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Delft University of Technology a Systems Design Approach To Delft University of Technology A Systems Design Approach to Sustainable Development Embracing the Complexity of Energy Challenges in Low-income Markets Costa Junior, Jairo da DOI 10.4233/uuid:8bbf71f1-48bd-4844-84f5-fe8c7ca5398c Publication date 2020 Document Version Final published version Citation (APA) Costa Junior, J. D. (2020). A Systems Design Approach to Sustainable Development: Embracing the Complexity of Energy Challenges in Low-income Markets. https://doi.org/10.4233/uuid:8bbf71f1-48bd-4844- 84f5-fe8c7ca5398c Important note To cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policy Please contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. This work is downloaded from Delft University of Technology. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to a maximum of 10. A SYSTEMS DESIGN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SUSTAINABLE TO DESIGN APPROACH A SYSTEMS INVITATION You are cordially invited to the A SYSTEMS DESIGN public defence of my PhD thesis: APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Embracing the complexity of energy challenges in low-income markets The societal and technical problems faced by low-income markets are increasingly seen as more complex due to environmental, social, and economic concerns. The enormous negative impacts of complex societal problems and the inability of designers to deal with complexity cannot be overcome without a paradigm shift in how we understand, engage with, and teach about such issues. In light of this challenge, one can pose the question, “What is the best A SYSTEMS DESIGN approach to deal with a complex societal problem?”. APPROACH A traditional approach to deal with a complex problem is to simplify it. Alternatively, as here, research may aim to provide TO SUSTAINABLE a novel approach to handle complex societal problems, thereby embracing complexity. Thus, this book contends that DEVELOPMENT embracing complexity represents a significant shift from the Embracing the complexity traditional design approach to a systems design approach for sustainable development. To help designers to bring about of energy challenges in such a transition, the four main contributions provided in this low-income markets doctoral research are: Exploring the integration of systems thinking into design, The defence will take place on particularly by adopting a systems design approach to Monday, 3 February 2020 at 12:30 PM sustainable energy solutions for low-income markets. in the Senaatszaal of the TU Delft Auditorium (AULA), Mekelweg 5, 2628 Extending the scope of product-service system design through the introduction of four major systems thinking Jairo da Costa Junior CC, Delft, the Netherlands. tenets: a holistic perspective; a multilevel perspective; a pluralistic perspective; and complexity-handling capacity. Before the defence, at noon (12:00), I will give a brief presentation Proposing heuristic tools for the integration of systems thinking into design, which allows for developing new about my research. and strengthening existing systems design approaches. Increasing capacity building for a systems design approach to address complex societal problems through Jairo da Costa Junior design education. [email protected] ISBN 978-94-6384-102-3 Jairo da Costa Junior systemsdesignapproach.com ISBN 978-94-6384-102-3 9 789463 841023 A SYSTEMS DESIGN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Embracing the complexity of energy challenges in low-income markets Jairo da Costa Junior ISBN 978-94-6384-102-3 9 789463 841023 A SYSTEMS DESIGN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Embracing the complexity of energy challenges in low-income markets. Jairo da Costa Junior PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. Design for Sustainability Program publication nr. 37 ISBN 978-94-6384-102-3 [email protected] www.systemsdesignapproach.com Cover design by Jairo da Costa Junior. Printed by Gildeprint, The Netherlands. Printed on 100 gr Wood free Offset (HVO). Typeface: Proxima Nova, Mont. This research was partially funded by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil, Grant no. 202527/2011-5. Copyright © 2020 by Jairo da Costa Junior. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the author. A systems design approach to sustainable development: Embracing the complexity of energy challenges in low-income markets Dissertation for the purpose of obtaining the degree of doctor at Delft University of Technology by the authority of the Rector Magnificus, Prof.dr.ir. T.H.J.J. van der Hagen; chair of the Board for Doctorates to be defended publicly on Monday 3 February 2020 at 12:30 o’clock by Jairo da COSTA JUNIOR Master of Science in Design, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil born in Florianópolis, Brazil This dissertation has been approved by the promotors: Composition of the doctoral committee: Rector Magnificus, chairperson Dr.ir. J.C. Diehl Delft University of Technology, promotor Prof.dr. H.M.J.J. Snelders Delft University of Technology, promotor Dr. F. Secomandi State University of Rio de Janeiro, copromotor Independent members: Prof.dr.ir A. dos Santos Federal University of Paraná, Brazil Prof.dr. B.R. Sevaldson Oslo School of Architecture and Design, Norway Prof.dr.ir. C.A. Bakker Delft University of Technology Dr.ir. M. van der Bijl-Brouwer Delft University of Technology Prof.dr.ir. J.M.L. van Engelen Delft University of Technology, reserve member To my mother, sister and wife, who inspired me and helped to make this work possible. Table of Contents Abbreviations Preface Summary Samenvatting Resumo 1. Embracing complexity to handle energy challenges in low-income markets 1.1 Energy challenges in low-income markets 2 1.2 Complexity of low-income markets 4 1.3 Complexity of energy challenges in low-income markets 5 1.4 Design for sustainability and development 8 1.5 Sustainable energy product-service systems 10 1.6 Towards systems-oriented energy solutions 12 1.7 Overview of this thesis 16 1.8 How to read this thesis 18 2. Foundations for a systems design approach to complex societal problems 2.1 Systems-oriented approach to complex problems 22 2.2 An interdisciplinary and systematic literature review 23 2.3 Uncovering the foundations of systems design approach 26 2.4 Systems approaches 30 2.5 Systems methodologies 32 2.6 A selection of systems design approaches 35 2.7 Results: Conceptual framework for systems design approach 41 2.8 Conclusion 54 3. A multilevel analysis of sustainable energy product-service systems 3.1 Energy solutions in low-income markets 58 3.2 A multilevel perspective on energy product-service systems 62 3.3 Methodology for the case study 69 3.4 Multilevel analysis of a low-income energy-efficiency programme in Brazil 72 3.5 Discussion: Insights from the multilevel analysis 84 3.6 Conclusion 86 4. Introducing systems design approach in design education 4.1 Broadening the scope and complexity of design 90 4.2 Designing products, services and systems for low-income markets 92 4.3 Systems-oriented PSS design for low-income markets 94 4.4 Methodology for the educational experiment 97 4.5 Results 102 4.6 Discussion 106 4.7 Conclusion 112 5. Capacity building for a systems design approach to complex societal problems 5.1 Capacity building for complexity 116 5.2 Capacity building for complex societal problems: key factors 117 5.3 Methodology for the educational experiment 125 5.4 Results 132 5.5 Conclusion 136 6. Conclusions, contributions and recommendations 6.1 Introduction 140 6.2 Main research findings 142 6.3 Research limitations and recommendations for the future 147 References Annexes Annex 1 – Interview - Form Design Magazine 177 Acknowledgements About the author Publications Abbreviations ANEEL Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency CA Capability Approach CEDAT College of Engineering Design Art and Technology CO2 Carbon Dioxide DfBoP Design for the Base of the Pyramid DfD Design for Development DfS Design for Sustainability DRE Distributed Renewable Energy DSM Demand-Side Management E-PSS Energy Product-Service System EPE Energy Research Company ERV Eco-cost/Value Model ESCO Energy Service Company EVO Efficiency Validation Organization FFEM French Fund for the World Environment GHG Greenhouse Gas GIZ German Corporation for International Cooperation HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus H-PSS Humanitarian Product-Service System HEI Higher Education Institution HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system IEA International Energy Agency ISO International Organization for Standardization LCA Life-Cycle Assessment LED Light-Emitting Diode LeNS Learning Network on Sustainable LeNSes Learning Network for Sustainable Energy Systems MEPSS Methodology of Product-Service System MMA Ministry of Environment MSF Medécins Sans Frontières NGO Non-Governmental Organisation OLeP Open Learning e-Package PEE Brazilian Energy Efficiency Programme PNMC Brazil National Climate Change Plan/Policy PSS Product-Service System REN21 Renewable Energy Policy Network
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