Cinema E História Antiga: a Propósito Do Filme Cleopatra (1963) De Joseph Leo Mankiewichz

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Cinema E História Antiga: a Propósito Do Filme Cleopatra (1963) De Joseph Leo Mankiewichz Cinema e História Antiga: a propósito do filme Cleopatra (1963) de Joseph Leo Mankiewichz. I parte Autor(es): Sales, José das Candeias Publicado por: Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa URL persistente: URI:http://hdl.handle.net/10316.2/23781 DOI: DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0871-9527_19_5 Accessed : 5-Oct-2021 07:16:50 A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. impactum.uc.pt digitalis.uc.pt CADMO Revista de Historia Antiga Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa 19 CINEMA E HISTORIA ANTIGA. A PROPÓSITO DO FILME CLEOPATRA (1963) DE JOSEPH LEO MANKIEWICZ - I PARTE1 JOSÉ DAS CANDEIAS SALES Universidade Aberta; Centro de História da Universidade de Lisboa [email protected] Resumo O objecto central da reflexão apresentada é o filme Cleopatra (1963) de Joseph Leo Mankiewicz. Nesta I Parte é efectuada uma explanação teó- rica sobre as relações entre cinema e história antiga, exemplificada com os casos de algumas produções cinematográficas específicas, e traçada uma panorâmica alargada, desde 0 final do século XIX até aos 60 do século XX, sobre o cinema histórico referente à figura de Cleopatra. Palavras-chave: Cinema; história antiga; Cleopatra. Abstract The Joseph Mankiewicz’s film, Cleopatra (1963), is the main object of reflection. In Part I is made a theoretical explanation about the correlation between cinema and ancient history, exemplified by some specific film pro- ductions, and is also made an extensive overview since the late nineteenth century up to the sixties in the twenty century about historical films centra- lized in the figure of Cleopatra. Key words: Cinema; ancient history; Cleopatra. 131 JOSÉ DAS CANDEIAS SALES Cinema e História Antiga As décadas de 50 e de 60 do século XX podem considerar-se os anos dourados dos épicos de cariz histórico centrados na época antiga, seja da Antiguidade pré-clássica seja da Antiguidade clássica. Alguns dos filmes então produzidos figuram entre as obras-primas da sétima arte, tendo alguns deles sido nomeados e mesmo ganho Óscares da Academia em várias categorias. Talvez 0 caso mais paradigmático e conhecido seja 0 de Ben-Hur (1959), de William Wyler, com os onze Óscares que arrecadou, feito sem precedentes até então. Como já tivemos ocasião de escrever em relação aos épicos bíbli- cos, a Bíblia como um todo (0 Antigo e o Novo Testamento) foi uma importante fonte de inspiração para muitas destas (re)criações cinema- tográficas. De facto, recriando ou procurando recriar os ambientes e contextos históricos da vida dos antigos Hebreus e demais povos anti- gos citados na Bíblia ou da vida de Cristo e dos primeiros cristãos e suas comunidades, estes filmes tentaram, através da imagem, uma lei- tura, raramente crítica porém, dessas antigas épocas e conjunturas®. Paralelamente, centrados em figuras históricas de relevo ou em épocas particularmente apelativas para o enquadramento fílmico (nomea- damente no antigo Egipto ou em realidades civilizacionais afins), outros filmes «históricos» foram sendo produzidos por poderosos e dinâmicos estúdios e interpretados por hoje celebrizados actores e actrizes. Filmados com as técnicas mais recentes ao dispor da indústria cinematográfica, em locais carregados de memória, história ou signifi- cado histórico (ex.: Palestina, Sinai, Egipto, Roma, etc.) ou em estúdios especialmente preparados para 0 efeito, com cenários e guarda-rou- pas magníficos, sumptuosos e arrebatadores, repletos de atmosferas exóticas e sensuais, com a participação de milhares de figurantes e conhecidos actores e actrizes da cena internacional nos principais pa- péis, com mais ou menos efeitos especiais, câmaras lentas ou acele- radas e sugestivas e expressivas bandas sonoras, os dramas e as «histórias antigas», com os seus diversos personagens, foram pas- sadas ao cinema e apresentados a milhões de espectadores por todo 0 mundo. Estas superproduções, não obstante os seus colossais orçamen- tos e avançados meios técnicos (croma key, cinerama, cinemascope e technico/οή e artísticos, eram, quase todas, filmes «fáceis de ver» e «fáceis de seguir» (narrativas simples) - componentes maiores de uma eficácia comunicativa que prescindia do conhecimento aprofun- 132 CINEMA E HISTORIA ANTIGA dado das fontes históricas -, e funcionavam justamente como sucedâ- neos ou complementos eficazes da leitura dessas narrativas-base. Neste sentido, a sétima arte exerceu sempre uma grande atrae- ção pelas longas metragens espectaculares focalizadas, por exemplo, no antigo Egipto, adaptando histórias tradicionais ou romances centra- dos nessa civilização e nos seus imaginados ambientes. No entanto, na maior parte dos casos, não é dado qualquer destaque efectivo às realizações dos antigos Egípcios. Frequentemente, enfatiza-se 0 pre- tenso abuso dos direitos humanos (escravidão, trabalho compulsório, chicotadas, maus-tratos). As suas realizações artísticas são menospre- zadas ou perfeitamente laterais e a narrativa fílmica prefere fixar-se na sua ganância por objectos de ouro e bens materiais. O país do Nilo é concebido como um imenso deserto poeirento, onde todas as inovações tecnológicas são oriundas do estrangeiro. O fértil delta do rio nunca é mostrado. O Egipto é, em muitos aspectos, um território agressivo, pagão e maldito. Entre outros, merece destaque 0 filme The Egyptian, de 1954, realizado pelo veterano Michael Curtiz, um especialista em westerns, em cinemascope para a 20th Century Fox, baseando-se no romance homónino de Mika Waltari, adaptado por Philip Dunne e Casey Ro- binson. Com este filme, o fotógrafo Leon Shamroy foi nomeado para 0 Óscar de 1955. The Egyptian conta a história de um jovem médico egípcio, Sinuhé, representado por Edmund Pardon depois de a primeira escolha ter sido Marlon Brando que abandonou 0 projecto. Efectuando estreitos parale- lismos com a história bíblica de Moisés, Sinuhé é recolhido das águas do Nilo e adoptado, neste caso por um modesto médico egípcio que desconhece, porém, 0 seu sangue real. A acção passa-se na XVIII dinastia, na corte de Amenhotep IV (Michael Wilding), o faraó que no ano 5 do seu reinado mudou o nome para Akhenaton. O servo de Sinuhé, Kaptah, que o acompanha nas suas deambulações, é interpretado por Peter Ustinov, para muitos 0 melhor desempenho artístico neste filme. No meio das intrigas palacianas, intervém também 0 militar Horemheb (Victor Mature), amigo de Sinuhé, que ascenderá ao trono do Egipto após casar com Baketamon (Gene Tierney), irmã de Akhenaton. Às boas intenções de Sinuhé, que se torna no brilhante médico do epiléptico faraó, apostado em procurar a verdade na corte amarniana e no templo de Aton, o deus único proclamado pelo faraó para desgosto dos irados sacerdotes politeístas, opõe-se uma sedutora babilónica de nome egípcio, Nefer, interpretada por Bella Darvi, que o tenta separar, 133 JOSÉ DAS CANDEIAS SALES a todo 0 custo, da abnegada e monoteísta Merit (Jean Simmons). Com a morte desta, 0 revoltado Sinuhé, que atribui a culpa às ideias religiosas e a Aton, 0 deus do faraó, acaba por se aliar a Horemheb e envenena Akhenaton. Neste filme, historicamente passado no Império Novo/final da XVIII dinastia da história egípcia, verifica-se uma consistente preocupação de recriação dos interiores egípcios, através do cuidado posto na decoração das paredes, no mobiliário, na estatuária, na baixela, além da atenção conferida ao vestuário, joalharia, coroas, adereços de adorno pessoal, etc. No ano seguinte, em 1955, produzido pela Continental Company Ltd., Howard Hawks, na altura já autor de dois grandes westerns - Red River (1948) e The Big Sky (1952)(3> -, roda no Egipto e nos estúdios Titanus em Roma 0 épico em cinemascope Land of the Pharaohs para a Warner Bros, com guião de Harold Jack Bloom, Harry Kurnitz e William Faulkner e música de Dimitri Tiomkin. Narra a historia da construção da Grande Pirâmide de Guiza, mandada erguer pelo faraó Khufu, por volta do sé- culo XXVI a. C., durante a IV dinastia, Império Antigo. No filme, 0 faraó (Jack Hawkins) está obcecado com a aquisição de toda a riqueza material possível para a levar para 0 Além. É assim que aceita 0 projecto de Vashtar (James Robertson Justice), um ar- quitecto, cujo povo (os Kuchitas) é escravizado pelo faraó, de lhe construir um túmulo inexpugnável em troca da liberdade do seu povo. Face à megalomania e indigna crueldade do faraó, James Robertson Justice tem um simpático desempenho que torna a sua personagem a mais atraente e agradável para os espectadores. Há claros ecos da história bíblica da servidão dos Hebreus no Egipto, embora historica- mente noutra época bem distinta da época das pirâmides(4>. Durante a construção, em troca do pagamento do imposto fixado para Chipre, 0 faraó casa com uma princesa cipriota, Nellifer (Joan Collin, então com 22 anos), que se torna a sua segunda esposa que acabará por cons- pirar contra ele, seduzindo 0 guarda do tesouro, para 0 privar de levar o seu tesouro para a «segunda vida» e para se tornar a rainha do Egipto, reservando para si toda a riqueza acumulada.
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