se o t e s p e so t t st t ts s t e ore c t s t e e s ers co pt t e r e or et se to re e ts tec es re re ere t r or c e roo s. t c te o t t o o ec r o t t o s o o e er e tre te to tr s e r o t t e et er t e r o tor s o te co e . e t e roject er cer. c t es tr c t e pro r t c et s o c ec e ress o re re e t p e e t t o t st ss cr t c eet s ere t e t ro o t t e project. s o e ee or e o c e r oc e t t o s o e p rt o re or e p e e t ter o e c e t e o er project e e oc e t t o . e c es oc e t t o c t es re c e s o e s re t t re re e ts re re e ts. re est s e tr c e t t e project
LESSONS LEARNED The International Planetary Protection Handbook level ocu entation throu hout the entire ro ect.
LESSONS LEARNED
The International Planetary Protection Handbook he Check ist cha ter serves as a eneral su ar o oo ractices an reco en ations.
e ular short re etition o all trainin s in a s all rou ( ) (e. ., ever ears). n case o ission ela s lea in to a sub stantial a ount o har are en ineerin ersonnel turnover, kee in in it is i . Establish clear lanetar rotection ortant to train the ne recruits on ro roles an res onsibilities. tocols. ou ill thus avoi ne istakes . esi nate e icate an e eri resultin in ailure or roble s to eet the ence traine sta at all levels re uire ents or launch a roval. (s ace a enc , ro ect an contrac tors). Discuss every PP staffer’s exact role an res onsibilities throu hout the ro ect. evie the ersonnel co e eetin artici ants ill inclu e the , tence, checkin their revious involve ro ra e ecutive, ro ra ana e ent, ents assistin a co etent lea . ro ect ana e ent, ro ra scientist, en i Consi erin their various levels o neers, conta ination control ersonnel, ro ect co etence, lan or our sta to at tea an sub contractors lea . ten an ator trainin a e uate to their kno le e an sta es in the ro ect in hich the ill intervene. . iscuss the various levels o trainin ith various levels o s eciali ation hat erson shoul be sittin in all relate ro ana er to on eck sta , takin eetin s ith sub contractors, ro ra an into account that so e sta ers ill ission ana e ent, the , the ro ect nee ti e to a a t their behavior to tea , en ineerin tea , C ersonnel an strict cleanroo behavioral re uire conta ination control tea . hat erson ill ents. o not or et to consi er train ensure co unication throu hout the entire in our ro ect contractors i the are ission, avoi sur rises, co unicate con involve in buil in ele ents on hich cerns, in or o re uire ents an ollo re uire ents a a l . hus, that u on the eneral status o the ission. or aterial ill be able to resist re uire lar e ro ects, this esi nate link coul also sterili ation econta ination te era be in char e o ana in trainin s or ro tures. ect ersonnel as ell as revie in ocu entation. or lar e ro ects, this is likel to rainin o ortunities a inclu e be a ull ti e ob. or ana ers lannin an ator train in s in or er to teach inancial an sche ule as ects to ro ect ana ers, su Material selection an har are esi n so ervisors an un in a encies. it can tolerate sa lin an M an or sub contractors lannin an ator atch te erature co liances, i.e., re han s on a lication an i le entation sistin re uire sterili ation econta ina oriente trainin s or sub contractors. tion te eratures.
lissa . a a i, C .
PLANETARY PROTECTION CHECKLIST The International Planetary Protection Handbook ea roo e viro e t a rotoco s Discuss staffi a or force. roce ure erso e o itori a ) cco o ate verificatio essays. a f o c art for sa i a at various ocatio s i si e t e c ea roo . or a ate ory issio s sc e u e a atory PP trai i s for sse e PP u et s ou ta e i to co si eratio y est a au c es eratio s) er t e ee s i erso e various eve s of trai so e . i s a rices of se ecte steri i atio faci i or ate ories a c issio s ties a ateria . i e tify a fa ac a i site co ati e it a PP cate ory a i e e tatio t at ou satisfy a si ifica t fractio of t e scie ce re uire e ts. rai i ates. or cate ory es ecia y c a esti ates. restricte art etur t e PP s a e e u ar eeti s et ee t e PP t e co si ere a e e e e er of t e ro ra a a e e t t e ro ect a a e ro ect PP tea a as to e rovi e e t a t e ea of t e PP tea . it i for atio re ate to critica s ace evie s it t e PP to oversee i e craft o eratio s o t e a etary surface e tatio . t at ay affect PP co ia ce a or i ter ate y ic ocu e tatio ee s to e ests. fi e out to atc ro ect ea i es. ti e i e ta i i to accou t steri i atio rocess ti es steri i atio faci ities ee to e oo e ear y). e ro ect i c u es PP co strai ts o scie esti ate or i ti e i c ea roo s tific o eratio s ost a a eria ifficu ties iscusse it oca s) re e er to a ste fro t e fact t at PP re eva t erso e for t e r io ur e cou t. are ot i c u e at ey or a i atio a eet PP revie s ro ress eeti s it t e i s ic ay create co f ict at a eve s. PP i et ee for a ro ect revie s. ruitfu exc a es it t e PP ea to t e xtra PP revie s to avoi co ti e cies etter e iti of e ivera es a a etter re PP Pro ect a a er). rese tatio of t e areas t at ere sa e t rou t e use of o uter i e Desi D) tec ica too s i e o D . o ti e cies ca e ue to a o ot ers c a es i ar are or o er t a ex ecte Discuss t e u et ta i i to co si era io ur e co tro e asse y a testi . tio ee s i erso e eter i e t e suf is s ou e ta e i to co si eratio e ficie t u er of staffers ee e for t e preparing the staff’s PP calendar. t is t erefore e e e PP tea or i t rou out t e ecessary to a extra PP revie s ti e s ots ro ect) various eve s of trai i s a i t e ca e ar a ar t e staff fro t e rices of se ecte steri i atio faci ities a very start t at suc co ti e cies are ex ateria . tre e y fre ue t. P a iffere t sorts of trai i s for a a ers su ervisors fu i a e cies tec icia s co tractors etc.). a es ay occur for i sta ce re esi i ar are. ter ative PP roce ures ca e re are i a va ce a i avoi overcosts or e ays.
PLANETARY PROTECTION CHECKLIST The International Planetary Protection Handbook elect facilities and plan indi id al tests window…), especially for components ta ing int c nsiderati n ti e and e ip ith different e pansi n c efficients ent f r re c nta inati n c ntr l d ring n case f sec ndar pa l ad g d c en ir n ental testing nicati n et een the sec ndar pa l ad sti ate necessar r ing ti e in clean tea and the la nch ehicle pr iders is es r s sential t ens re that planetar pr tecti n ntegrate cali rati n int the dr heat steri re ire ents n the pri ar pa l ad are li ati n pr cess as it can i pact ship ent n t i lated and pr cess se ence P t int place fre ent and e en inf r al c nicati n t easil aintain PP ef e ie d c entati n and rec rds c n cerning handling hard are that re ire f rts al ng the pr ect chain f anage high le els f i rden c ntr l ent ser ati n f perati ns affecting PP Plan ti e f r h t and dr sterili ati n pr c pliance cessing as ell as the aiting ti e f r the erificati n essa s res lts n the c lt res hrs Pr ect eetings a e int c nsiderati n that i rden All “life detection” experiment meetings c ntr lled asse l and testing ta es s ith the issi n anage ent stantiall l nger than riginall planned c entati n re ie s PP d c enta r ing ti e in cleanr s is ften n ti n is t e c nsidered as part f the er deresti ated taffers ill need ti e t get all pr ect le el d c entati n s ste sed t strict specific cleanr eha i ral PP re ie s pr gress eetings in e re ire ents a e s re disc ss th se t een f r al pr ect re ie s atters ith r PP earl n s that a nch and landing the ill e ta en int c nsiderati n hen ilding the PP calendar
ple entati n f PP re ire ents sh ld e acc plished as a s ste le el pr cess ith PP re ire ents translated int appr priatel fl ed d n technical specifica ti ns f Planetar Pr tecti n affects issi n de sign • pical c pati ilit pr le s ith i rden assa r sterili ati n pr cess appr aches sh ld e addressed as earl as the design stage disc ss ptical c at ings ther al paints and general is atch • i sa pling cleaning c pat i ilit and the pac ing f hard are need t e design dri ers PP re ire ents i pact asse l integrati n and test acti ities and aterial selecti n eca se f cera ics s plastic l ricants gl es agnets laser
PLANETARY PROTECTION CHECKLIST
The International Planetary Protection Handbook
is section pro ides some insig t on ow ma or space agencies incl ding A, A A and A A manage planetary protection for t eir planetary exploration missions
n line wit t e A lanetary rotec tion e irements ased on Article of t e A on ention, Appro ed y t e A tandardi ation teer t e Agency is acting on e alf of its em ing oard er tates xec tion of acti ities and programs y A s all t erefore e consistent wit t e e o erall planetary protection manage em er tates rig ts and o ligations p r ment re irements s ant to international agreements, incl d e tec nical planetary protection re ire ing t e ter pace reaty ments for ro otic and man missions for e A lanetary rotection olicy is in ward and ac ward contamination) tended as an essential tool for ens ring t at e planetary protection re irements re necessary means are made a aila le to lated to proced res a oid interplanetary contamination w en e oc ment e irement escriptions t e Agency is carrying o t acti ities in ) and t eir relation to t e respecti e outer space, mindful of Member States’ re iews corresponding o ligations A spaceflig t missions This “ESA Planetary Protection Policy”, ontri tions to A spaceflig t missions complies wit t e A planetary pro A contri tions to non A spaceflig t tection policy and t e corresponding im missions plementation g idelines paceflig t missions carried o t wit any degree of A in ol ement s all comply wit t is policy and its associated re ire e A lanetary rotection rgani ation is ments descri ed in ig re elow
A o ncil, doc ment reference A ) Any re ision is s ect to appro al y t e A o ncil
y er ard mine , A
ANNEXES The International Planetary Protection Handbook Appro e planetary protection cate ori a tion and re uirements for fli ht pro ects Perform assessments includin inspections and re ie s of facilities, e uipment, proce Establish, maintain and act as custodian of dures and practices as appropriate to ensure the ESA Planetary Protection e uire compliance ith the planetary protection ments re uirements Ad ise and support rele ant ESA pro ertify the planetary protection compli rammes and pro ects on matters of plane ance in the course of fli ht pro ects part of tary protection launch certification
–
onsider the implementation of the recom mendations of re ie s ith respect to The Pro ect Mana er is responsible for the cor planetary protection aspects rect identification and implementation of the planetary protection re uirements at pro ect le el n particular, the Pro ect Mana er is responsi ESA is compliant ith the SPA Plan ble to etary Protection Policy dentify the planetary protection re uire The corporate planetary Protection respon ments specific to the pro ect by tailorin sibility is ith the Product Assurance this standard and rele ant planetary protec Safety epartment tion standards in the list of ESA appro ed The responsibility to correctly implement standards the planetary protection re uirements is efine the planetary protection implemen ith the Pro ect Mana er tation and mana ement approach A ran e of standards are a ailable to sup efine the planetary protection responsi port the implementation of the planetary bilities ithin the pro ect protection re uirements Prepare pro ect le el planetary protection documentation
ANNEXES The International Planetary Protection Handbook Publication of uidelines by the S, SS , SPA 1963: NASA acquires the first ‘Planetary Quarantine Officer’ – on loan from the Public ealth Ser ice n the early days of the space a e, e en before the launch of Sputni , scientists had e pressed concern on ho planetary e ploration should be conducted, ith respect to uardin a ainst E en from this early time, before the first the threat of contamination The timeline be Apollo launches had be un, the Space Science lo reflects the de elopment of the issue, lead oard predecessor to the Space Studies oard in up to the appointment of the first planetary of the ational Academies of Sciences as protection officer at ASA, r all pro idin ad ice to ASA on the conduct of September nternational Astronauti the e ploration of Mars or e ample, that cal ederation meets in ome, discussin NASA should “ lunar and planetary contamination ebruary nternational ouncil for Science S forms committee on on tamination by E tra Terrestrial E plora tion ETE ” as early ad ice to the ne PP from the une ational Academies of Science Space Science oard in Au ust establishes the Space Studies oard t should be noted that this e hortation pre uly ormation of the S ational dates no led e of Europa and Enceladus as Aeronautics and Space Administration bodies of si nificant interest ith respect to ASA chemical e olution ori in of life in the solar ctober ormation of SPA by system, and in the conte t of this olume, they S are no similarly re arded in ho ASA plan uly ormation of P S etary protection policy treats different solar ommittee on the Peaceful se of uter system tar ets Space
– t also pre dates the uter Space Treaty the land in the SA ith hich ASA has to hich, in the current timeframe, is the la of demonstrate compliance i ure ASA
y Andy Spry, SET
ANNEXES The International Planetary Protection Handbook also recei es ad ice and reco endations urn u anal ses to de onstrate that it ould fro its o n ad isor council NA of hich not cause har ful conta ination on ars the Planetar Protection Su co ittee has Si ilarl the uno ission could not aintain een the ri ar non NASA re ie er of lan a 1 1 ro a ilit of a oidance of i act at etar rotection i le entation ractices for uro a hence the io urden of that ission NASA issions had to e ana ed ut addressin the io ur den reduction effects of the o ian radiation en iron ent and the heatin effects of a otential ithin NASA is a docu ent hierarch for i act at uro a to de onstrate the a oidance lanetar rotection to ensure lanetar ro of conta ination at the required le el tection co liance for NASA issions: or future issions NASA olic descri es 1 NASA Planetar Protection Polic require ents for c oons ro NP : he hi hest le el lanetar ro NP 1 as follo s: “Requirements for tection docu ent descri in olic oals and fl b s orbiters and landers to c atellites authority (the “why” for planetary protection includin microbial reduction s all be applied i le entation in order to reduce t e probabilit of inadvert NASA Planetar Protection Procedural ent contamination of an ocean or ot er liquid equire ents for o otic issions ater bod to less t an per mission. NP 1 : s the require ents docu ent ese requirements ill be refined in future descri in hat is needed to de onstrate co ears but t e calculation of t is probabilit pliance with Policy goals (the “what” for lan s ould include a conservative estimate of etar rotection i le entation poorl no n parameters and address t e fol 3 NASA echnical Standard for Plane lo in factors at a minimum tar Protection NASA S 6 Protocols ioburden at launc . and s ecifications achie e co liance ith ruise survival for contaminatin or an Policy goals (the “how” for planetary protec- isms. tion i le entation r anism survival in t e radiation envi ronment ad acent to t e tar et. robabilit of encounterin landin on t e NASA’s re ious issions sho a histor of tar et includin spacecraft reliabilit . i le entation ractice and de elo ent to robabilit of survivin landin impact on achie e co liance ith lanetar rotection t e tar et. olic he A ollo issions de elo ed a on ec anisms and timescales of transport to itorin and quarantine a roach for cre ed t e subsurface. issions he i in ission de elo ed a ter r anism survival and proliferation be inal s ste le el sterili ation a roach that fore durin and after subsurface transfer. allo ed landin a s acecraft on ars ith ac ce ta l lo ris of for ard conta ination reliminar calculations of t e probabilit of contamination su est t at microbial reduc n contrast the alileo and assini issions to tion ill li el be necessar for ate or the o ian and Saturnian s ste s res ecti el orbiters as ell as for ate or aintained their ris of conta ination i landers. is ill require t e use of cleanroom act a oidance tec nolo t e cleanliness of all parts before O as a result of uncertainties in the e ecu assembl and t e monitorin of spacecraft as tion of its aeroca ture aneu er could not sembl facilities to understand t e bioload and eet the required ris of conta ination i its microbial diversit includin specific prob act a oidance alone and hence utili ed io lematic species. pecific met ods s ould be de urden control and ost launch rea u and veloped to eradicate problematic species.”
ANNEXES The International Planetary Protection Handbook n e eloping a general approach for issions to the o ian syste where i pact a oi ance alone is ins fficient to achie e co pliance it is necessary to ta e into acco nt the ifferen- tial s r i al of ifferent s -pop lations of the io r en ollowing on fro the reco en- dations of the SSB report “Preventing the For- ward Contamination of Europa”, the JIMO (Ju- able – roupin s of bioburden t pes for bioburden ac piter cy oons r iter pro ect an s ccessor countin purposes in and successor studies. st ies partitione the spacecraft io r en into fo r s -pop lation types categori e as in ig re
Example – Not Project Data
i ure – ioburden accountin b bioburden t pe t rou a mission stud timeline.
i ure – pacecraft bioburden cate ories in t e n s ary NASA has aintaine co pli- pro ect and successor studies. ance with the ter Space reaty y following SPA Policy he NASA PP le ies re- hese categories co l then e assesse as fo r ire ents on pro ects ia s al pro ect re- ifferent is oint gro ps for acco nting p r- ire ents flow- own then onitors co pli- poses ( a le ance NASA recei es in epen ent a ice an inally in the analysis these gro ps co l then g i ance to aintain p to ate policies an e en erate an reco ine to gi e s r i - practice Pro ects interpret an i ple ent re- ing io r en as an inp t to the o erall pro a- ire ents e eloping ission-specific (an ility of conta ination calc lation ( ig re so eti es no el strategies to achie e co pli- ance at ti e of la nch
ANNEXES The International Planetary Protection Handbook the Spa e Station (astronauts S a so owned the su u a enter (test fa i ities, re- sear h enter , and other fa i ities nti in Japan there were two spa e In a or ing roup started design stud- agen ies whi h ou d aun h ro ets ies of the SE E E pro e t, whi h was offi- he Institute of Spa e and stronauti a ia approved in as a oint program of S ien e (IS S whi h was responsi e for S and IS S spa e raft for s ien e he ationa Spa e gen of Japan ( S whi h was responsi e for spa e raft uti i ation ( road ast, Earth o - servation, engineering tests IS S was esta ished as an institute of o o niversit It was dire t ontro ed the Ministr of Edu ation It parti ipated in mis- sions to Comet a e sin e he Sagamihara ampus was esta ished in IS S resear hers are invo ved in edu ation as – professors raduate students and postdo s he Japan erospa e E p oration gen from universities are invo ved in IS S pro- J was founded in through the unifi- grams IS S resear h departments en om- ation of IS S, S and , the a- passed oth s ien e and engineering It oper- tiona erospa e a orator he SE E E ated a aun h fie d at hino-ura from whi h (Kaguya) mission was “a symbol of unifica- so id fue ro ets were aun hed (e g , M- in tion” (Figure the s here is a sharing of responsi i ities etween J and IS S IS S proposes, deve ops and operates missions possi re ating to p ane- tar prote tion J is responsi e for p an- etar prote tion he overa P anetar Prote - tion organi ation of J is represented in a e he epartment of Safet and Mission ssur- an e (S M esta ishes and maintains ‘standards’ for p anetar prote tion It organ- – i es a p anetar prote tion standardi ing or ing roup and supports its wor he S was esta ished in the s, for Chair of the is Fu ita (J spa e uti i ation and deve opment under Ja- he Internationa Spa e E p oration eam has pan’s nationa po i S had more than responsi i it for the esta ishment of PP strat- , emp o ees, most of whom were engi- eg and storage of information and te hno o- neers It operated a aun h fie d on gies along it, with organizing “PP research anegashima Is and, from whi h were group”. he hief of the group is J aru ama aun hed ro ets using i uid and O (e g , (tentative the -II ro et, Figure S aun hed Earth o servation sate ites and modu es for
B Juni hi aru ama, IS S J
ANNEXES The International Planetary Protection Handbook he Planetary Protection e iew oard re- he hair of the board is . amagishi ( o yo iews PP of pro ects and or rele ant matters. ni ersity of Pharmacy and ife ciences).
– “All JAXA” planetary protection
ANNEXES The International Planetary Protection Handbook
NOTES The International Planetary Protection Handbook
NOTES The International Planetary Protection Handbook
ommittee on pace esearch ( P ) Place aurice- uentin, Paris, rance rue ean- ran ois reton, ontpellier, rance Phone ( ) ( ) mail cospar cosparh .cnes.fr P ebsite www.cosparh .cnes.fr PP ebsite www.pposs.org
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