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Exploring Potential Impacts of Light Rail Transit (LRT) on Land Development Case Study: Surabaya Municipality, Indonesia

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Exploring Potential Impacts of Light Rail Transit (LRT) on Land Development Case Study: Surabaya Municipality, Indonesia Exploring Potential Impacts of Light Rail Transit (LRT) on Land Development Case Study: Surabaya Municipality, Indonesia MASTER THESIS A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for The Master Degree from University of Groningen and The Master Degree from Institut Teknologi Bandung By: Andy Prihandoko RUG: S2279797 ITB: 25411047 Supervisors: Dr. Femke Niekerk (RUG) Dr. Ir. Iwan Pratoyo Kusumantoro, MT (ITB) Double Master Degree Programme Department of Regional and City Planning School of Architecture, Planning and Policy Development Institut Teknologi Bandung and Environmental and Infrastructure Planning Faculty of Spatial Sciences University of Groningen 2013 Master Thesis 2012/2013 Exploring Potential Impacts of Light Rail Transit (LRT) on Land Development Case study: Surabaya Municipality, Indonesia By ANDY PRIHANDOKO ITB : 25411047 RUG : S2279797 Double Master Degree Programme Environmental and Infrastructure Planning Faculty of Spatial Sciences University of Groningen And Development Planning and Infrastructure Management Department of Regional and City Planning Institut Teknologi Bandung Approved Supervisors Date: August 2013 Supervisor I Supervisor II Dr. Femke Niekerk Dr. Ir. Iwan Pratoyo Kusumantoro, MT Andy Prihandoko i Master Thesis 2012/2013 Abstract Mass rapid transit is a transport mean that has been developed over decades to deal with transport problems, such as road traffic congestion, and promote the use of public transport instead of private vehicles. Light Rail Transit (LRT) is a kind of mass rapid transit that has been developed in some cities across the world, such as Strasbourg-France and Calgary-Canada. As a transport mean, LRT has inter-relationship with land use described in transport-land use feedback cycle. It will inherently influence land development if it is supported by local policies. This implies transport policy and land use policy require to be integrated in order to manage the impacts of LRT on land development. However, this policy integration is not always undertaken. This condition causes the potential impacts of LRT on land development is less considered in plan-making of LRT. The LRT plan in Surabaya- Indonesia is a clear example to represent this circumstance. The LRT plan in Surabaya mainly aims to deal with traffic congestion and promote the use of public transport. It does not explicitly consider the impacts of LRT on land development and the management of those impacts. Thus, this research aims to investigate the potential impacts of LRT on land development and the mechanism for managing land development. For this purpose, two international LRT practices, namely LRT in Strasbourg-France and Calgary-Canada, are explored and compared. In this research, the principles of transit-oriented development (TOD), consist of density, distance, diversity, design, and destination accessibility, are applied to discover the impacts of LRT on land development in LRT practices since TOD is a land use management concept describing high-density and mix-use development pattern to improve accessibility and support transit system within the proximate area of transit station. This research reveals from the two LRT practices that LRT has affected land development in the vicinity areas of the stations. The provision of LRT system has induced high-density and mix-use development pattern within the radius of easy walking distance from the station. The LRT implementation also creates landmark of the city as well as safe and convenient environment and neighbourhood for pedestrians and cyclists. Moreover, the two LRT practices considers the external factors on land use that include level of accessibility, attractiveness of area surrounding the LRT stations and corridors, land availability and regional demand. These external factors should be taken into account since they can influence land development aside from transport system. Another feature taken from the two LRT practices is the presence of local supportive policy that integrates transport and spatial/ land use policies. This integration policy is crucial to assure land development impacts of LRT can be managed accordingly. Furthermore, this research proposes some recommendations to be taken in the LRT plan. The government should provide a formal policy that integrates transport and spatial/ land use policy. This integration can be undertaken by incorporating TOD principles in the local spatial policy in order to manage land development within the area near LRT stations. Moreover, mobility policy should be provided to discourage the use of private vehicles in the city. Meanwhile, LRT should be interconnected with another railway (regional/ national railway) and can be operated in the same track with another train type (heavy rail) intended to reduce costs for constructing new LRT railway. Key words: mass rapid transit, light rail transit, transport-land use feedback cycle, transit-oriented development, land development Andy Prihandoko ii Master Thesis 2012/2013 Acknowledgement Some cities in Indonesia have experienced difficulties to conduct new road development and road widening projects in order to provide sufficient transport infrastructure. Limited budget and land acquisition process are typical factors underlie these obstacles. This circumstance impedes the government attempts to enlarge the road network in the city that lead insufficient road capacity to deal with rapid growth of private vehicles. As consequences, there will be occur transportation problems in the city, including road traffic congestion, increase traffic accidents and emission. To cope with these problems, the national and local governments currently strive to establish a new public transport system as another mean apart from road investments. Light Rail Transit (LRT) is a transport mode that will be developed by the governments. Currently, the governments mainly emphasise the provision of LRT for transportation purposes, whereas it inherently has ability to influence land use/ land development refers to transport theory. However, the potential impacts of LRT on land development are not explored comprehensively yet that cause these impacts less considered in the plan. This condition underlies my intention to investigate the impacts of LRT on land development as well as looking for the mechanism to manage the impacts. Moreover, I am personally interested to transport system due to my working background at the Public Works Agency of Surabaya Municipality. I realise that road investments itself will not be able to encounter transport problems in Surabaya particularly. The road investments have to be complemented by the provision of public transport that is safe, convenient, punctual and affordable in order to encourage people to use the public transport for their daily trips. Apart from the transport- related purpose of the public transport, its impacts on land development are challenging to be discovered in order to manage the land developments in the city. Therefore, this encourages me to write this thesis that aims to profoundly reveal the impacts of LRT on land development and find the concept for managing the impacts. I realise that I cannot accomplish my thesis completely without assistance from many parties. First, I would like to dedicate my greatest gratitude to Allah SWT, the God Almighty. Furthermore, I would like present my great appreciation to my supervisors, Dr. Femke Niekerk and Dr. Iwan Pratoyo Kusumantoro, who have encouraged and guided me to finish my thesis on the right track. Moreover, I would like to give my great gratefulness to my family in Indonesia – my mother, my beloved wife, my lovely daughter, my sister and my parents in law – who always support me in any conditions for finishing my study. I also devote my special thankfulness to my colleagues – the members of Double Master Degree Programme ITB and RUG 2011-2013 – for their supports and sharing wonderful moments in Bandung and Groningen. Additionally, I dedicate my great appreciation to BAPPENAS, NESO and the Government of Surabaya Municipality that give opportunity and support for me to study at ITB and University of Groningen. Last but not least, I want to thank to Interviewees in Indonesia who give meaningful contribution for me to accomplish this thesis. I also provide opportunities for the Interviewees to discuss with me by email ([email protected]) if they require further clarifications relate to their statements cited in this thesis. Groningen, August 2013 Andy Prihandoko Andy Prihandoko iii Master Thesis 2012/2013 Table of Content Abstract .................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgement ....................................................................................................................... iii Table of Content ....................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ............................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. vii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................
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