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“Haunted by Humans” 1 DÉBORA ALMEIDA DE OLIVEIRA “HAUNTED BY HUMANS”: THE UNCANNY NARRATOR IN MARKUS ZUSAK’S THE BOOK THIEF PORTO ALEGRE 2017 2 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE LETRAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS ÁREA DE CONCENTRAÇÃO: ESTUDOS DE LITERATURA LINHA DE PESQUISA: SOCIEDADE, (INTER)TEXTOS LITERÁRIOS E TRADUÇÃO NAS LITERATURAS ESTRANGEIRAS MODERNAS LITERATURAS DE LÍNGUA INGLESA “HAUNTED BY HUMANS”: THE UNCANNY NARRATOR IN MARKUS ZUSAK’S THE BOOK THIEF AUTORA: DÉBORA ALMEIDA DE OLIVEIRA ORIENTADORA: SANDRA SIRANGELO MAGGIO Tese em Literaturas de Língua Inglesa, submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutora em Letras. PORTO ALEGRE 2017 CIP - Catalogação na Publicação Oliveira, Débora Almeida de "Haunted by Humans" : the uncanny narrator in Markus Zusak's The Book Thief / Débora Almeida de Oliveira. -- 2017. 120 f. Orientadora: Sandra Sirangelo Maggio. Tese (Doutorado) -- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Instituto de Letras, Programa de Pós- Graduação em Letras, Porto Alegre, BR-RS, 2017. 1. Narratologia. 2. Estudos do Imaginário. 3. Morte na Literatura. 4. Morte como Narrador. I. Maggio, Sandra Sirangelo, orient. II. Título. Elaborada pelo Sistema de Geração Automática de Ficha Catalográfica da UFRGS com os dados fornecidos pelo(a) autor(a). 4 In memory of my beloved father, who departed too soon. 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Foremost, I am very much obliged to Gabriel, my son, for being my motivation with his ever loving presence in my life. I thank Diego for the technological support. I thank my mother and sister for all support and love. I also would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. Sandra Sirangelo Maggio for being way more than the professor whose expertise guided this research. Thank you for being my friend. I am hugely indebted to Professor André Corrêa Rollo, Professor Rosalia Angelita Neumann Garcia and Professor Valter Henrique Fritsch for sharing their knowledge in participating in the committee that evaluated this work. I am thankful to the Secretary of the Graduate Program, Me. José Canisio Scher, a good example of patience to all those who go to him searching for academic information. My appreciation also goes to CNPq, whose financial support made this dissertation possible. 6 Oh, Death, оh Death, oh Death, Won't you spare me over till another year? But what is this, that I can’t see with ice cold hands taking hold of me? When God is gone and the Devil takes hold, who will have mercy on your soul? Oh, Death, оh Death, oh Death, No wealth, no ruin, no silver, no gold Nothing satisfies me but your soul Oh, Death, Well I am Death, none can excel, I'll open the door to heaven or hell. Oh, Death, оh Death, my name is Death and the end is here... (Song “Oh, Death…” by Jen Titus) 7 RESUMO O objetivo da tese é estudar o narrador do romance A Menina que Roubava Livros, publicado em 2005 pelo autor australiano Markus Zusak. A história enfoca Liesel Meminger, uma menina de nove anos adotada por um casal alemão que, não sendo entusiasta do regime Nazista, esconde um Judeu em seu porão durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. A imagem da morte como narrador é a principal característica da obra de Zusak, que apresenta uma entidade coletora de almas que observa as experiências de Liesel e tece comentáros sobre os seres humanos. A fim de analisar tal narrador, esta dissertação se apóia em estudos de Carl Gustav Jung, Gilbert Durand e, em certa medida, em Sigmund Freud. Também utiliza premissas teóricas do campo da narratologia, tendo Gérard Genette e Mieke Bal como principais vozes representativas. A dissertação está dividida em três capítulos. O capítulo 1 oferece um panorama acerca da construção da morte enquanto imagem arquetípica, enquanto personificação e enquanto narrador. Nesse capítulo, as perspectivas teóricas de Jung, Durand, Genette e Bal são prevalentes. O objetivo é entender como a morte é representada como ideia e como imagem. O capítulo 2 foca nas implicações da morte. Assim, analiso a morte de indivíduos, a pulsão de morte (que toma de assalto muitas das personagens), a morte em massa e a morte social como uma consequência direta da guerra. O objetivo desse capítulo é visualizar a morte como um tema. Para tanto, são aplicados alguns conceitos freudianos, como pulsão de morte e melancolia. O capítulo 3 oferece uma leitura narratológica do romance, ao relacionar a morte aos aspectos de focalização, tempo e espaço. O obejtivo do último capítulo é analisar como a morte se posiciona enquanto observador dos fatos narrados. Na conclusão, apresento minhas considerações finais acerca da utilização desse peculiar narrador em A Menina que Roubava Livros e seu papel na construção do romance e na formulação do tom da narrativa. Palavras-chave: Imaginário; Narratologia; Morte na literatura; Morte como narrador. 8 ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation is to study the narrator of the novel The Book Thief, published in 2005 by the Australian author Markus Zusak. The story centers upon Liesel Meminger, a nine-year old girl fostered by a German couple who are not enthusiasts of the Nazi regime and hide a Jewish man in their basement during World War II. The image of death as the narrator is the main feature in Zusak’s novel, which presents a soul collecting entity who observes Liesel’s experiences and makes comments about the human beings. In order to analyze such narrator, the dissertation relies on studies by Carl Gustav Jung and Gilbert Durand and, to some extent, to Sigmund Freud. The dissertation also borrows theoretical assumptions from the narratological field, having Gérard Genette and Mieke Bal as its main representatives. The dissertation is divided in three chapters. Chapter 1 offers an overview about the construction of death as an archetypal image, as a personification and as a narrator. In this chapter, the theoretical perspectives of Jung, Durand, Genette and Bal are prevalent. The objective here is to try to understand how death is represented as an idea and as an image. Chapter 2 focuses on the implications of death through the book. Hence, I analyze the death of individuals, the death drive (which assaults many of the characters), mass death and social death as a direct consequence of war. The objective of this chapter is to view death as a theme. In order to do that, some concepts from Freud, such as death drive and melancholia, are applied. Chapter 3 offers a narratological reading of the novel through the link of death to focalization, time and space. The objective in this last chapter is to analyze how death positions himself as an observer of the facts narrated. In the conclusion, I present my final considerations about the use of such peculiar narrator in The Book Thief and its role for the construction of the novel and the setting of the tone for the narrative. Key words: Imaginary; Narratology; Death in literature; Death as narrator. 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION………………………...…………………………………………...…….11 1 DEATH AS REPRESENTATION…………………………..…...……...…………….…15 1.1 Death as an archetypal image……….……………………….…………………….…...16 1.2 Death as a personification….…………………………….….………………………….24 1.3 Death as the narrator………………………………….……………………….………..35 2 A STORY ABOUT DEATH………………………………………………………..……..48 2.1 Death of individuals……………….………………………………………………....…49 2.2 Death drive……………………………….……………………………………….…….55 2.3 Mass death………………………………………………………………………....……65 2.4 Social death………………………………………………………………...……...……70 3 DEATH AND PERCEPTION………………………………..………...…………..….…76 3.1 Death and focalization……………..…….………………………………………..……76 3.2 Death and time……………………………………………………….…...…….………87 3.3 Death and space………………..……………………………………….…………........94 FINAL REMARKS……………………………………………………………………...…106 REFERENCES……………………………………………………………………...…...…112 10 TABLE OF IMAGES1 Cover Cover art used with the permission of Emerson Diego Taucchrte. Print. p. 11 Cover of the Portuguese translation A Menina que Roubva Livros. Editora Intrínseca. Internet. Available at <http://decaranasletras.blogspot.com.br/2014/03/de-capa-em-capa-2-menina-que- roubava.html>. Access: 25/02/2017 p. 15 Death art picture. Internet. Available at <https://www.epicgames.com/paragon/forums/showthread.php?46720- Tired-of-toxic-teams-Join-the-Death-Ballers#post_0> Access: 25/02/2017 p. 18 Picture by Gustav Doré. The Fourth Horseman, Death on the Pale Horseman. (1865). Internet. <https://br.pinterest.com/pin/140033869635289021/> Access: 25/02/2017 p. 52 Book cover of the USA edition. Internet. Available at <http://inkcrush.blogspot.com.br/2010/08/covers-of-book-thief-markus-zusac- 35.html> Access: 25/02/2017 p. 80 The Book Thief by Markus Zusak. Book sculpture by Rebecca Rupnow. Internet. Available at <http://www.etsy.com/people/BeckyJArts> Access: 25/02/2017 1 O material ilustrativo que integra este trabalho é utilizado como citação. Seu emprego está de acordo com a doutrina do uso razoável de material para fins de crítica e educação, encontrando-se em conformidade com o que estabelece o parágrafo VIII do artigo 46 do capítulo IV da Lei 9.610, de 1998, que trata dos direitos autorais no Brasil. The illustrative material which composes this work is used as a quote. Its use is according to the correctly used doctrine of material for the purpose of criticism and education, being accordingly to what is established by the paragraph VIII of the article 46 from chapter IV of the Law 9.610, from 1998, which deals with copyright in Brazil. 11 INTRODUCTION To the psyche death is just as important as birth and, like it, is an integral part of life. Carl Gustav Jung, The Secret of the Golden Flower On an unpretentious day, I came across a book entitled The Book Thief (in the Portuguese version) exposed in a newsstand. The title itself did not call my attention, much less the cover, which I considered simple at first sight.
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