Report of the Committee on William D. Walton, Nat'l Inst. of Standards and Technology, MD[RT] Forest and Rural Fire Protection (AlL to D. Madrzykowski) Louis A. Wltzeman, Scottsdale Fire Dept., AZ [U] (Alt. to L. G. Jekel) Richard E. Monmgue, Chair Eel A. Wristen, CA Dept. of Forestry & Fire Protection, CA [E] Incident Mgmt. Concepts, CA [SE] (Voting Alt. to CA/DFFP Rep.)

John E. Bunting, Secretary Staff Liaison: James C. Smailey New Boston Fire Dept., NH [U] This list re~resents the membership at the time the Committee was Fred G. Alllnson, Nat'l Volunteer Fire Council, WA [U] balloted on the text of this edition. Since that time, changes in the Lynn R. Biddison, Chemonics Industries. Fire-Trol, NM [IM] membership may have occurred. A key to classifications is found at the Rep. Chemonics Industries, Inc. back of this document. Randall K. Bradley, Lawrence Livermore Nat'l Laboratory, CA [U] Mary D. Chambers, Bernalillo County Fire District 10, NM [U] Committee Scope: This Committee shall have primary Duane Dupor, Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, WI [E] responsibility for documents on fire protection for rural, Donald C. Freyer, Georgia Forestry Commission, GA [U] suburban, forest, grass, brush, and tundra areas. This Louis G. Jekel, Rural/Metro Corp., AZ [U] Committee shall also have primary responsibility for documents on Roy A. Johnson, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, ID [El Class A foam and its utilization for all wildland and structural fire Ralph (Randy) Lafferty, MacMillan Bloedel Ltd, BG, Canada [M] fighting. This excludes f'Lxed fire protection systems. Michael W. Lowder, Bladen County Office of Emergency Services, NC [El The Report of the Technical Committee on Forest and Rural Fire Daniel Madrzykowski, U.S. Nat'l Inst. of Standards & Technology, Protection is presented for adoption in 2 parts. MD [RT] ohn F. Marker, Firemark Assoc, OR [SE] Part I of this Report wasprepared by the Technical Committee eter Matulonis, Ansul Inc., CA [M] on Forest and Rural Fire Protection and proposes for adoption a ames F. McMuUen, The McMullen Co., Inc., CA [SE] complete revision to NFPA 295-1991, Standard for Wildfire Jam M. Neville, Neville Assoc., CA [SE] Control. NFPA 295-1991 is published in Volume 6 of the 1997 Frederick S. Richards, NYS Dept. of State, NY [El National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form. Rep. Fire Marshals Assn., of North America John B. Roberts, U.S. Forest Service, 1D [El Part I of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Rep. U.S. Forest Service Technical Committee on Forest and Rural Fire Protection, which James C. Sorenson, USDA Forest Service, GA [U] consists of 26 voting members; of whom 22 voted affirmatively, and Rep. U.S. Forest Service 4 ballots were not returned (Ms. Chambers and Messrs. Johnson, Herbert A. Spitzer, Los Angeles County Fire Dept., CA [U] Lowder, and Roberts.) Edward F. Straw, Insurance Services Office, Inc., GA [I] Howard L. Vandersall, Lawdon Fire Services, Inc., CA [M] Part II of this Report was prepared by the Technical Committee Ronald It. Walker, American Forest & Paper Assn., CA [U] on Forest and Rural Fire Protection and proposes for adoption a Rep. American Forest & Paper Assn. complete revision to NFPA 1141-1990, Standard for Fire Protection James T. Wooters, Mizelle, Hodges and Assoc., Inc., GA [SE] in Planned Building Groups. NFPA 1141-1990 is published in Volume 8 of the 1997 National Fire Codes and in separate pamphlet form. Alternates Part II of this Report has been submitted to letter ballot of the Robert B. Burns, Fire Loss Mgmt. Systems, CA [SE] Technical Committee on Forest and Rural Fire Protection, which (AIC to W. M. Neville) consists of 26 voting members; of whom 19 voted affirmatively and Philip A. Cocker, Los Angeles County Fire Dept., CA [U] 7 ballots were not returned (Ms. Chambers and Messrs. Jekel, (Alt. to H. A. Spitzer) Johnson, Lowder, Marker, Roberts, and Sorenson.) Robert L. Crouch, Analytical Laboratory Services, Inc., AZ [IM] (Alt. to L. IL Biddison) Sam W. Francis, American Forest & Paper Assn., PA[M] (AlL to R. IL Walker) Dennis N. Gage, Insurance Services Office, Inc., 16-12, NY [I] (Alt. to E. F. Straw) Mitchell J. Hubert, Ansul Inc., WI [M] (Alt. to P. Matulonis) Robert M. Swinford, USDA Forest Service, UT [E] (Alt. toJ. B. Roberts) William C. Teie, The McMullen Co., Inc., CA [SE] (Alt. toJ. F. McMullen)

260 NFPA 295 -- A98 ROP

PART I NFPA 295 (Log #CP1) Standard for W'ddfire Control 295- 1 o (Entire Document): Accept SUBMITFE~ Technical Committee on Forest and Rural Fire 1998 Edition Protection RECOMMENDATION: The Committee recommends a complete revision of NTPA 295- NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the number or letter 1991, Standard for W'ddfire Control to read as shown at the end of designating a paragraph indicates explanatory material on that this report. paragraph in Appendm A. SUBSTANTIATION: The Committee wishes to up-date the entire Information on referenced publications can be found in Chapter document to reflect current technology, standards and language. 9 and Appendix C. The Committee feels that the overall purpose of the update is to make it more usable to fire departments that both initiate wildfire Chapter I Introduction control operations and cooperate with other agencies (local, state, and federal) in wildfire control operations. 1-1 Scope. This standard presents fundamental information to The dlanges include a reworking of the organizational structure fire protection organizations on the control of wildfire. of a wildfire control operation; the addition of new definitions for Incident, Apparatus, Brush, Control (of a fire), Crew Boss, Forest 1-2" Purpose. The ~rpose of this stmdard is to specify Fire, incident Commander, Prevention, Wildland/Urban management p~d policies necessary for a fire protection Interface, and Wildland/Urban Intermix, Command, and orgamzatinn to~op~ ~.4~ecttve wildfire control program. Planning; and a major reworking of Appendix B. The Committee felt that a local fire agency would not, in most imtances, recjuire 1-$ Defmifiqtl~ Flq~e purposes of this standard, terms have the the depth of information concerning aerial operations provided in the exLsting ApDendix B since those tend to be very specialized areas of operation. lent wiuP. a specmc Iu~lcnon, or it. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept. (e.g., private business, etc. ) that

or of vehicles, designed res. Some examples and so forth. Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction. ion.* The organization, office, or ~pproving equipment, an installation, or

firush. A collective term that refers to stand of vegetation dominated by shrubby, woody planes, or by low-growing trees, usually of a type undesirable for livestock or timber management.

Command. The act of directing, and/or controlling resources by virtue of explicit legal, agency, or delegated authority.

Company Officer. The officer, or any other position of compkrable responsibility in the department, in charge of a fire department company or station. Company. An organized group of fire fighters under the leade/ship of a company officer or other designated official. Companies are often assigned to specific apparatus or sta~ons. (Also see "Oau. ")

Control a Fire. To complete a control line around a fire, any spot fire therefrom, or any interior island to be saved; to bum out any unburned area adjacent to the-fire side of the control line and to cool down all hot spots that are an immediate threat to the control line. Crew Boss. (Leader). A person who is in supervisory d~arge of usually 10-20 fire fighters and wiw is responsible for their performance, safety, and welfare.

Crew. An organized group of fire fighters under the leadership of a crew leader or other desl~gnated official. (Also s~ #Company. x )

Finance. The incident management section responsible for all incident costa and financial considerations. Forest Irtre. An uncontrolled fire on lands covered wholly or in part by timber, brush, grass, graw, or other fiammable vegetation. Grass lru-e. See Forest Fire.

Incident Commander (It). The individual responsible for the management of all incident operations at the incident site. Incident Management System.* A system dtat provides structure and coordination to the management of emergency incident operation in order to provide for the safety and health of fire

261 NFPA 295 1 A98 ROP department members and other persons involved in those and cooperative agreements. Additional policy items shall be activities. included as determined necessary by the AHJ. Incident. An occurrence, either humarl-caused or natural Chapter 3 Organization sPehenomenon, that requires action or support by emergency trices personnel to prevent or minimize loss of life or damage to 3-1" Organizational Structure. The AHJ shall structure an property and/or natural resources. organization in a manner to provide for effective wildfire control. Each of the following functions shall be addressed regardless of Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached a file size and complexity of the incident. On a small incident, one label, symbol, or other identifying mark of an organization that is person shall handle all of these functions. This organizational acceptable to the authority laavingjurisdiction and concerned with structure shall address the following: product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of production of labeled equipment or materials, and by whose (a) Command labeling tile manufacturer indicates compliance with appropriate (b) Operations standards or performance in a specified manner. (c) Planning (d) Logistics Liaison. The coordination of activities with assisting agencies. (e) Finance Listed.* Equipment, materials, or services included in a list ~ter 4 Command ublished by an organization that is acceptable to file authority ~ avingjurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or 4-1" Incident Cc a the management of wildfire incidents, services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed the AHJ shall .1~ ident management system as specified equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and in NFPA 156.i-'~ Fire Department Incident Management whose listing states that either file equipment, material, or service System. ..,'.'ii~,':...~ meets identified standards or has been tested and found suitable for a specified purpose. 4-2,~ U..~rled. ci~CiSmmand.]:~n V~.j'6"n wildfire control efforts involve a m u~ e n ~:-.:.?.r multijuri.~lictional incident, the AHJ shall utilize Logistics. The incident management section responsible for ~...t..?,..and approach to incident management. providing facilities, services and materials for the incident. ,:~::::;:- ~:Considerations. The command function shall Operations. The incident management section responsible for all #evetop~d":::~__ ~'~ ~i~oals for the control of wildfire incidents. tactical operations at the incident. ~...~.m..~ Staff. Tile incident commander shall provide for Planning. The incident management section responsible for the p..t~f"iU~#fmation, safety, and liaison functions. Each function collection, evaluation, and dissemination of tactical informa ~tt~£-'..:.""'i:-:. ~f~ll b~'iled as needed depending upon the size and complexity related to tile incident and for preparation and documen .,~ ~!~ ~.~ d~e incident. incident marmgement plans. ~::ii Public Information Function. The AHJ shall prepare a Prevention. Activities -- including public education,, iaw"::~i ~Titten public information plan to guide tbe department and the enforcement, personal contact, and reduction of ~!~:b.azarc ~g" public: information officer in executing the organization's directed at reducing the incidence of fires. ~'-:'~"-': ':"~ responsibilities to inform the public of the danger of wildfire. The .~:~;-~" ":~:~.-'i?:..:.-'.:.~... f~t plan shall consider the following. Rural. Any area wherein residences and ~levelopm~"'" ....:"~ ; aree:.":.!~:' scattered and intermin[gled with forest, ra~e~I~:.~,.... rmland ~ :d 4-4.1.1 Pro-Incident Public Information. The plan shall include native vegetation or cultivated crops. ~':?=.::. : the following: -::!:.::.:-~::..;:~:y- Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. '~..-'..~.".-'.:.-"V (a) Familiarization of local press and media representatives with the wildfire danger problem Should. Indicates a recommendation or that wbic[~'is advised but not required. (b) Dissemination of fire prevention materials, including the development and use of public service announcements Unified Command. A team effort that allows all agencies with jurisdictionM responsibility, either geographical or functional, to (c) Appointment of a public information officer (P.I.O.) whose manage an incident by establishing a common set of objectives duties shall include executing the public information plan (The and strategies. This shall be accomplished without loss of or P.I.O. shall be provided with appropriate training in public abdication of authority, responsibility, or accountability. information and public/media relations.) Wildfire. An unplanned and unwanted fire requiring suppressive 4-4.1.2 Incident Public Information. The plan shall include the action; an uncontrolled fire, usually spreading through vegetative following: fuels and often threatening structures. (a) A media alert system to inform media of wildfire events in a Wildland/Urban Interface. The llne, area, or zone where timely manner. structures and other human development meet or intermingle with undeveloped wildland or vegetative fuels. (b) A method of safely allowing media representatives to approach die fire scene to take photographs, to record video, Chapter 2 General Policy and/or to conduct interviews.

2-1 Wildfire Control Policies. 4-4.1.3 Post-lncident Public Information. The plan shall include the following: 2-1.1 Where wildfire could constitute a threat to the jurisdiction, the fire protection organization shall be organized toperform fire (a) Follow-up contacts with public and press/medla to insure prevention and control activities in order to protect life and an unimpeded flow of information to the public. property from wildfire. Tbe fire organization's goal shall be to (b) A process for allowing the public and residents to return to minimize wildfire loss through the establishment of effective evacuated areas. policies, planning, fire prevention, personnel, infrastructure, training, communications, operational systems, safety, and 4-4.2 Safety Function coordination. 4-4.2.1" Pre-Incident Safety Requirements. The AHJ shall develop 2-1.2 The authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) shall develop a pre-incident safety requirements that include the following: policy for managing the organization in all aspects of wildfire control. As a minimum, the policy shall establish -- in accordance (a) Tile AHJ sllall develop a safety program that includes all with legal mandates- department priorities, planning aspects of wildfire incident operation, personnel welfare, and the procedures, incident management, personnel safety and training, use of personal protective clothing and equipment. The program

262 NFPA 295 --A98 ROP

shall be established in accordance with jurisdictional policies and (d) Present and predicted weather conditions procedures and reflect the established guidance provided by NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Oczupational Hmlth and Safety (e) Fire intensity and behavior Program. (O Available resources (b) Tile safety officer's function shall be to carry out duties in accordance with established wildfire incident procedures and to (g) Tile need for specialized personnel and equipment to Dcarry out criteria as outlined in NFPA 1521, Standardforlrgre address special or unusual hazards epartmont Safety Officer. 5-4 F'me Attack and Control. (c) Protective safeguards shall be developed for appropriate apparatus and equipment used during wildfire incidents. 5-4.1" The IC shall deploy personnel and equipment to the Equipment operators shall beproper|y trained as outlined in incident according to strategic and tactical p'lans, within the NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Department Vehicle Driver~Operator priorities established for the incident, and with conisderation for Prof~sional Qualifications. the safety of civilians and fire-fighting personnel. (d) The AHJ shall follow the medical examination standards 5-4.2 Once the threat to life and property is minimized, the IC established in NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Depa~mcnt Occupational shall plan for and execute tasks necessary for the containment, Health and Safety Program. control, and mop-up~gf the remainder of the fire. Tile plan of containment and ~hall address the following: 4-4.2.2 Incident Safety Requirements. Tile AHJ shall develop incident safety requirements that include the following:

(a) During wildfire suppression activities protective clothing (b) Lti shall, as a minimum, include approved head protection, gloves, (a) .~F'w~ r%tru protective footwear, and flame resistant dodfing as defined in (c) .~.¢h£~llSf fij cOon NFPA 1977, Standard on Pwtsctive Clothing and Equipment for Wildland Fire Fighting. of water and chemicals from the air and on the (b) Protective safeguards shall be developed for apparatus and equipment used during wildfire incidents. Equipment operators shall beproperly trained in accordance widl NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Department Vehicle Driver~Operator Professional Qualifications. e fire is controlled, the IC shall develop plans for the up of the fire scene and for demobilization of (c)* All fire line actions shall be in compliance with file " equipment. The plan shall assure that the fire is Standard Fire Fighting Orders" and "The 18 Watch Out ~ t. Situations." op-up activities, file IC shall begin an orderly 4-4-2.3 Post-lncideut Safety Critique. Tile AHJ shall connu~ ~[demobiliza~-on of resources used on the fire. review and critique of the safety actions ~f°li°wln~ ~incic 5-&$ The IC shall complete all necessary and appropriate 4-4.5. Liaison Function. The incident commat~er" -of ~ documentation for financial and fire reporting purposes. The incident shall provide the liaison with any~ass " completed reports slmll be properly submitted to the AHJ. cooperating agencies, i 5-6 Post-Incldent Review. Chapter 5 Operations 5-6.1 Tile AHJ shall conduct a review of actions taken on the 5-1 Operations. Tile operations function shall be re hsibleto incident as soon as reasonably possible after the completion of file d~e command function for carrying out the strategic ! ld tactical incident. plans of file incident. The operations function shall include incident and post-incident planning and actionL (See also Section 6- 5.6.2 Appropriate personnel from all operational areas of the fire 1.) shall be in attendance to provide for a thorough review of the operation. 5.2 Resource Evaluation. When a wildfire incident occurs, file incident commander shall evaluate available resources. 5-6.3 Tile AHJ shall review all activities related to the fire incident, including safety practices and provisions; strategy and tactics; tile 5.2.1 Personnel Resources. Tile incident commander shall deployment of personnel, equipment, and apparatus; and the evaluate tile number of qualified and properly equipped people overall management of the fire. available, their physical condition, their experience and skill levels, and the hours of the clay or night they are available. 5.6.4 The AHJ shall take corrective actions in all areas where deficiencies exist or problems occurred. 5-2.2* Equipment. The IC shall evaluate the types and amount of equipment, and a~[paratus normally available within an acceptable Chapter 6 Planning response time, where the resources are located, how qmcldy and easily they can be transported to the incident, and the suitability of 6-1 Tile planning function is responsible to the IC for the such equipment for use in wildfire control considering terrain and preparation of all plato necessary to safely, effidendy, and oilier Iocfil conditions. effectively carry out the purpose and goals of the fire control organization. 5.2.3* Aviation/Air Operations. At a minimum, all members of the fire protection organization shall be acquainted with basic air 6-2* Pre-lncldent planning,. The AI-IJ shall develop a written pre- operations including safety considerations. incident plan(s) for wildfire control consistent with fire fighter and public safety. The plan shall be based on life safety, followed by 5-3 Size-Up. Upon arrival at a fire incident, tile IC shall determine resource/property values to be protected, as well as the political, die extent of the fire and its potential for becoming a major event. social, economic, environmental, and other concerns of the local The IG shall immediately report the fire size-up to tile jurisdictions. Ti~is plan shall be reviewed annually and, as a communications center and request additional resources, as minimum, include the following: necessary. Tile following conditions slmll be addressed: (a) An identification of specific wildfire hazards and risks and (a) Special or unusual lmzards or potential hazards hazard areas widdn die jurisdiction, and other hazards that can negatively effect wildfire control efforts. (b) Type and amount of fuel (c) Terrain

263 NFPA 295 -- A98 ROP

(b) An identification of fire protection features such as lakes, (e) Communications (Command radio frequencies shaft be rivers, water points, natural fire breaks, and other areas or features designated and limited to command purposes.) wlfich can be beneficial to wildfire control efforts. (0 Minimum qualification requirements (Fire suppression (c) A listing of resources including personnel, apparatus, and onnel shall meet the minimum requirements as outlined in equipment. 1051, Standard for Wildland Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications.) (d) A listin~ of all cooperating agencies and other mutual aid resources, anct the procedures for requesting assistance from these (g) An annual operating plan shall be prepared and used to agencies and resources. define and update specific operating procedures prior to each fire season. (e) A reference to any and all existing mutual aid agreements, contracts, and other protection agreements applicable to wildfire 6-2.4* l~re Danger Rating. The AHJ shall obtain weather control efforts. observations and determine the wildfire danger rating or shall obtain the information daily from the state forester or federal or (f) A list of specific objectives relating to training, safety, provincial wildfire control agency. response times, and staffing levels. 6-2.5* Training and Qualifications. Each organization having (g) A list of other resources wltich can provide an analysis of fire wildfire control resp~l~sibility shall develop and conduct a training cause, the identification of spedal fire hazards and risks, an ualification p~ ensures the safety and effectiveness assessment of wildland/urban interface and intermix fire andof all q personn ~,el,~" that NFPA 1051, Standard for Wildlaad protection problems, and proposed measures to reduce fire Fire Fighter P~~ificalions. occurrence. 6-8. Incide~.t~] IG shall establish objectives for the 6-2.1 Coordination and Cooperation. The AHJ shall cooperate overall .~ gl~k~rategy, specific tactical actions, and wifl~ other entities involved in wildfire control and protection and supp.q~sup #'ng.~ j~ttle operational period. The plan, coordinate with those entities for the purpose of expanding their wd~kor i~., shall indue incident objectives, organization, capability to protect the public from wildfire. cm'~'~~dicted fire weather and behavior, resource asstgnl~ communications, safety, transportation, logistics, 6-2.2 Cooperative Agreement Planning. The AHJ shall prepare a written coordination and cooperative agreement plan shall include entides affected by or involved in wildfire protection and related cooperative procedures, such as the following: -p~'Reporting. The AHJ shall complete and properly file (a) Neighboring fire organizations ~ w,riate fire report for every incident. Where applicable, ildland fire reports shall be completed in addition to (b) Police organizations lard incident/casualty reports. Such reports, whether hard or electronic, shall be filed in a timely manner with (c) Public works agencies opriate state, provincial, or federal agencies. 6-4.2 Reviews and Evaluations. All reviews and evaluations shall be conducted as constructive critiques to determine die facts (e) Public utilities x~ related to a specific incident. As a minimum, evaluations shall cover the following: (f) MedicaJ/health facilities (a) Examine the progress of an on-going incident and confirm (g) Media and the general public effective decisions or correct deficiencies (h) Dispatch/communications centers and proce~ ares (b) Identify new or improved procedures, techniques, or tactics (i) Gommand procedures (c) Examine incidents in order to determine cause(s) and contributing factors, and, where applicable, recommend corrective (j) Reimbursement procedures actions (k) Liability issues Chapter 7 Logistics (I) Operating procedures 7-1" Logistics Function. The logistics function shall be responsible to tile IG for providing support resources that meet the goals and 6-2.3 Cooperative Agreements. Each cooperative agreement shall purposes of tile wildfire control effort. Each logistics chief shall include provisions to enhance safety, effectiveness, and efficiency assess and determine its need for facilities, communications, in wildfire control. The AHJ shall use the following as the basis for support services, and supplies and equipment establislting new and reviewing existing cooperative agreements: 7-2* Facilities. The logistics function shall determine the need for (a) Cooperation in prevention, pre-incident, and suppression and locate appropriate facilities required for tile use of the fire operations control organization. (b) Coordination in development and implementation of The logistics function shall evaluate the physical facilities and wildfire control plans, protection standards, strategies, tactics, and usable space required to meet pre-incident planning objectives. procedures Where relevant such plans shallldentify locations for apparatus storage, equipment and personnel staging, base camp operations, (c) Identification of parties responsible for implementing lodging of personnel, and support services sites. various aspecm of the agreement 7-3* Communications. (d) A command structure (In order to facilitate a cooperative effort on a wildfire incident, a system to manage the incident shall 7-3.1 The AHJ shall establish a communications function to be used, as outlined in NFPA 1561, Standard on Fire Department determine communication needs and required resources, Incident Management System. If tile incident involves multiple including various radio networks (fixed and portable); landline jurisdictions, a unlfiedcommand shall be implemented. and cellular telephones; pagers, scanners, and other audible alert Gornmand of the incident can also be delegated from the agency equipment; and computers, data, and fax capabilities. with jurisdiction to the cooperating agency by mutual agreement, as necessary.) 7-8.2 The communications function shall also determine radio system needs, including frequency allocation, availability and compatibility of equipment between responding agencies,

264 NFPA 295 -- A98 ROP transmitting and security priorities and procedures, and Chapter 9 Referenced Pubficatiou equipment assignment and accountability. 9-1 Tile following documents or portions thereof are referenced 7-4* Support Services. The logistics pre~incldent plan simll within this standard and shall be considered ~ of the identify necessary support services that facilitate continual requirements of this document. Ti~e edition indicated for each operations dlroughout the incident. reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. 7-4.1 The logisitics function shah determine the required level of emergency medical support and identify available resources. 9-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 During incidents, appropriate emergency medical support -- Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. including transportation capabilities -- shall be made available near the incident locations. NFPA 18, Standard on Wetting Agyats, 1995 edition 7-4.2* The logisitics function shall determine the required level of NFPA 298, Standard on Fire Fighting Foam C_)um6calsfor Class A food services support and identify available resources. Applicable Fuels in Rural, Suburban, and Vegetated Arms, 1994 edition. health standards must be reviewed and placed in perspective with the size and complexity of anticipated incident activity. The pre- NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire D~artment Vehicle Drfi,~r/Op~rator incident plans must include identification of providers and Prof~gsional Qualifications, 1993 edieon. probable location sites including available utilites, tentative operation schedules, and contract prices." ONFPAuatif~n~,~e~ti~a. 1051, 5tand~ VCildland Fire Fighter Pwfessiona! 7-4.8* The Iogisitics function shall determine the required level of sanitation services -- including resources for ample toilets -- with Health Pro2~ Fire Department Occupational Safer3 and cleaning, inspection, and maintenance schedules; trash and NFP,~NFPA~1500. ard~fn, o garbag6coilection and removal to approved sites; and ample replacement of consumable supplies. e~2~' 'Jta~ ~rt~'.¢ g~fe~ O~r, 1997 7-4.4* The Iogisitics function shall determine the requiremenls for potable water and identify sources and a system of water " ~NFPt ~rd on Fire D~artment Incident Management distribution. 7-4.5* The logisitics function shall determine the requirements for rd for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 edition. ground support for personnel, equipment, and supplies. , Standard for V~idland Fire Apparatus, 1995 edition. 7-4.6 The Iogisitics function shall determine and provide fo[~ adequate security for personnel and equipment. ~'I~A 1962, Standard for tlw Car~ Us¢ and Service Tinting of Fire Including Couplings and Nozzles, 1993 edition. %5 Supplies and Equipment. Tile logistics function s~Kovi~ supplies and equipment as requested to support the incid~ [41~I'A 1977, 5taadard on Prot~cli~ Clothing and Equipment for Wildland l'~reFighting 1993 edition. 7-6 Demobilization. Tile logistics function sl~( I carryout demobilization activities in suppo~ , Appendix A Explanatory Material with command, operations, planning, an~ This ap~ndix is rot a part of the requirements of this NFPA document Chapter 8 F'mance but is includrd for informational purposes only. 8-1 General. The finance function is responsible t ',for all A-l-2 The current text is designed to help the thousands of small aspects of financial management in support of the fi[~vp]rotection community organizations existing in the rural and forested areas of organization. North America. Many of these communities are exposed to the dangers of a large fire involving many acres of natural fuels, such 8-2 Pre-lncldent. The finandal element of the operatiomd plan as forest, I~'au, or brush. To prepare effectively fur such shall include, as a minimum, the contractual agreements to emergencaes, the responsive fire protection organizations and provide for the following services: individuals must be informed of the most recent and useful wildland fire control teclmiques, equipment, training, and (a) Fuel, oil, and lubricants operations. (b) Medical, including injury reports Additional information on large equipment, heavy power tools, specialized wildfire-fighting equipment, and techniques is available (c) Catering, food, and drinking water in other publications. This standard indudes a list of mandatory requirements that must be met fffire fighters are to be safe and (d) Personnel hiring and hourly pay effective in the prevention and suppression of wildfires. (e) Outside services, including lodging and communications It is suggested that fire orocranizations consider the adoption of tids standard through a vote by the fire department members or by (f) Equipment maintenance citizens of the protected area. Legal counsel should be consulted to explain how the adoption of this standard affects the (g) Specialized fire-fighting equipment department and its members. (h) Purchasing agreements and systems In many rural and wildiand areas, forest, grass, crop, and brush fires are a continual problem. These fires, if not controlled, can (i) Incident support endanger human life and cause serious damage to property, natural resources, and the environment. Careful evaluation of (j) Insurance notification systems wildfires in the United States and Canada for many years has shown that fire damage can be prevented or minimized if such 8-3 Incident. Pre-incident plans shall be followed to accurately fires are aggressively attacked by trained fire fighters in the early account for all expenditures during the incident. A methodology stages of fire development. for the timely and accurate disbursement of funds shall be followed. A-I~ Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, 8-4 Post-incident. The AHJ shall prepare and distribute, as equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing required, a summary report that will assure that all accounts are laboratories. In determining the accepizbifity of installations, paid and reimbursable costs are billed. procedures, equipment, or materials, the authority having jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or

265 NFPA 295 ~ A98 ROP other appropriate standards. In file absence of such standards, A-4-4.2.1 Fire fighting requires fast action, sustained effort, and said authority may require evidence of proper installation, greater energy than most other work. Fire fighting is always procedure, or use. The authority baying jurisdiction may also potentially hazardous. In file United States, fire fighting has one of refer to the listings or labeling practices of an organization that is the highest accident rates of any occupation. Wildfire control can concerned with product evaluations and is thus in a position to beparticularly hazardous unless the necessary safety procedures determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current and principles are constantly practiced and obeyed. Most accidents production of listed items. can be prevented by careful procedures and training before emergencies. The safety and welfare of the entire fire- fighting A-I-$ Authority Having Jurisdiction. The phrase "authority organization are file responsibility of the incident commander. All baying jurisdiction" is used in NFPA documents in a broad persons in authority are likewise responsible for the safety of the manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their personnel under their direction• responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional A-4-4.2.2 (a) A safety hard hat with chin strap must be worn on department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of the fireline. A standard fire fighter's ilelmet shall be permitted to a fire prevention bureau, labor department, or health department; be worn as an alternative. Hard hats gready reduce the number of building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory serious injuries. Lightweight "bump"hats are unacceptable as they authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection do not provide adequate protection in wildfire control• department, rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may be the authority having jurisdiction. In many Footwear should b~.~leather lace-up boots. It is recommended circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated agent that boots be wldl .q~e| toes except for those used by chain saw assumes the role of the authority having jurisdiction; at operators. Tile h~.'~ sbi$~ald have slip-resistant soles, such as a government installations, file commanding officer or departmental hard rubber h~or tractor tread. This allows for maximum official may be file authority having jurisdiction. traction and :~ve~)~.eiting when exposed to normal fireline condition~-..-~[~ sho~'.:..-:~ot be made of composition rubber or A-I-3 Incident Management System. See NFPA 1561, Standard on plastic, ...~l~[i?~¢e low"'~g.i..o.g points. This does not preclude the Fire Department Incident Management System. use o~ff0ots ,~[ih smooth'~::-~d rubber soles or those with a well- deft~ tre~ However, t~ disadvantage of these soles is their .4,-1-3 Listed. Tile means for identifying listed equipment may t~.~.,.t~ on smooth rock, logs, dry grass, and pine needle vary for each organization concerned with product evaluation; surfao~.~'ar~"often encountered on wildfires. The height of some organizations do not recognize equipment as listed unless it boot top~:-'~~uld be a minimum of 6 in. (15.2 cm), with at least 8 is also labeled. The anthority having jurisdiction should utilize file in. (20.3 ct ~j~r.:?~eater preferred. Low-quarter boots or shoes %-::.'.-:.-:::. . system employed by the listing organization to identify a listed ~[d not b.6.'.~ornas they do not prowde ankle support or keep product. ~..~.~ dirt. Pull-on type boots, such as structural fire- fi~d'~gber boots, cowboy boots, or engineering boots are not A-]-I In order to provide fire prevention and control and to ~%omr~"~aded because they do not provide adequate ankle protect ilfe and property from wildfire, a community shou.[# ~.pport, do not keep out sparks anddirt, and are loose-fitting and establish file following: .,.~" ~ use blisters. (a) An officially designated formal organization If available, flame-resistant clothing specially designed for wildfire chief or fire warden charged with the responsibiliI fighting should be worn. If flame-resistant clothing is not available, and suppression of wildland fires. The chief is ".~, fire fighters should wear loose, cuffiess trousers and sltirts made of entire departmental operation. The chief sh~ cotton or wool. Loose-fitting clothing reduces chafing and affords the governing body, ff one exists, or elected~$~..~l more protection. Collars and cuffs should be buttoned to protect the basis of merit and ability. Tile chief ~"~:Z~., file arms and neck from heat, burns, scratches, and insects. part-time paid, or volunteer. %#.~ Fire shelters should be worn by all fire fighters engaged in (b) A well-organized, equipped, and trained fire ~finy or suppression activities if available. crew who will operate under the anthority of the chi ~ffire warden or subordinate officer. Most small wildfires can be li~tdled by a Gloves should be worn to protect hands and make hand work well-trained squad or company of two to free fighters if attacked easier. Fire fighters should have goggles for eye protection when quickly. Large or rapidly spreading fires require more fire fighters, encountering excessively smoky or dusty environments. more equipment, expert supervision, and extensive radio and telephone communications. A-4~,;2.2(c) The 10 Standard Fire Fighting Orders and 18 "Watch Outl Situations are used as the basic safety instructions for (c) Three or four small companies or squads of five or six fire wildland fire suppression activities and should be included in all fighters, with leaders, can be grouped together under the wildland fire suppression training. command of a crew leader or company officer. This leader can be one of several crew leaders commanding similar groups, and all TEN STANDARD FIRE FIGHTING ORDERS personnel under his command, and others concerned, shall know who the crew leader is and the scope of the leader's anthority. The 1. Fight fire aggressively but provide for safety first. crews or companies can be assigned to action only on a designated portion of the main fire. This designated portion of the fire is 2. Initiate all actions based on the current and expected fire commonly called a sector or division. behavior.

A-4-1 The first responsible authority ranger, warden, company 3. Recognize current weather conditions and obtain forecasts. officer, crew leader, or other officer who arrives at the emergency is the incident commander until someone with higher authority 4. Ensure instructions are given and understood. specifically assumes command. Vc'benever a new incident commander assumes command, all officers, crew leaders, and 5. Obtain current information on fire status. others on the incident should be notified immediately. The incident commander is responsible for planning and directing the 6. Remain in communication with crew members, your fire control efforts; assembling crews of fire companies and telling supervisor, and adjoining forces. them where and how to work; making the best use of personnel; arranging for communications, rest periods, and relief crews; 7. Determine safety zones and escape routes. making the best use of equipment and tools; obtaining supplies; ,and ensuring that the fire is completely extinguished before the last 8. Establish lookouts in potentially hazardous situations. crews are released from the scene. In other words, tile incident commander is responsible for all activities and operations at an 9. Retain control at all times. emergency incident. Tile incident commander delegates more and more responsibility to assistants as the needed organizational effort 10. Stay alert, keep calm, think clearly, act decisively. grows, but the incident commander is always the final authority and bears total responsibility. 18 "WATCH OUTI" SITUATIONS

266 NFPA 295 --A98 ROP

1. The fire is not scouted and sized up.

2. You're in country not seen in daylight.

3. Your safety zones and escape routes aren't identified. 4. You're unfamiliar with weadaer and local factors influencing fire behavior.

5. You're uninformed on strategy, tactics, and hazards. 6. Instructions and assignments are not clear.

7. You have no communication link with crew members and su pervisors.

8. You're consua~cting a line widaout a safe anchor point. 9. You're building a fireline downhill with fire below•

10. You're attempting a frontal ,assault on dae fire. ..:.:.:. ... V~re A-~i~i::~a) Dozers ar~ a valuable tool for wimnre 11. There is unburned fuel between you and d~e fire. suppressi~', '~!i.9.ne is properly equipped with protective ,:..:-..c~opy, F~s, brush guards, and a winch. 12. You cannot see the main fire, and you're not in contact wida anyone who c,an.

13. You're on a hillside where rolling material can ignite fuel

14. The wead, er is getting hotter and drier ...... ~ ::.l ~'~ ~~ - ~ " ======~~~~Ill~I'~'~:: L3 ,,':.~!, 15. Wind increases and/or changes direction. ::::{i~":::~~t~,.,.;~i~l~"~~i~!~~flJ~P~ '.'!2~ 16. You're getting frequ ent spot fires across the fire line ....:-'::::-:.. ::::~ ~~'~!" ~-"" ~ ..~i::" "'::i~.-'~?~.':': : :~ ~': ~', J = 17. Terrain andfuelsmakeescapetosafetyzonesdiffi.c..+~+. "+~i~ ~I~+~i+~":+ L~l 18. You fee, like taking a nap near the fireline. '*'+ ":+-~++:'::+5::.+::f::~':':'%+~'-+++++'+::::.::++!:: ~'+le++~I~ "~~~~.~. ~II~rl~l~t

+5-2.2 Hand Tools. Tools needed wdl vary b+:+~'eti+~:.o.f.....:+:i:+m+++-:+:_ .... fl,....++++++++-..+... e ...... + --. ~~::i~I ,m:+..~., '+° J'~.+.+ ~.~~A country due to dtfferences m fuels soil and t#iSoffraDh'~:':i~l "%'-"-'::':'-'-"" ~+( '~L~~-~ . ~ . equipment selected for fire control work s~t~l b~e cleoZe~ble ,:.?.:ii;;': :.i~;!;:r+. ;~ + _...~'_.L..... '~, properly maintained, and used for die typ~-:o~::~igrk for'whii~ it "" ~'~L~ ~ ++ was.,designed. Many national standards and spe:~..~..tious ~ ~~~+~i avaLtaole to help fire department organizations pd~.~e ~ ~~l/~l~~ ,.:+~, proper equipment. Assistance in selecting appropria~#:::~ls can be ~~~~-~,":: '~ obtained from federal, state, or provincia~ wil'dfire-fig~f~:ng IIIII~I~~+ ~5~ agencies. "+ " ~++ ~: ~/.~ A-5-2.2 Power Saws. It is not necessary that fire suppression organizations own power saws; daey are frequently available from woods operators, the same operators that communities often rely Figure A-5-2.2(b) Tractor plows are often used in suitable terrain on for additional fire- fighting manpower. to build fireIinesalong the flanks and rear of a wildfire.

Information on power saws can be secured from the A-5-2.3 manufacturers as well as from operators who have used flae various (a) Aircraft Safety-Fixed Wing Aircraft• The use of fire retardants makes and types. Because fire suppression can require carrying dropped from aircmft is a modem, sophisticated attack tool in saws long distances over rough terrain, an important consideration wildfire control. (See Figure A-5-2.3[a].) It is likely that members of is weight. fire departments will become involved in the use of alrtankers; daerefore, they must be cognizant of fl~e safety rules regarding Saws must be equipped with adequate spark arresters to minimize airtanker operations. the possibility of ignitin~ nearby fuels by hot exhaust particles. References for informataon on approved spark arresters for power Ground forces should be warned when drops will be made in saws can be found in Appendix D. their area. Often die airtanker pilot will make a dry run or higi~ pass over d~e portion of the fire where dae drop will be made. This .4,-5-2.2 Tractor Plows and Dozers. Tractor plows and dozers are usually indicates d:te drop will be made widfin 1 to 3 minutes. If valuable tools for wildfire suppression. (See Figure A-5-2.2[a] and drops have already been made in dae area, daere usually will be no [b].) Most fire departments willnot find it economical to own dry runs. tractors or bulldozers but should make a careful evaluation to determine use possibilities under existing conditions of terrain, 1. If unable to rea-eat to a safe place when an airdrop is fitels, and rates of fire spread. Heavy tractor equipment is imminent, follow these safety procedures: frequently available from construction and logging operators, whose names and telephone numbers should be included in the ~. Lie face down wifl~ head toward oncoming aircraft and hard fire plan. Any tractors or bulldozers used for wildfire suppression hat in place. If possible, grab somedfing solid and get behind it to should be equipped wifl~ protective canopies, winches, and prevent being carried or rolled about by the drop. Spread feet adequate lights for operating at night. Unless turbo-charged, apart for better body stability and to assist digging in. bulldozers or tractors should also be equipped with approved and effective spark arresters. References for information on approved b. Hold tools firmly out to d~e side and away from tile body. spark arresters for tractor plows and dozers can be foundin Flying tools or equipment can cause injury. Appendix D.

267 NFPA 295 1 A98 ROP

1. Approach and departure

a. Get the pilot's attention and permission before approaching the helicopter.

b. Always approach in full view of the pilot. Never approach from the rear of the helicopter.

c. Always approach or depart in a crouched position. Gusts of wind can cause the rotor blades to drop dangerously low to die ground.

d. Safety helmets must be held securely to prevent their being blown away or blown up into the rotors by the rotor blast.

e. Never approach or depart a helicopter from ground that is upslope from the main rotor. Rotors are almost invisible when turning at high speed or under poor lighting conditions.

f. Keep clear of ..~..'~ii~n and tail rotors at all times. Do not walk to the rear of the.:~li,:o~er when entering or exiting.

g. Carry alkii~ng-]~tled tools in such a manner that dae bandies ~--~/~,~,-- ~ will not b..e..ii..i~erte~i-r,....aised into die rotor pad,. Figure A-5-2.3 (a) An airtanker makes a drop of fire retardant on a wil-in~ 2. W~-'~'ng a~:3und h,~.lip~/~:" ...... ::3i~- ..:::...... ~:- c. Do not run unless escape is assured. Never stand up in the ~*~:~:at.j~.t. 100 fi: (3~" m) away from helicopters at all times path of an air dro p. unless "~!i~av~:":a...... s p ecific, j'ob that requires otherwise. Your presence'~:..cause confusion and disrupt the pilot's d. Stay away from large old trees and snags. Tops, limbs, or :i~:.:::~:..-..concentrat]~-i::,~.-.-'-": entire trees could break and fall , causin g in'uryIj . ":~'i'i-i::iiii:-::.:.,.:::.-.,-.x.:-:.:.:-.--:-:-:...... ":~ii~::"..- -i-':. "':B/~iii-~.~::~o~,tn,lce a landing helicopter unless wearing goggles 2. After the retardant drop has been made there is a follow-uo -~:. ,,g+":':'::!:!~!~;i:i~.~'~" advantage on the fire. However, these factors must be consi~g~:::: '"-:ii~- Do...:~:bt remain in an area that is consistently under the flight after the drop: ..~¢~:"~"'::!i::ii~ "~th of any helicopter

a. Most retardants are slippery;, therefore, be carefuL.O~::~tin.~i~i~:::. %:i'~" Do not smoke within 50 ft (15 m) of any helicopter or fueling and wipe off all hand tools, especially the bandies. " "::'~.:ii~'::,~." "':~"-'~'ii~i~!!::~hrea.

b. Heavy application of retardant on surface~::~ii~, be ~%iii~i'::....~."-, 3. In-flight safety hazardous andshould be washed down as so.~"as po~.~ ":%y ~:-i'ii::iii!i-i::. ":'i?:i::::i::::i: -~"~ a. Do not smoke in ~ale helicopter. c. Retardant should be washed from eqi~ilp~t..and stru~Jres as soon as possible to ,°revent damaae,o to finish'~-~::-...,.....i.iiiii~::. .#'"q:~ b. Use the seatbelt and keep it secured until the pilot instructs you to leave die helicopter. d. Retardant could also damage agricultural or o~tal vegetation, and actions should be taken to minimiz%~izh damage. c. Ensure that all loose gear and helmets, maps, papers, and so forth, are securely held to prevent their being blown about the helicopter or out the windows.

d. Do not let any gear get in tile way of the pilot or tile pilot's controls.

e. Never dwow anything out of a helicopter.

f. Do not talk to the pilot unless necessary, particularly during takeoff and landing.

g. Be alert for hazarCs such as other aircraft and especially telepbone and power lines.

11. Never slam the doors of a helicopter. Tile doors do not have spring-loaded locks, so tile handles must be physically turned to secure the door.

A-g4.1 The threat to tile lives of fire fighters and citizens is always the higbest priority, and the IC's fire attack decision should consider tile following methods of attack:

(a) For low intensity fires, consideration should be given to Figure A-5-2.$ (b) The use of helicopters has become a common direct attack. occurrence in wildfire suppression. This helicopter is being used to make water drops on a wildfire. (b) For ltigh intensivt fires with unpredictable fire behavior or difficult terrain, considl.wation shouldbe given to indirect attack.

(b) Rotary Wing Aircraft (Helicopters). The use of helicopters has A-g4.2 In wildland fire suppression and fire management become a keypart of wildfire protection (see Figure A-5-2.3[b]); including prescribed bt ruing, fire retardants fall into one of two however, as with any other piece of fire- fighting equipment, there categories: are definite rules for safety when using or operating around a helicopter. The following safety procedures apply to helicopter operations:

268 NFPA 295 M A98 ROP (a) Long-tam rctardants. (C) Resources Long-term retardants contain fire-retarding salts, ammonium 1. Reserve personnel---how to contact. sulfate, ammonium phosphate, or a combination of each that 2. List of available equipment~type, locations, how to contact alters the combustion process. Since the chemical additives alter and procure. the combustion process, they are effective for a long period of 3. List of available supplies and suppliers--types, locations, how time. to contact and procure. 4. List of other available facilities---types, locations, who to These long term retardants are used for direct attacks that may or contact. may not be in coordination with fire crews; short-term protection of items such as improvements, log decks, and forest fuels adjacent (d) Map of protected area that should include items such as the to a fireline; prescribed burning and backfiring; and mop-up. following: Chemical retardants can be applied to a fire by fixed wing alrtankers, helicopters with buckets or fixed tanks, fire engines, 1. Boundary of protected area and adjacent jurisdictions portable pumps, or back pumps. 2. Roads and other means of access such asheliports and airports (b) Supp~sants. $. Locations of manpower, equipment, and fadfities' resources 4. Water sources Suppressants are water with additives such as polymers foam 5. Areas of concert~. concentrate. They depend upon the water and moistureor retention for effectiveness. When the water dries out, the effectiveness a. disappears. Therefore, they are usually effective frnm just a few minutes to up to one hour or so under optimum conditions. t~ sources such as dumps, sawmills, logging kas. and so forth Suppressants are used in direct attack: in support of on-the-lhae fire crews; short-term Protection of items such as improvements, (e) log decks, and forest fuels adjacent to a fireline; prescribed burning and backfiring; and mop-up. The methods of application indude fixed wing airtankers, helicopters with buckets or fixed 2. MLa~l~s o/*notifylng the public tanks, fire engines, and back pumps. Glass A foams are familiar suppressants used ha wildfire attack and control. Class A foams are ch/~mically derived surfactant-agent ~re vrevent]on is often said to be the most foams. As such, they have the ability to form an iusulatingblanket on the surface of fuels, as well as increasing the efficiency ol by increased penetration into fuels and reducing the amo~l water d~t runs off onto the groun& ~L ndon. Prevention of wildfire is a continua]job. Fire Is an ~present danger, and, to be effective, fire prevention must be The foam solution is a homogeneous mixture of water~a~ ~ ,randy practiced. A fire prevention program must Include concentrate. An aerated solution is created by fo.rj~ oar ~, for the entire year. The program should analyze the common entraining air into a foam solution by means _~_mes of fire, identify significant fire Ira,taxis and risks existing ha equipment or by cascading it through the alr~aO~~ hil ~er the protection area, and-propose measures to reduce the Very small amounts of Class A foam concej~lf~' arc ~Y" F occurrence of fire and fire damages. The following is an example usually between 0.1 percent and 1.0 perce~ i~ u~ of ~er. ofa systema~c wildland fire prevention planning proce~ The consistency of foam is a function of the inp~ (h) Wildfire prevention planning: and concentrate, and the generation method. C any of In order to implement a wildfire prevention program as an these variables will change the foam. Aerial and gr( foam integrated element of the fire nmnagement program, wildfire delivery systems are designed to allow changing Inpt in order to prevention must be focused. Effom.should fores upon ignitions create the most effective foam for the situation. that pose the greatest threat to cause unacceptable damage or. losses. Utilizing wildfire prevention as a selected swategy based on The viscosity and density, or consistency, of foam is described by the threat of the ignition integrates it ham the fire management drain time and expansion ratio. AWET foam has a rapid drain program. Other strategies within the fire management program time and a low expansion ratio. A DRY foam is characterized by that may be emphayed-hadude suppression, fuel management, long drain times and high expansion ratios. A DRIPPING foam prescribed fire, and so forth. has properties of both WET and DRY foams. WET and DRIPPING foanm are excellent for suppremlon, mop-up, and as a wetting In order to focus wildfire prevention programs, it is important to trcaunent under a DRY foam creating a fire barrier. DRY foam is identify problems or potent]a/problems accurately. Any wildfire most effective as a barrier for short-term protection of structures, prevention planning process that does not accurately assess or improvements, and forest fuels. The thickest, driest foams are identify wildfire prevention problems is doomed to fail. made by using compressed air foam systems (CAFS). Identification of priority wildfire prevention programs must look at a number of variables. These variables include the following: For mop-up, regular fire hose nozzles and aspirating nozzles with low water/fair expansion rates are the most effective. Aspirating 1. Risks. Risks are defined as those uses or human activities that nozzles with water/air expansion rates of ±10 to +100 are available. have the potential to result in wildfire ignition. When assessing the risk of a given area, only the ds/~ should be examined. The A-6-2 Written fire suppression mobilization plans are important potential for a fire to spread or burn will be looked at separately; even if prepared only ha outline form. They should list all these two items should not be confused. Wherever there are preplanned decisions and attack plans and outline other concentrations of people or activity, the potential for a human- reformation needed for planned action. Such fire control plans caused ignition exists. After assessing the risks within an area it can allow a subordinate to take emergency action in the absence of the be helpful to look at historical fires to validate the risk assessment. fire chief or other key individuals. Copies of the plans with Historical fires alone, however, are not an accurate reflection of necessary maps should be distributed to key fire officers. Plans the risks within a given area. The objective of this effort is to must be updated at least annually and at any other time wilen determine the degree of risk within given areas of an administrative required by changing conditions. unit. (a) Ftre deparunent organizational chart 2. Hazards. Hazards are defined as the fuels and topography of an area. The objective ha examining risks is to determine the I. Line of succession Names--how to contact. potential of a large fire resulting from an ignition. In other words, the objective is to determine the degree of difficulty in suppressing 2. Personnel roster Names---how to contact. a fire once h is ignited. Again, it is important to examine hb~lmrds without regard to anything else. (b) Cooperating agencies Names---how to contact.

269 N~A 295 1 A98 ROP

3. Values. Values are defined as natural or developed areas department. It is important to compile information wben it is fresh whose loss or destruction by wildfire would be considered in the mind of the reporting officer. unacceptable. The objective of dais process is to rate values based upon the need to protect these from wildfire. The U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) has developed the National Fire Incident Reporting System (NFIRS), wltich is die automated Once risks, hazards, and values have been evaluated, it will be system based on the work of die NFPA Fire Reporting Committee possible to determine when, where, and how to implement as published in NFPA 901, Standard Classifications for Incident effective fire prevention programs. By comparing an area's Reporting and Fire Protection Data. The system now has been potential to have an ignition (risks) wifla its potential to bum after installedin approximately 40 states, the District of Columbia, and ignited (hazards), and die values threatened by a wildfire, an a number of larger fire departments. effective fire prevention plan can be written. This plan can focus on the [fighest priority wildfire prevention problems within an At the state level, NFIRS provides for the collection of written administrative unit. It is not necessary to have an extensive fire reports on incidents to which local communities responded. At revention effort in an area with a number of risks where d~e die national level, NFIRS provides data bases from individual states ~ azard is minimal and where dlere are no real values threatened. to form the national data base. The USFA analyzes dais data base In contrast, it will be important to have a comprehensive effort in and publishes the analysis. an area where fllere are substantial risks, a high hazard, and high values are threatened. The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) has established a standar0~jnformation content for wildfire reporting The wildfire prevention plan should address what needs to be (see Figure A-6-4.1)..~:~..~ta~dardized content is now usedby all done in each area based upon die type of activities and uses. It U.S. federal wilcl£~ cofi'/~ol agencies and many states. should clearly define what actions will take place, when, and who #~.. is responsible. Wildfire prevention activities generally fall widtin A 7-1 The LQ~.'tic~ {~tion is vital to the proper management of one of three broad categories. These categories include the orgamzati~ls':~yolv,fel~wildfire control. Resource following: determ!.#g.'~.~ed td:::~e before, during, and following wildfi.~Yn~dd~ts. For m~'tire protection organizations, existing a. Education. Education is aimed at dlanging people's behavior res~es..... n'~ only to b¢.~'eapplied to meet wildfire control by informing diem. Informing people can be done through printed materials, mass media (radio, television, etc.), one-on-one contacts, or group presentations. Information can also be A-7-2 T h'#'.-i shment of appropriate facilities and usable space delivered through signs, displays, fairs, parades, and so forth. locations it ~ortant aspect of the logistics function. Elements msidered when determining strategic locations b. Engineering. Engineering is an activity designed to shield an wildfire locations, other emergency services ignition source (e.g., spark arrester) or remove the fuel that would .cy of public roads and utilities, scope of ignite from a spark ( e.g., clearance around a home). networks, and extent of outside assistance c. Enforcement. Enforcement is used to gain complia.d~ ~th...'.~ fire codes and ordinances. ~ icb~7 .~heral checklist for facilities: ! (a)Keep incident facilities at a manageable size. The wildfire prevention plan should select the m..q~l gost-el (b) Enforce rules of conduct at facilities. mix of activities to mitigate potential fire probl~'~l :. :..~ (c) Provide a bulletin board as an assembly area. priority area. Annually, file wildfire preventi~:"plan, e ' (d) Maintain proper accountability of all property. evaluated. If ignitions are occurring in an ~:~.where ~ ,e fit~ (e) Locate sleeping area with safety in mind. prevention program is implemented, 13erli~[)~...fir~ prev~ ~ion (f) Participate in development of demobilization plan. activities should be reviewed. This rewew could:"~[ m a ~ iange (g) Control dust when needed. of activities within the area. If the plan is working,~.... re # be no (h) Consider environmental protection when locating incident need to make any changes. ~ ~'." facilities. (i) Keep first aid facilities accessible and well marked. A-6-2.4 The probability of a wildfire starting is largel i dependent (j) Inspect facilities for safety and fire hazards to take corrective on an ignition source, fuel conditions, and weather. The fire action when needed. danger can only be accurately determined by specific weather- (k) Consider and supply computer support when needed. related measurements such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, (l) Have well marked parking areas. and fuel moisture. The observations are used to calculate the fire (m) Keep facilities clean. d.'mger using a system like the United States Fire Danger Rating (n) Locate eating areas with shade. System or die Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System. A-7-3 The communications element of the logistics function is vital A-6-2.5 All personnel should receive frequent training in first aid, to personnel safety and organizational effectiveness when wildfires fireline safety, fire behavior, and techniques and medaods of occur. A functional communications network provides rapid wildfire suppression. Periodic hands-on training with hand tools notification of wildfire emergencies, alerting of organizational and equipment, as well as crew and fireline organization should be units, effective notification of the general public of incident status included. Crew leaders and company officers need specialized and/or evacuation needs, uninhibited communications with key training in fire control tactics to assure dleir competence when cooperators and other outside agencies. directing fire suppression operations. It is recommended that cooperative training with other wildfire control organizations be A communications system by which fires and emergencies can be conducted. Federal, state, andprovincial forest fire officers have reported to tile fire organization is essential. There must be technical training materials andare usually available to assist. telephone communications to some central location that serves as a dispatch center. An emergency telephone number, widely Many states and provinces have established programs fllrough publicized in the response area and published in the local which fire fighters can receive training in structural fire fighting. telephone company directory, must be established. It is essential Special training in wildfire tactics and techniques can be obtained that dae fire protection organization have an alerting system by from state, provincial, or federal wildfire protection agencies, which its personnel can be summoned at any time of the day or which frequently conduct special fire schools, seminars, and other nigiit. There are a number of ways to do dais including radio- forms of instruction. A number of publications dealing with activated pagers and monitors, sirens, and telephone systems. wildfire control are available from state forester's offices or the National Wildfire Coordinating Group's Publication Management A-7-4 Actual resources and support required can vary for each System. (See Appendix D.) wildfire occurrence. Capabilities to provide the following support services should be evaluated by organizations having wildfire A-6-4.1 The reporting of fires is an important fimction of the fire control responsibility: department. Fire reports provide a realistic and factual basis for fire preventionplanning, support for funding requests, and aid in (a) Medical organizational development. They could also be significant (b) Food service documents in insurance claim adjustment cases. A report must be (c) Lodging completed on every fire or false alarm responded to by the fire (d) Potable water

270 NFPA 295 -- A98 ROP

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...... ~:.:.:;:;:::::;:.:;:;:;:;:..-.... ~:::::::::;:.. ..:.:.:.-.- -.~.<.:-:.:.:.:....v~ ..:.:.:::::::. .;.:. Figure A-6-4.1. Sample reporti.9.#:~orm:"::~ "~.--":'?":" Figure A-6-4.1. Sample reporting form. (coat) ~,:...::, ,~?...~,:~ .~-.;:- .:~::'-':'~L.'..~::. ~-.:'i--'.-:~: "" (e) Transportation "":i~ii-~::..~:,x,. ..'..:iiii A-74.6 Transportation checklist: (f) Designated rest & relaxatmn ".':!:~:i:~:':~. ¢:P" (g) Sanitation "*~f~ (a) Provide direction signs on roads to facilities and drop (h) Ground support ~i'-:' points. (i) Security ~" (b) Place signs at incident facilities and drop points. (c) Plan adequate rest for drivers. A-74.3 Food service checklist: (d) Isolate and place signs at. fuel storage area. (e) Develop andenforce velncle control plan. (a) Sanitation requirements (i.e., state, local, and OSHA) (f) Plan for transportation for both personnel and equipment to should be met. and from incident camp to actual incident. (b) Food service sanitation requirements should be met. (g) Provide maintenance and fueling according to schedule. (c) Food handlers should keep hands clean and should avoid (h) Inspect equipment condition. handling food without wearing proper clodaing and gloves. (i) Maintain all equipment records. (d) Food handlers should be free of communicable disease. (j) Provide transportation and support vehicles. (e) Perishable foods should be stored under refrigeration at 40°F (4°C) or lower until served. Appendix B Air Operations for Forest, Brush, and Grass Fires (f) Hot foods should be kept at 150°F (66°C) or more until served. This appendix is not a part of the requirements of this NFPA document (g) Reusable food utensils should be cleaned thoroughly and but is included for informational purposes only. immersed for two minutes in at least 170°F (77°C) water. (h) First aid material and first aid treatment should not be in B-1 Introduction. kitchen or serving areas~ (i) Recycling should be considered. B-l-1 Scope. This guide presents fundamental information for agencies desiring to use aircraft for any and all aspects of wildland A-7-4.4 S,'mitation checklist: fire prevention, detection, and suppression. It presents necessary and useful information on procedures, practices, organization, (a) Provide adequate toilet facilities and establish a regular inspection and maintenance schedule to keep d)em clean. and management, as well as suggested policy. (b) Provide trash and garbage collection points and have daily B-1-2 Purpose. The primary purpose of this guide is to present the removal. information necessary to plan, organize, and manage safe, cost- (c) Do not locate g;~rbage or trash collection points up-wind of effective aircraft operations. The guide focuses on aircraft under sleeping or eating areas. the control of agencies responsible for wildland fire prevention, A-7-4.5 Water supply checklist: detection, and suppression. B-1-3 General. Many agencies in different countries use aircraft (a) Use a safe local water supply or haul it from a domestic water supply in trucks approved for potable water only. for reconnaissance, fire detection, fire suppression, fuel management, and coordination of ground control forces. (b) Have water tested and protect it from contamination.

271 NFPA 295 ~ A98 ROP

B-I-4 Definitions of Aeronautical and Air Operations rating bureau, or other insurance company representative may Terminology. be the authority having jurisdiction. In many circumstances, the property owner or his or her designated agent assumes file role Abort. An order to terminate a preplanned aircraft maneuver of die autlaority having jurisdiction; at government installations, (e.g., abort takeoff, abort retardent drop run). the commanding officer or departmental official may be file authority having jurisdiction. AGL, Above Ground Level. Autorotation. This is a nonpowered flight condition with the Air Attack. An operation involving die use of aircraft as part of rotor system maintaining the required flight rpm at a given forward the fire suppression action. airspeed; it is due to the relative wind upwardthrough die rotors, caused by the weight, forward speed, and descent of file Air Tactical Group Supervisor (ATGS). The officer, normally helicopter. airborne, in tactical command of all aircraft operating at an incident. Base/Rear/Heel. The side of the fire hating tile slowest rate of speed. Air Traffic. Aircraft operating in the air or on an airport surface, exclusive of loading ramps and parking areas. (See FAR, Part 1.) Birddog/Alr Attack (Aircraft). The aircraft carrying the officer or individual in charge of air attack operations over a fire. Aircraft Footprint. That area on the surface of file earth, runway, ,, ~,-, ,, • or ramp that is covered by the tread of the aircraft tires while the Bomb Away/ or '.~: Tile voice command that signals the aircraft is in a motionless condition. moment for acting d[:i~controls that open file retardant doors.

Airport Traffic Control Tower (Tower). A facility providing BreaK/Lefth _. ~. ~%.~".~-~oturn left or right. Applies to aircraft in airport traffic control service. flight, usll.~:~y~ a r~t drop run, and when given as a commat~:':<~'...~t":~" ~':'~- pilot,~i.o*.- a prompt compliance. Airspeed. The speed of an aircraft relative to its surrounding air .$ %-~:..~, mass. The unqualified term "airspeed" means one of the following: Bu.~e. ~-g.rm indicati:~' d~at a load was placed exacdy wilere (a) Indicated Airspeed. The speed shown on the aircraft airspeed indicator. This is the speed used in pilot/controller Called 1""~.+ The drop technique wherein the control aircraft communications under the general term "airspeed." (Refer to FAR riggers 6~fll~i~y voi~ze signal to file pilot. (See Countdown.) Part 1.) )~..-..-.,. ~'~..~'i'chlng. The burning of the foliage of a single tree, (b) True Airspeed. The airspeed of an aircraft relative to o r.~?:~'oup of trees, from die bottom up. undisturbed air. Used primarily in flight planning and en ro~$..~ii!:~:.~ portion of flight. When used in pilot/controller communi..~'~-'..: ~anopy. Tile uppermost layer of tree foliage. it is referred to as "true airspeed" and not shortened to '.~.~~speed~ - I~:. 6>."I¢~ :~i~untdown. A reverse count, from ten down to one, on a called Airtanker. A fixed wing aircraft equipped to drop fire ret ~hot starting approximately 1/2 mile (0.8 kin) from die target. (See or fire suppressants. Called Shot.) Airtanker Coordinator/ Birddo= Pilot/Lead,~t~ne Pil:£~i..~), t~ Crosswind Component. The wind component measured in knots pilot of die control aircraft, wor~(ing unde~ervision o~¢ ~d~'~~' at 90 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the flight path. Tactical Group Supervisor ( ATGS), who d~t~ ~}~s targeui~.f retardant drops and coordinates the movement ~.~.irtank, Crown Fire. Fire traveling in the upper foliage of standing timber.

Approved. Acceptable to die authority havingjuris n. Cruising Altitude. A flight level determined by the vertical .,N, measurement from mean sea level (MSL). NOTE: The National Fire Protection Association'~iioes not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, Density Altitude. Pressure altitude for ambient temperature. In equipment, or materials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing standard (ICAO) atmosphere, density and pressure altitude are laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations, equal. For a given pressure altitude, the higher the temperature, procedures, equipment, or matedals, the anthority having the higher the density altitude. jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or other appropriate standards. In the absence of such standards, Direct Attack. A drop with the main portion of retardant or said authority may require evidence of proper installation, suppressant falling on the flame front. procedure, or use. The authority having jurisdiction may also refer to die listings or labeling practices of an organization that Discrete Frequency. A frequency assigned to a particular is concerned with product evaluations and is thus in a position function. to determine compliance with appropriate standards for the current production of listed items. DME. Distance Measuring Equipment. Armed. A term used in connection with die safety device that Down Loading. The reduction in aircraft gross weight made to prevents accidental opening of retardant tank doors. When die compensate for loss of performance due to increase in density door actuating system is "armed," the controls are operative. al ti rude. Artificial Horizon Attitude Indicator. An instrument that Dozer Line. A physical fire break made by dozers or tractor indic~ates attitude with respect to the true horizon. A substitute for plows. the natural horizon. Drift. The effect of wind on smoke or on retardant/suppressant Authority Having Jurisdiction. The organization, office, or drop. individual responsible for approving eqmpment, an installation, or a procedure. Drop Accuracy. The assessment of a drop (i.e., where a load lands in relation to target) made by file air tactical group NOTE: The phrase "audlority having jurisdiction" is used in supervisor or a flreline supervisor. NFPA documents in a broad manner, since jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their responsibilities. Where Drop Sequence. The order and medlod in which the tanks are public safety is primary, die authority having jurisdiction may be released. a federal, state, local, or other regional department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of a fire prevention Dummy Run/Dry Run. A slmulated retardant or suppressant run bureau, labor department, or health department; building made on a target by the birddog, lead plane, or airtanker. Used to official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory audaority. indicate approach and target to airtanker and to check for flight For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection department, hazards.

272 NFPA 295 A98 ROP

DZ. Drop Zone (i.e., target area). Helitack. Tile initial attack phase of fire suppression using helicopters and trained airborne teams to achieve immediate Early/Short. Landing before the target. Retardant/suppressant control of wildfire in a safe and economical manner. dropped before reaching target. Helltack Crew Member. A fire fighter trained in the use of Elevation. The elevation of the lead plane or birddog when over helicopter accessories and in techniques to attack and suppress die target on a dry run. wildfire, Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT). A radio transmitter Helltack Manager. The person directly in charge of a helitack attached to ti~e aircraft structure, which operates from its own crew. power source on 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz, transmitting a distinctive downward swept audio tone for homing purposes; it is Helitank. A tank that is attached to a helicopter and is used to designed to function ~idlout human action after an accident. carry liquids sucb as suppressants or retardants.

End of Load. The last portion of retardant/suppressant to be HF. High Frequency. released from an airtanker. High Drop. A drop well above the canopy to give a soft falling, ETA. Estimated Time of Arrival. well-dispersed pattern. Used mainly to give a light retardant or suppressant coating that will reduce fire intensity. ETD. Estimated Ti'ue of Departure. ..:::i~:..~ :'~ ~.~ ~:'~.-.., Hold/aDo not .~.~p."~ order to hold a load and go around. It Eq'E. Estimated Time En Route. should be foll~ an explanation and new directions from the air attack su~i~:js usually due to a change in attack plan or FAA. Federal Aviation Administration. to a grou~:~:~.~..: bem~iL~.'.:-:-. 2-.x • the way.

FAR. Federal Aviation Regulations. retardant or suppressant drop. Final. That portion of' the flight path that is aligned with tile part of a fire within or along the retardant/suppressa:~t drop line. fire bo~ .:..~ Fire Fighter's Certificate. A method of carding fire fighters so ~.~fi~ .l.ncidentIncident Ci~...~:d System (ICS). Qualifying and organizing overhead can determine their qualifications prior to assigning .~. ;'" ..~.nnel to ~Anage wildfires or other incidents. them a position, ~ggmmander. The chief of an incident management Flank. Side of a fire joining base or rear to bead. ~.-~ ~m ut~l~:r the ICS.

Front/Start of Load. 'rhe early end of the load. ~.-"-'i~i'i: ~'~ ~.~tlficatiou Run. A pass over the target area by the airtanker :~rdinator, birddog, or lead aircraft to indicate tile flight path Gallonsper Hour Concept. An initial and supporting at t~,'~ ii~.~l "%~,~ hnd target while the airtanker pilot is observing. fire basedon a continuous delivery of retardant/s..t:l.~.~:.r:.essan~.~,~ "' airtankers or helicopters until complete contro.~:~, is "::;~b...* IFR. Instrument Flight Rules. aclueved by ground personnel. ..:.:.?:...... : ~"~" In-Ground Effect (IGE). Using tile high density ground cushion Ground Effect. Reaction of the wing or ~Jt~.:~l,~.wnwash ~nst to hover the helicopter. ground surface forming a "ground cushion" th~JI~reases.m. ring capability of that section of air. ~i z-'v Initial Attack. The first action taken to suppress a fire, whether it be ground or air attack. Ground Fire. Fire in duff, ground debris, or Iow-grg~ng vegetation. Inspection Run. Fly over target area to check for wind and smoke conditions and other hazards. Ground-Speed. The speed with which an aircraft transverses the ground over which it flies. Knot. Nautical mile per hour.

Head. The side of the fire having the fastest rate of spread. Late Drop. Retardant or suppressant landing beyond the target.

Heading. The compass direction in which die longitudinal axis Lay-Up. Connecting a drop to the rearward part of a previous of an aircraft points. drop.

Helib~-se. Location for parking, fueling, and maintenance of Lead In. Lead plane/birddog flies file target run in front of file helicopters within the general area of an incident. tanker on final approach to target.

Helibase Manager. Manages resources/supplies at a helibase, Line. A stretch of retardant or suppressant laid by aircraft to heliport or helispot. support constructed line or to retard fire spread.

Helihucket. A specially designed bucket carried by the helicopter Line Length. The distance actually covered on the ground by a like a sling load and used to drop retardants or suppressants. single retardant or suppressant drop at a given coverage level.

Helicopter Coordinator. With instructions from the Air Tactical Listed. Equipment, materials, or services included in a list Group Supervisor (ATGS), this person is responsible for ublished by an organization that is acceptable to the authority coordinating tactical or logistical mission(s) by helicopters ~ acing jurisdiction and concerned with evaluation of products or assigned to an incident. services, that maintains periodic inspection of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, and Heliport. A designated landing area that is accessible by road and whose listing states flint either file equipment, material, or service large enough to accommodate, at a minimum, two helicopters. It meets identified standards or has been tested and found suitable should have fueling facilities, a wind indicator, fire extinguishers, for a specified purpose. surfaced pads, tie downs, parking areas, a water source, telephone and radio commuuic~xtions, officers for base personnel, pilots' rest NOTE: The means for identifying listed equipment may vary for areas, and lights. each organization concerned with product evaluation; some organizations do not recognize equipment as listed unless it is Helipumper. A portable pump unit developed for transport by also labeled. The authority having jurisdiction should utilize the helicopter• system employed by the listing organization to identify a listed product. Hellspot. Location where a helicopter can land and take off.

273 NFPA 295 1 A98 ROP

Long-Term Retardant. One having a chemical retarding action on Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but fire even after water content has evaporated. not required. Low Drop. A drop lower dlan recommended minimum drop Slurry Base. The same as retardant support base. height. Snag/Chleot. Any dead or living tree rising above d~e forest Magnetic Bearing. Angle to an object measured from magnetic canopy. north in a clockwise direction. Special Use Airspace. Defined airspace widlin which flight is Magnetic Course. Tile angle flint tl~e longitudinal axis of the prohibited or restricted, or in which special hazards to flight exist. aircraft makes with magnetic north. Split Load. A drop sequence wherein file load is dropped in Magnetic Variation. Tbe ,angle between true norda and magnetic increments. nortll, measured east or west. Spot Fire. A fire outside or ahead of die main fire boundary. Maneuvering Speed. The greatest safe speed for abrupt maneuvers or for very rough air. Upon encountering severe gusts, Suppressants. Agents (i.e., water or foam) used to extinguish the the pilot should reduce airspeed to maneuvering speed. For flaming and glowing phases of combustion by direct application to airplanes in which the maneuvering speed is not specified, it can burning fuels~ be safely computed as 70 percent greater ill,an normal stalling speed. (Stalling speed m~l.7 = maneuvering speed.) Tag-On. Conn.g.~ing ~':~rop to die forward part of a previous dr op. ....-~U:~:'.:_ Mean Sea Level (MSL). The base commonly used in measuring altitudes. Tempora~i..~ht R'~tion (TFR). Special use airspace obtaine~iiff~$U:" '~"~,M~ t;~f~:!~....~-$7 for die use of air attack or other MOT. Canadian Ministry of Transport. i n ci d ..¢~"ai .r..cr~'i't- '%..::.'~::" Night. The time between d~e end of die evening civil twilight and "rr~ifi~&..e.a (Pad).":"That part of die landing and takeoff area d~e beginning of morning civil twilight, as published in the where ~!~."blic'Spter alights. American All Almanac. 3.. i!~i~!i!:~:.:,.Track. Tl~.'::'~i~" pada of an aircraft over file surface of the earda. OAT. Outside Air Temperature. "~:.:.-.¢.~ ~'..:.~:..:" :'ii~, "T~:~.-.~i:n. The traffic flow that is prescribed for aircraft One Strike/One Shot Concept. An initial attack on a fire based %l~l|fi~'~fffaxiing on, and taking off from an airport. The usual on enough long-term retardant or suppressant arriving to fin.~..~.ke ~'.¢":3mpor,~'hts of a traffic pattern are upwind leg, crosswind leg, base action and control the fire without die alrtankers having t o...~iil~'/~(~..:'~ ~....tg, .and final approach. second trip. .~:-i~:"..:~" ~:i:: ., "~:....'#" ~:.-..-.... .:~!~.~:-::.:..% ~:all Drop. To drop retardant from separate compartments in Orbit. Circular holding pattern ,an aircraft makes over ori~..-'..'%~;~~::" "~!i.~apid succession to give an extended pattern on the ground. specific spot or area ...... "::!~!.:':~!~::, "...... ~:'-':, ":"~:'~i'~::.....::V True Bearing. A bearing by true nordl rather than magnetic Parallel Attack, An outside (indirect) attac.k..~rallel t~:-"~ "%~ii~::: north. removed from d~e fire's edge. Usually only.:~tive wid~ [~-ter~ ~" retardants in an air attack operation. "::" "%~iii-~::-. "~.-"::~:'.:. Turn-the-Corner. Connecting a drop to a previous drop at an "%!.:':-'i:.-::-. .ii~i: angle toward die head of d~e fire. Pass. A run by die target witllout making a retar~0ro#~:" ""~..:':~.-':" Uncontrolled Airport. An airport not having an operating control Pilotage. Navigation by visual reference to landmar~ :¢ tower.

Pilot-in-Command. The pilot responsible for die operation and Unicorn. Frequencies audmrized for aeronautical advisory safety of an aircraft during flight time. services to private aircraft. Pull Up. Tile act of executing a sharp maneuver to indicate dae Vector. A heading issued to an aircraft to provide navigational target area. guidance by radar. Restricted Area. Special use airspace of defined dimensions Vertical Takeoff and Landing (VTOL) Aircraft. An aircraft tllat identified by an area on tile surface of file earth widlin which die has tile capability of vertical takeoff and landing. These aircraft flight of aircraft, while not wholly prohibited, is subject to include, but are not limited to, helicopters. restrictions. VFR Conditions. Basic wearier conditions prescribed for flight Retardant. A chemical having a retarding action on fire. under visual flight rules.

Retardant Support Base. A base set up to support tile operations VHF. Very High Frequency. of retardant/suppressant aircraft. Viscosity. Tile dfickness of a solution or slrspension. A measure "Return and Hold." An order to a pilot denoting mission of the relative ability of a fluid to resist flow. Heavy syrup has a completed and further loads not required; return to base and wait high viscosity;, gasoline has a low viscosity, Viscosity is usually for further instructions. measured in centipoise. Rheologic Properties. Cohesiveness, or die ability of a material to Weather Advisory. In aviation forecast practice, an expression of bold together during a drop. hazardous wearier conditions not predicted in tile area forecast, as they affect die operation of air traffic and as prepared by the Rising Ground. Terrain of increasing elevation alaead or on National Weather Service. either side. Wetting Agent. Chemical added to water to reduce surface Salvo. The dropping of the entire retardant or suppressant load tension. at one time. Wing Span. Tile distance in feet (meters) and inches Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL) Aircraft. An aircraft that has (centimeters) from wing tip to wing tip of an airplane. the capability of operating from a STOL runway, in accordance widl applicable airwordfiness and operating regulations. B-2 Aircraft and Equipment Suitability and Selection. B-2-1 Aircraft--Fixed Wing.

274 NFPA 295 --A98 ROP

B-2-1.1 Detection, Reconnaissance, and Survey. Small airplanes (single- and multi-engine) are used for detection, reconnaissance, and surveys. Airplanes for fire reconnaissance are used in combination with grotmd detection systems in areas of high fire occurrence. Tire use of aircraft for checking areas not visible from gflround detection units is an accepted practice. Reconnaissance ights are usually scheduled following ligltming storms. Flights to check "going" fires and controlled fires from previous days provide the latest information on conditions and progress.

Recently, heat sensing systems, known as Forward Looking Infrared (FLIR) systems, have been developed for use wifl~ small aircraft. These systems are economically feasible, and simplicity of operation warrants d~eir consideration for detection and reconnaissance activities. Wid~ furd~er development, d~e detection could be computerized. (See Table B-2-1.1.) Figure B-2-1.5 Detection, reconnaLssance, and survey aircraft. Table B-2-1.1 Thermal (IR) Indicator Correspondence to Scan Angle Light airplanes are.u.sually more economical and efficient than helicopters for derViSh, reconnaiss~uace, and survey flights; Altitude Swath Width Speed however, d~e Ite!i~i)tei:,::~ecause of it:~ versatility, is especially 500 t~ 1730 f~ 100 mph useful for inte~pe missions dmt require landing for ground 1000 t~ 3460 ft 200 mph inspections ~ Io'w::::~:el slow flight. 1500 t~ 5200 fl~ 300 mph ..::!::.. "-':.:!~:. --:.:.:.:.:.:..-.:.:.:.:.:.:. 2000 f~ 69201% 400 mph Some .~.i-~ consi'~ii.i.o.:~lecting aircraft for d~ese assi#:~'nts a?"e as follo~:~2ii::ii~-:::" Surveys of an area before and after a burn ~n provide a detailed review axtd study of an area that migbt otherwise be expensive and (:~:-i-~[m~ii.?...f persons necessary te carry out the assignment. time-consuming. Many times die measurement of burn areas can ....~i::~::~::~::~!~." ' be accomn ished widl a minimal amount of fly, no ti,~o (b) Pei~..~ance characteristics of die airplane; landings and r --I""o ...... ~!:"i.:~!!:::...:,.takeoffsfrdM::i~£.~i~lds at ltigh elevations, widl short unsuffaced Small airnlanes ~an be made available for odaer ;obs i- ~i~~iii~.~.~ys; ade~te cruising range; vL,;ibility (maximum forward connection: "r wltn...... wncuann, tire protecUon. It is stannaro,a~ , ""practice . tot. :%":~:.:.. ~:~ii-~.eg.~.l .,i:,:.:-:.::.:.:-::-:-:--~. .g~-ibillty • .. is, essential).. . cab n space-~ ' aircraft instruments agencies dmt do not own dleir own aircraft to contract wit1 a local :!::ii:.a~ ,:....,. P t"~ ly ~nstalleo ractio e q Ul P luf : nil fixed base operator (FBO) to prowde tire a, rcraft and pdo~::...:.:.....~i~:..;~::i::i::~i Suitability for infrared scanning and mapping. B-2-1 2 Paracargo and Freight Numerous types of sm~i~ii~v/aedit~ ~ :!ii~!Y~ . . . . and lar• e mr• anes are used for" trans orun. trel. ht a~:::.:.-.:..:::-:.:.. ~tr:o ;~. :::.:.:::...i:i:i::.:.. "'-'-:-:-:---:.,..-'~ ':.::.J~,.:'2-1.6. Airtankers. Aircraft selectmr for wddfire su PP ressmn and pmacargo-~ g to~ ~nre camps or isolated.... crews,P l'~ot~g all,,g mrptanes. , "::::.:~:..P.:~:-" m~.i~:.. g ...... i~!~i~-'.::!--~related -..:::--~, , _ uses. . invo ves, certain. ~nroblerrs -- The, r nerformance. . suitable for fre dirt activities and relativelv few ca,,:':~:'~mA;c,2~!~!~::-- cnaractertsucs must ne SUCh tnat sate anct eLtloent operaUons can into...... gong paracargo aJrcratil MOSt CiVUlan al :::nes...... ::::::::::::::::::,rlo~:-.~.¢ • n -::::::x.:-:-:-:.:.:.:-:-:- .:, be conducted over tvotcal,* terrain and at necessary~ elevataons • Tim used...... were cteslgnecl ado Dunt Ior caITylng pass.enlzers~ an(g:]t'~Dflulre.::::---:.::~!...... g. "::--i!i::~ aircraft integrity sltould be such that atmospheric conditions will speoal.... modtficauons to adapt dram for fr...~t~...t..-i~.r::::::':: ~ paracar~.iwor[(."::::::::::: :' not present a structural P roblem. Desirable features for air-freight and paracarg'o~p..lanes.~re as Tank capacity, drop speed, cruise speed, and odler follows: sufficient capacity; smood~ floors; inl'teren:~i::i~.b.il~{~ characteristics of dte various makes alnd models of airtankers are moderate or low stalling and landing speeds; suitab['~::i~a'racargo listed in Table B-2-l.6. discharge aperture; ample reserve power at near gro~'weigbt (multiengine); easy control under marginal flying conditions; Light airtankers can be operated efficiently and economically as good visibility; stripped utility interior; cargo tiedown facilities; and initial attack aircraft on wildfires where dm fires are within 30 miles approved seats, seatbelts, and sltoulder Itarness. (48.3 kin) of die air attack base. These aircraft are also capable of support action and accurate low volume drops in confined areas. B-2-1.3 Special Equipment. Cargo tiedown facilities are necessary in all airplanes used to transport air-freight or cargo. Special Medium and larger airtankers with 2000 plus--gal (7600-L) equipment must be installed to prevent any malfimctions. Most capacities are more efficient on a cost-per-gallon mile basis for special equipment must have FAA approval before use. high volume cascading on fires and retardant fireline construction. This should not preclude use of large airtankers at short range B-2-1.4 Amphibious Operations. Ampltibious or float-equipped because many times fires are contained or controlled by several aircraft can be more versatile and serve more functions titan land- high wdume cascading actions. based aircraft. In Alaska, and some parts of Canada and tile contiguous United States wltere suitable lakes and rivers are numerous, and in die coastal area, dfis type of aircraft is used extensively.

As long as adequate water depdt and an unobstructed water surface area are maintained, little or no preparation otl~er than suitable docking or ramp facilities is required for a water-based operation. If no safe natural docking or beaching site is available, tentporary docks can be constructed to facilitate loading and unloading and to avoid damage to dte aircraft.

Many amphibious aircraft are equipped to drop suppressants such as foant.

B-2-1.5 Detection, Reconnaissance, and Survey Aircraft. Airplanes dlat are available and suitable for detection, reconnaissance, and surveys can be divided into dlree basic types: (a) Light high-wing, single engine airplanes (b) Light low-wing, single engine airplanes (c) Light twin engine airplanes (See Figure B-2-1.5.) The light high-wing single engine type of airplane is usually die most suitable. Figure B-2-1.6 Lockheed C-130 (MAFFS) Airtanker.

275 NFPA 295 ~ A98 ROP

Table B-2-1.6 Fixed Win~ Airtankers Specifications Chart Minimum Total Min Runway A/C Loaded Releasable Capacity Required No. of No. of Speed Knots No. Airtanker ft (m) Engines Crews Drop Cruise of U.S. IMP U.S. IMP Doors LIGHT--up to & inducting 800 gal (3028 L) Aero Commander Snow 2000 (610) 1 1 61 96 1 300 200 3OO 25O DeHavilland Otter 2500 (762) 1 1 70 100 2 108 90 276 25O DeHavilland DHC,-6 Twin Otter 2500 (762) 2 1 59 150 2 7/6 23O 48O 4OO Grumm,'m AG-Gat N3N Stearman 2000 (610) 1 1 61 87 1-2 3OO 250 3OO 25O Grumman S2F Tracker 3500 (1067) 2 1 104 161 2 200 167 800 666 FLZ M18 Dromader 1000 (305) 1 1 78 118 1 660 550 660 550 MEDIUMI~O ~ (3028 L) up to 2000 gal (7570 L) Douglas B-26 STOL 4000 (1220) 2 1 122 190 4 250 2O8 1200 1000 Consolidated PBY5A Ganso 5000 (1525) 2 2 87 104 2 400 333 960 800 Consolidated Super PBY 5 4200 (1281) 2 2 87 148 2 624 520 1500 1249 Canadair CL-215 4000 (1220) 2 2 96 152 2 588 490 1412 1176 Lockheed PV2 4000 (1220) 2 2 113 180 2 437 364 1050 874 Douglas DG-4 4000 (1220) 4 2 126 170 4--8 207 172 2000 1666 SP2H 4oo0 1 1220) 2 2 120 216 2 500 416 2000 1666 HEAVY--2000 gal plus (7570 L plus) Convair Super PB4Y-2 4000 (1220) 4 2 113 190 8 275 2200 22O0 1832 Douglas Su~er DC-4 3600 (1098) 4 2 126 190 8 275 2200 22OO 1832 Douglas DC-6 5000 (1525) 4 2 126 216 8 250 208 300O 2499 Douglas DG-7 4500 (1373) 4 2 130 230 8 250 208 3000 2499 Lockheed P2V 4000 (1220) 4 2 126 216 8 408 340 2450 2040 Lockheed P-3A 4000 (1220) 4 2 130 300 8 250 208 3000 2499 Lockheed G-130A 4000 (1220) 4 3 130 256 8 375 312 3000 2499 Locklleed C-130 (MAFFS) 4500 /1373) 4 5 130 256 8 3O00 2499 3000 2499 NOTE: Individual airplanes on dais list are sometimes modified for local needs.

11-2-1.6.1 Suitability Factors for Airtankers. To select suitable 11-2-2 AlrcraftIROtary Wing. The helicopter has become a airtankers, consider dae tank capacities, performance capabilities, familiar multinse fire fighting aircraft in wildland fire suppression. and general flight characteristics listed in Table B-2-1.6, in relation This aircraft has become as necessary in today's fire suppression as to the following factors: hand tools, crews, tractors, smokejumpers, engines, and airtankers (see Table B-2-2). (a) Airport. Airtankers using an airport at high elevations, above standard temperatures or with a gradient of 1 percent or above, 13-2-2.1 Retardant and Suppressant Dropping. The versatility and will require more runway length for safe efficient operation than maneuvering .capabilities of the helicopter make this aircraft an tiley would at sea-level airports. important initial attack tool. Helicopters widl capacities for dropping 80 gal-3000 gal (303 L-11,400 L) of suppressants or To help evaluate airport capability versus airtanker performance retardants are principal weapons in the helitack phase of wildland for safety during maximum load takeoff purposes, d~e 80 percent fire suppression. Helicopters generally utilize two methods of takeoff concept (4-engine) or tiae accelerated stop concept (2- dropping (see Table B-2-2.1): engine) should be used. If either of these two concepts fails to meet ti~e runway length, the cleared area concept can be used. (a) A bucket slung underneath t.he helicopter (b) Airtanker Loading. It could be necessary to reduce the load (b) A fixed external tank to obtain safe performance in response to certain variables such as density altitude, runway lengths, gradient, runway surface, and B-2-2.2 Initial Attack Transport. Helitack functions are designed obstructions. to transport trained personnel to tile fire as quickly as possible. Small crews, trained and properly equipped, can gain control of (c) Cruising Speed. Generally, high cruising speed is desired, most incipient wildland fire situations if they can make fast initial especially for initial attack operation. attack. This can be accomplished by landing or rappelling near file fire. (d) Drop Speed. The speed at whida the aircraft flies during retardant/suppressant drops (slower than cruising speed). il-2-2.3 Reconnaissance and Scouting. Performance characteristics of the helicopter make it an excellent B-2-1.6.2 Application Variation. For maximum flexibility and reconnaissance and scouting aircraft. The slow speed and ability to efficiency, the retardant/suppressant application rate should be operate in areas that could not be observed from fixed wing variable to fit the fire situation. This can be done by sequencing aircraft, plus its usefulness in providing terrain and fire intelligence various combinations of multiple doors or using a variable flow- that otherwise could not be obtainable, are obvious benefits. The rate system. helicopters provide an ideal platform for using heat sensing and mapping systems. The systems range from hand-held units to B-2-1.7 Smokejumping Aircraft. Civil aircraft are not designed permanently mounted units. specifically for smokejumping use, and certain approved installations and modifications must be made to the properly B-2-2.4 Shuttling Equipment and Personnel. Equipment can be selected aircraft. These modifications will include a static line moved to trier fire areas, by heliport to heliport or by paracargo anchor cable (installation will vary widl the aircraft), door safety or sling load methods, wilere landings cannot be safely strap, safety handrails, doorstep, cargo parachute static line accomplished. Personnel (fire crews, helitack personnel, and anchor, cargo-dropping harness anchor cable, and cargo tiedown others) can be airlifted as conditions warrant. Food and water can facilities. Allsharp corners and projections near the door and be delivered to line crews, and spike camps can be supported in step, along the fuselage, and under the belly that snag parachutes tiffs manner. or cargo must be removed or shielded. (Smokejumper aircraft equipment drawings and specifications can be obtained from the U.S. Forest Service.)

276 Table B-2-2 Helicopter Model Specifications Int. Ext. U.S./IMP Cruise Hover Pay-load Pay-load Helicopter Diam. Type Fuel Fuel HWk~. Speed IGE in ft Pass. in lb in lb Make/Model in ft (m) Landing Gear T~Te Capacity Fmots (meters) Seats (k~) (k~) Remarks LIGHT Bell 47333-1 37' 2" Skid 100 57/46 2 70 15,000 2 6OO 650 Used extensively in forest work, good (11.3) Octavgas (4575) (272.4) (295.1) altitude performance. Bell 47G38-2 37' 2" Skid 100 57/46 2 70 15,000 2 600 650 Same as B-1 with improved turbo and (11.3) Octavgas (4575) (272.4) (295.1) lc~w~r in~tD.ImPnt panel Soloy Bell 47G 37 2" ~iKid Jet Fuel 57/46 2 83 16,500 2 1100 1100 Good altitude performance. (11.3) (5032.5) (499.4) (499.4) Bell 206BII 33' 4" Skid Jet Fuel 76/43 3 109 10,000 4 973 1200 Same as above only with better altitude (10) (3050) (441.7) (544.8) ~ erformance. Bell 296BIII 33' 4" Skid Jet Fuel 76/63 2 109 10,500 4 973 1200 ame as above only with better altitude (10) (3202.5) (441.7) (441.7) erformance. Bell 206 L1 or L3 35' 5" Skid 100 46/39 2 61 8500 2 580 7O0 od work horse below 6000 ft. 00.82) Octavgas (2592.5) (263.3) (319.8) Bell 407 37 Skid Jet A 128/103 3 130 15,000 6 2000 2500 (11.27) (4572) (907) (1134) Hiller 12E 35' 5" Skid 100 46/39 2 61 850O 2 580 7OO Good work horse below 6000 ft. (10.82) Octavgas (2592.5) (263.3) (319.8) Hiller 12-53/5 35' 5" Skid Jet Fuel 40/39 1 3/4 78 13,500 3 1100 1100 Good altitude performance, short (I0.82) (4117.5) (499.4) (499.4) working time. McDonald Douglas 26' 4" Skid Jet Fuel 64/54 2 1/2 1oo 11,00o 4 582 782 Same as above only with increased hp 500 C (8.05) (3355) (309.6) (355) giving increased altitude performance. Aerospatiale 33' 6" Skid Jet Fuel 149/124 4 78 5200 4 600 900 Light turbine aircraft, good performance (10.24) (1586) (272.4) (408.6) up to 8000 ft. Aerospatiale 36'2" Skid Jet Fuel 149/124 2 I/2 96 20,000 4 980 1442 Excellent for high altitude and external Alouette Lama (11.03) (6100) (444.9) (6544.7) load work. Int. load only limited by non- jettisonable. Aerospatiale 34'6" Skid Jet Fuel 120/110 3 1/2 130 10,500 2 833 1600 Light turbine helicopter, very good ¢,D Alouette SA-341 (11.33) (3202.5) (378) (454) cruise speed. Aerospatiale 35' 0" Skid Jet Fuel 140/116 3 121 9000 5 900 1600 Good medium altitude lifter, good Aster AS-350 (10.67) (2775) (408.6) (454) speed. I "~ Aerospatiale 35'0" Skid Jet Fuel 140/116 3 121 9000 5 840 1540 Same as above except twin engine. Twinstar AS-350 (10.67) (2775) (381.4 t (699.2 / MEDIUM OO Aerospatiale 38' 4" Wheel Jet Fuel 210/180 2 1/2 148 6700 13 2800 2300 Excellent speed. ~e SA-365N (11.7) (2043.5) (127~g2) (1044.2) Bell 204B 49' 0" Skid Jet Fuel 165/137 2 100 9000 9 3000 Excellent speed, payload, and altitude o (14.64) (2745) (1623.1) (1362) performance. K-Max 51.5' Wheel Jet A 228 2 1/2 80 15,000 0 0 6000 Bell 205A-1 48' 0" Skid Jet Fuel 220/183 2 1/2 104 11,000 14 2593 3100 Excellent speed, payload, and altitude (14.63) (8855) (1177.2) (1407.4) ~ erformance. Bell 212 48'0" Skid Jet Fuel 225/187 2 113 11,200 14 2295 3000 ike 2055A-1, except has two engines. (14.63) (3416) (1041.9) (1362) Bell 412 46' O" Skid Jet Fuel 214/180 2 121 11,600 14 2700 3400 (14.02) (3538) (1225.8) (1543.6) Vought 36' 2" Wheel Jet Fuel 148/124 2 1/2 95 10,00o 6 lOOO 12oo Excellent altitude, payload, and altitude (11.03) (3050) (454) (544.8) capability. Sikorsky $55T 53' 0" Wheel Jet Fuel 186/153 S 78 10,000 10 1520 1650 Turbine version of S55, good altitude (16.15) (3050) (690.1) (749.1) performance. Sikorsky $58 56' 0" Wheel 100 158/133 2 87 5000 15 3500 4OOO Good performance at lower altitudes. (17.06) (1525) (1589) (1916) Sikorsky $58T 56' O" Wheel Jet Fuel 274/228 21/I 87 8000 15 5717 4500 Twin turbine powered version of $58, (17.06)' (2440) (1679.8) (2065.7) ood altitude performance. Bell 214 50' 0" Skid Jet Fuel 204/176 11/2 139 17,800 14 3300 6000 xcellent external load aircraft. (15.2) (5429) (1498.2) (2860.2) Bell 214SAT 52'0" Skid Jet Fuel 412/342 2 121 12,500 19 4500 6000 Same as above except twin engines. {15.8~ (3812.5) (2043 / (2724) HEAVY Aerospatiale 49' 5" Wheel Jet Fuel 408/330 13o 11,50o 18 520o 7500 Excellent high altitude performance. SA330 Puma 05.1) (3507.5) (2360.8) (3405) Aerospatiale 51' 5" Wheel Jet Fuel 4O8/339 21/2 148 14,800 18 62O0 9500 Excellent high altitude performance. AS332C (14.7) (4514) (2814.8) (4313) Aerospafiale 51' 2" Wheel Jet Fuel 536/429 31/2 148 14,800 22 62O0 950O Excellent high altitude performance. AS332L (15.6) (4514) (2724) (4313) Sikorsky S61 62'0" Wheel Jet Fuel 410/341 2 104 67OO 26 40O0 6000 Twin turbine, good payload and altitude (18.9) (2045.5) (1816) (2724) rfOrmarlce. Sikorsky Sky Crane ~'0" Wheel Jet Fuel 1700/1390 3 87 60OO 10526 gest heavy lift crane-type. ,%64 (21.9) (1830) (4778.8) Boeing-Vertol 50' 0" Wheel Jet Fuel 35O/292 11/2 113 73OO 26 4795 57OO Large twin engine with good payload BV-107 (15.2) (2226.5) (2176.9) (2587.8) and altitude performance. Boeing-Vertol 00' 0" Wheel Jet Fuel 630/515 11/2 113 13,000 34 65OO 65OO Large twin engine helicopter, good 114 (CH47A) (18.3) (3965) (2951) (2951) performance. Boeing-Vertol 60'0" Wheel Jet Fuel 2O9O/17OO 31/2 139 14,500 44 24OO0 28000 Commercial version of military CH-47. 234 98.31 I 22.51 I,o8961 1127121

"%.; I Table B-2-2.1 Helicopter Fire Fighting Bucket Specification Unit Complete Overall Dimensions Weight Door Operation Ilbl I-I20 Level Collapsible Adjustment Make and Diam. x H (GaD Injection Flotation Diam. x H Cubic Full/I-I20 Model No. (in.) Pop-Out Plup[ rump Ring (in.) VoL fit) Empty 8.5 lb No. Type Hookup Chadwick C-!40 No 50-70-90 Yes Yes 45 x 39 35.8 90 1280 1 Valve Electric 110-140 Chadwick G-450 No 170-230-300 Yes Yes 45 x 51 46.9 300 4125 3 Valve Electric 380-450 Hawkins & 42x4 1/2 70-100 No No 42 x 24 19.2 101 1036 2 Butter Pneumatic Powers 2001 Zipper Hawkins & 48 x4 1/2 125-200 No No 48 x 24 25.1 104 1804 2 Butter Pneumatic P°wers 200~ 2~ Hawkins & 48 x 4 1/2 No No 48 x 38 39.7 108 2658 2 Butter Pneumatic Powers 300 ~ 3~ Hawkins & 48 x 4 1/2 No No 48 x 50 52.3 111 3511 2 Butter Pneumatic Powers 400 ~ Zi~l~er Sims PTF-50 t No Yes Yes 32 x 22 1/2 11.8 50 475 1 Valve Electric Sims PTF-100 No 50-70-100 Yes Yes 46 x 33 31.7 81 931 1 Valve Electric Sims PTF-15O No 50-70-90 Yes Yes 47 x 39 39.1 86 1361 1 Valve Electric 110-140-150 Sims PTF-300 ~ 58 x 21 None Yes Yes 59x 36 1/2 71.1 30O 285O 2 Butter Electric Sims PT-450 No 200-250-300 Yes Yes 64x57 1/2 106.9 252 4O77 2 Butter Electric 350-450 Sims PT-1 000 No 500-600-700 Yes Yes 84 x 74 237.2 625 9125 2 Butter Electric 800-1000 Griflith 140 t M x 24 Variable No Yes $,4 x 43 1/2 22.8 84 1357 1 Valve Electric Adjustment I Griflfith 140 1 50 x 30 Variable No Yes 51 x55 64.9 225 3625 1 Valve Electric or Hydraulic Adjustment tO Bambi Variable Available No Variable Variable 1 Dump Valve Electric Grittith 2000 80 x 34 Variable No Yes 96 x 82 474.4 900 17,900 1 Valve Electric or Hydraulic Adjustment Sims PT-250 45 x 25 None Yes Yes 45 x45 41.4 180 2305 1 Valve Electric Sims SF-2000 No 1500 Yes No 98 x 79 $44.8 700 17,OOO 1 Butter Electric 1700 Griffith 50 24 x 20 +$5 No Yes 24 x 30 7.9 94 470 1 Valve Electric Griitith 100 30 x 18 +70 No Yes 31 1/2x38 1/2 17.4 106 956 1 Valve Electric Griflith 250 45 x 26 +193 No Yes 42 x 44 35.3 198 2323 1 Valve Electric Griflith 600 50 x 30 +400 No Yes 58 x 58 88,7 350 3325 1 Valve Electric or Hydraulic Grittith 1000 50 x $5 +400 No Yes 65 x 84 161.3 575 0075 1 Valve Electric or Hydraulic All above buckets are sling mounted to helicopter with open top. Material: Hawkins and Powers--Canvas/Steel Frame; Griflfith--Polyurethane; The rest are fiberglass. Guide to Drop Patterns: tCan be carried on small helicopter cargo rack. ~VVill fit in cabin or passenger compartment of a 205. Size Coverage +All Griffith Buckets can be ordered with adjustment plugs. Bucket Gal/per Height Air Speed 10OL~ ft Dropped For SI Units: 1 in. = 2.54 cm; 1 ga1=3.78 L (Gal) Pattern (m~h) 150 20-25 x 200--250 50-70 200--450 35 x 330 3.7 36 500-1000 50 x 850 2.2 48 NFPA 295 1 A98 ROP

B-2-2.5 Rescue. Helicopters are an essential part of many rescue f. Soft surfaces, such as tundra or boggs, could require a log operations. The following are some uses: pad. (a) Airlifting medical aid crew personnel to care for and move the injured persons to medical aid sites or hospitals g. Recommended minimum obstacle clearance for (b) Scouting and directing rescue crews touchdown, taxiway, and parking areas is 10 ft (3 m) from file tip (c) Servicing isolated parties until rescue can be accomplished. of the main and tail rotor. If, during planning, the turning radius of the helicopter is not known, utilize the radius of the appropriate Weather and performance limitations of the aircraft can, at times, safety circle outlined in 1.b to determine the minimum distance prevent their use in rescue operations. that an obstacle (including other helicopters) should be from the touchdown, parking pad, or centerline of the taxiway. B-2-2.6 Other Uses. Helicopters can also be used for the following: 4. Approach and departure capability in several directions if (a) Aerial ignition operations such as helitorch, ping pong possible. This will allow the pilots to utilize the wind to their best dispensor, and other similar devices advantage. (b) Repelling of trained crews (c) Retrieving smokejumpers 5. Bare, open pinnacles, ridgelines, and meadows make the (d) Detection and prevention activities best hells,pots and helibases. Due to the potential, volume of traffic at a hehbase, a more level, open, and preferably improved area B-2-2.7 Criteria for Selecting Landing Sites. Consideration should should be sought, al~g with stricter adherence to the guidelines. be given to the following in selecting a site for a helibase or helispot. 6. Although ~icopt~ are caoable of operating out of areas in which the safe.~-~'~ is surrounc[ed by tall trees (hover hole), it is (a) Proximity to fire not nece ar o so. Vvery effo should be made to allow the helicql@:et~$o ma~.~ihallow approaches and departures. 1. Close enough to minimize flight time If o~fing~ffom a hov~:ie is the only alternative, ensure that 2. Out of the path of the fire the .~roa/]~.and depart~i~ paths to the hover hole meet the mf~i~..~ ~a outlined in (c). (b) Topography of the site (c) Re:co "mended criteria for approach and departure paths: 1. Recommended size of takeoff and landing area (i.e. safety circle) ~j~.,,. Prefer~..~ %"':"~" the approach and departure paths should not be ~.-"~. Ig:-:~act, several approach and departure paths should be a. Light helicopters--75 ft (23 m) in diameter :d~'~!f possible. This will allow pilots to adjust to changing ~i'..'::~!~,. ~6teorqtbgical conditions. b. Medium helicopters---90 ft (27 m) in diameter ..~.~ '" '~-:.'~i~ ~-:#'? The minimum width of approach and departure paths c. Large helicopters---lO0 ft (33 m) in diameter ~:,...,:,~::..:::~-;.'-'~-'. . g~'~~i: ~r~i~6uld be the same as the diameter of the correspondin~ safety izircle. Safety would be enhanced if the paths could be widened by NOTE: There should not be any obstacles othgar.~,~ ' 2-f ~l 10 degrees on either side of the centerline as they leave the circle m) high brusb maximum in the safety circi~?..~ M"~'?'~u~m: (20Megree spread). vegetation and obstacles (e.g., trees, large#:b.ks, et~i~.t removed. .~.'~::::::. " "~.-: ~~.... 3. Curving paths are permissable in order to avoid major ..':-• ~-'.-:i*:.~ ~ obstacles. 2. Slope of landing/parking area--6 degre~imum ~. recommended "~.6~..'.'..::. .#" 4. Tbe paths should have a minimum 8:1 slope, measured from the edge of the safety circle. 3. Touchdown, taxiway, and parking surfaces .~i~;'v" 5. No obstacle should penetrate that slope during the 20-degree a. Maximum height of brush is 2 ft (.6 m) (Caution: Dry grass spread for the followin~ can be a fire hazard around helicopters.) a. 150 ft (48 m) of the approach path b. Sufficiently free of large rocks so as to ensure a stable landing b. 300 ft (96 m) of the departure path c. Minimum foreign object damage potential 6. Areas suitable for landing the helicopter in the event of an emergency would be desirable along the paths. (i) Secure or eliminate all loose objects such as twigs, branches, and trash in the vicinity. 7. The paths can generally be aligned with the prevailing wind but not always. Pilots will utilize such variables as velocity of the (ii) To avoid doing severe damage to a helicopter's rotating wind, turbulence, updrafts, and downdrafts in deciding the components, especially the engine, employ dust abatement. Dust direction of their approach and departure; hence the importance abatement will also minimize the rotor-wash ~enerated dust cloud of having several approach and departure paths available. that could dangerously restrict a pilot's visibihty. (d) Establish flight routes in order to ensure the following: d. Compacted enough to support the following weights: 1. Separation between helicopters. (i) Light helicopters--7000 lb (3178 kg) 2. Separation between other aircraft on the fire. (ii) Medium helicopters---15,000 lb (6810 kg) 3. Flight following check points, (iii) Large helicopters---60,000 Ib (27,240 kg) 4. Aircraft performance. (Try not to have a heavily loaded e. The touchdown/parking pad (on which the landing gear helicopter climb steep terrain.) will physically sit) shouldbe a minimum of the following: (e) Advice of the pilots. (This is the most important factor to (i) Light helicopters~15 ftx 15 ft (4.6 m x 4.6 m) consider when establishing these sites. This test offers only general guidelines for selecting helibases and helispots. The pilots will make the final decision on all proposed site selection-s.) (ii) Medium helicopters--20 ft x 20 ft (6.1 x 6.1 m) 1]-3 Ground Facilities. (iii) Large helicopters---30 ft x 30 ft (9.1 m x 9.1 m).

280 NFPA 295 ~ A98 ROP

B-3-1 Ground Support Facilities. Permanent or auxiliary bases for B-4-1 Air Operations Plan. Considerable evaluation and study will aircraft engaged in wildfire or related operational activities should be necessary for those who plan air operations. Firsthand be arranged so that aircraft ground traffic, parking, and public experiences and sound information from others who are using movement will not delay or hinder the effioent and safe operation. aircraft will be extremely helpful. Taxiways and loading areas must afford adequate width and clearance for safe ground maneuvering of the aircraft. Ramps or Some of the factors involved for consideration will include the heliport pads should be designed to support the gross weights of overall objectives and needs for the operations; cost evaluation; the aircraft and other necessary equipment. availability of suitable aircraft to fulfill the objectives and needs; operational base locations; ground support facilities; The National Wildfire Coordinating Group's Fire Equipment communications; and the personnel necessary to operate the Working Team has developed an Airtanker Base Planning Guide aircraft, the bases, and the ground support fadlities and to operate that identifies planning criteria for developing or upgrading the overall supervision of the air operations. airtanker base facilities. B-4-2 Retardant and Suppressant Drops. The proper use of air B-3-1.1 Aircraft R~,cue and Fire Fighting. In most cases, rescue attack is important to resource protection. and fire fighting operations in response to accidents at an airport will be performed by regular airport fire-fighting personnel. The decision to use airtankers should be based on careful However, it could be. necessary at times to furnish dais service consideration of the following: where such facilities are not provided by the airport management. The National Fire Protection Association has published a number (a) Fire pc likelihood of doing extensive damage of useful standards, manuals, and guides on this subject, listed in or requiring ;ion efforts. Appendix D. (b) Threal of lives. NOTE: At no time should air attack operations be conducted without approved fire-extinguishing eqmpment and trained (c) O F~ o~ .~ore economic control. personnel on "fire gtmrd." laker organization sufficiently trained, B-3-2 Airports, Heliports, Helibases, and Hellspots. zed to perform the mission. B-3-2.1 Runways. Suitable runway lengths for aircraft employed in (e) Ac~ the mission during daylight hours so that air operations could vary from a sod runway of 2000 ft (610 m) terrain, visi wind conditions permit safe and effective being used by single engine detection, reconnaissance, and scouting aircraft -- to the 4000 ft to 10,000 ft (1220 m to 3048 m) of hard surfaced runway capable of supporting, and of adequate is a highly specialized and costly fire-fighting tool. length to assure safe operations of, the largest alrtankers. Rut ;ibility of the incident commander to suspend file length req~uirements.. given for specific aircraft usually app[.y..);~ ker when it is no longer effective or essential. sea level alutude with standard day temperatures 59°F ('l~), an~ where the runway gradient is one percent or less. For ~i~" ..,..~c~ ...,~ss~pecialists wid~ ai~anker experience should be consulted and conditions, tile runway length must be increased. <'-~..*..~$~ isted in the planning of the alrtanker program. An airport facility guide and map showing the airports suitable for primary (a) Altitude. Increr~e the basic runway and auxiliary airtanker operations, within or adjacent to protection each 1000 ft (305 m) above sea level. areas, should be made. (b) Temperature. Increase the runwayl~Sn~..' Airports selected for either primary or auxiliary airtanker fixed by altitude by 1/2 of 1 percent for each d~ operations should be rated as to the number of airtankers that can mean temperature of the hottest day exceeds 5c~ be handled simultaneously. This will depend on file size of the airport and area set aside for loading facilities, the mixing and With normally aspirated engines (nonsupercharI loading facilities, the amount of fire retardant chemical, and the approximately one-half of the rated horsepower is at 10,000ft available ground personnel. (3.050 m). The primary objective should be to have airports within 30-min Tile FAA Flight Standards Service Operations Division has transit time from the areas to be protected by initial attack aircraft. developed the Denalt Performance Computer, which is intended The distance will depend on the performance of the aircraft (see to supplement the aircraft manufacturer'spublished performance Table B-2-1.6). data for computing takeoff performance. Two types are available: one for fLxed pitch and one for variable pitch propeller aircraft. Pre-wildfire season planning should include preparing the base for airtanker operations by addressing the following: Runways for airhanker use must be of sufficient length to assure safe takeoffs and landings. Repaired runways, taxiways, and ramps (a) An operational check of mixing equipment. sllould be of such structural design that the gross weight of airtanker operations will not cause damage to the surface. (b) Determination of the dry and wet chemical supply, water supply, and storage facilities. Runway orientation should be such that the crosswind factor can be held to a minimum. If possible, it is desirable to have (c) Training of the ground crews that are to support the unobstructed departure and approach lanes for the runways. operation and the logistics necessary to keep the air attack aircraft operational. 13-3-2.2 Air Traffic. Ideally, air traffic should be minimal. If air traffic becomes heaw employ an approved air traffic controller to B-4-3 Detection, Reconnaissance, and Scouting. The essential expedite departures and arrivals. components for a successful airborne detection, reconnaissance, and scouting operation are as follows. Rural-located bases -- such as heliports, helibases, or helispots are rarely confronted with competing activities that slow down or 11-4-3.1 Preliminary Planning. Maps, charts, seen-area composites, hinder air operations as opposed to an airport-located base. One spot maps, weather information, fire statistics, and any other exception in some areas is military training routes (MTRs). information that could help in accomplishing the operation should be utilized. B-$-2.$ Operations Buildings. The operations building for a permanent or auxiliary base should be of adequate design and size B-4-3.2 Aircraft Selection Suitable for the Operation. The aircraft to accommodate present and foreseeable future operations office should satisfy all functions of file mission. Aircraft size, activities. It should include the necessary communications facilities performance characteristics, visibility, and safety are of prime essential for efficient and safe operations, office space, pilot importance. lounge, and so forth, in a permanent base operations building. !!-4-3.3 Pilot Qualifications. The selection of a properly qualified B-4 General Operating Procedures. pilot capable of accomplishing tile mission safely under any

281 NFPA 295 --A98 ROP

conditions that might be encountered. This includes the skill and should be limited to 15 miles (24 km) or less. For intensive search, knowledge necessary to determine wilen the mission can no longer such as lightning coverage or during extreme or emergency fire be considered safe and should be terminated. A properly qualified danger, tiffs distance should be reduced. About half the time is pilot is usually an excellent observer. usedin forward observation. The rest of the time is spent searching those areas that later will be hidden from view. B4-$.4 Aerial Observers. Aerial observers should have the proper training and have gained through actual experience the capabilities B-4-3.11 Hying Speed. Tile slow cruise speed of the aircraft is a of distinguishing and interpreting their observations in relation to good observation speed. Under certain conditions, slower speeds the mission's objectives. In wildfire and related missions, tile could be necessary to observe specific areas. The experience and observer should be experienced in fire behavior, fuels, weather training of the pilot and observer have an important bearing on the measurements, and fire suppression. flying speed. High and low speeds have certain advantages, depending on conditions and observation objectives. B-4-$.5 Preflight Briefing. Pilot and observer should completely understand their individual responsibilities, along with other B-4-$.12 Number and Frequency of Flight~ The number and combined efforts necessary in conducting a successful and safe frequency of flights will depend on tile desired objectives, available mission• personnel and aircraft, and atmospheric conditions.

B-4-3.6 Reconnaissance. The aircraft should be flown to provide B-4-$.13 Estimating. id and accurate estimating is essential to the observer with the best possible visibility. The objective should a successful mission. following are some of the common be on tile observer's side and as free as possible from visibility methods of estima...t~ m aircraft: restrictions. Approaches should be planned to provide the light and background•

282 NFPA 295 ~ A98 ROP

Appendix C Referenced Publications NWCG Handbook 1, Wildftre Cause and Determination Handbook, (PMS 412-1), 1983. C-I The following documents or portions thereof are referenced widfin dais standard for informational purposes only and are dins NWCG Handbook 3, Fireline Handbook, (PMS 410-1), 1990. not considered part of file requirements of dais standard unless also listed in Chapter 9. The edition indicated here for each NWCG-NFES No. 1363, Spark Arrester Guide, General Purpose and reference is die current edition ~ of dae date ofd~e NFPA issuance Locomotive (6 P/L), Volume 1, (PMS No. 430-2), 1988. of this standard. NWCG-NFES No. 1363, Spark Arrester Guide, Multiposition Small C-I.1 NFPA Publication. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Engine (MSE), Volume 2, (PMS No. 430-2), 1988. Batteryanarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. NWCG, Airtanker Base Planning Guide. NFPA 901, Standara Classifications for Incident Reporting and Fire Protection Data. 1995 edition. Glossary of Wildland Fire Tarainolo~, (PMS 205), November 1996. Fire Protection Handbook, 16th Edition, Section 19, Chapter 4, 1986. D-l-3 Other Publications. Appendix D Bibliography Alberta Forest Service, Wildland Fire Foam Manua~ Second Edition, 1989. D-1 The following documents orportions thereof are ..::~!i~b. recommended within this standardfor informational purposes Brown, A. A. a~..~ "li:'~:!~t~avis,Forest Fire Control and Use, New only. The edition indicated for each reference is die current York, NY, McG..~ill Book Co., 1973, Second Edition. edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance of this document. Californj~.::.~art~i:.o. f Forestry, Fire Fighter Training Course, D-I.I NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Vols. ! ~.~:~$~:ff~cmmd:~.:..C:..~., 1981. Batterymarch Park, P.(). Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. C.~rni,~!i~.ivision of F~estry and USDA, Forest Service, Forest NFPA 18, Standard on Wetting Agents, 1995 edition. Fi~i~:'r~n~i:.~....~k..damentals, 1950. NFPA 298, Standard on Fire Fighting Foam Chemicals for Class A Canadi~!iNrestry Service, Environment Canada; Canadian Forest Fuels in Rural, Suburban, and Vegetated Areas, 1994 edition. @.-:.::.:..Fire Weath~..:.:.~.~.~ Tables, Forestry Technical Report 25, 1978. NFPA 402, Guide Jor Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Operations, ":iii.-'i."~::!:~}~i!::~nd C. and Leonard R. Chatten, Principles of Forest Fire 1996 edition. ':~i:.-,Md'~Nii~.:.~i, California Division of Forestry Sacramento, 1972. ¢::::?~'i!'~::.::-. ~.:::.':" . NFPA 403, Standa,d for Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting S.~"~e~. ~:".*.:i.:~Deeming,J. E., R. E. Burgan and J. D. Cohen, The National Fire- Airports, 1993 edition. ~:..ii'i~" ~li~ ~:~er Rating System, USDA, For. SerF. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-39, ~:'-'.-. .~i::~-'."i~i~i~i~:i.x.~iii:~ INT-40, Intermt. For. and Range Exp. Stn,, Ogden, Utall 1978. NFPA 407, Standard Jbr Aircraft Fuel Servicing, 1996 editit~i!!!:..:~!!::" "::~!:.: ...... ~,. "::i-i{ii:':"!!:x ...... " Deeming, J. E. andJ. W. Lancaster, Background Philosophy, NFPA 408, Standard for Aircraft Hand PortabN,~:~:.~{dsh~iii~i!::.....::::::" lmplemo, tation--National Fire Danger Rating System, USDA Fire 1994 edition. ,.::#¢ "':::'~iiiii}i:.. "":~U Control Notes 32(2): 4-8, 1971. NFPA 409, Standard on Aircraft Hangars,::':I'§'~i~..d.ition. ":'.iiiii Department of Lands, Forests, and Water Resources, British "%i::iii'::. ...:'iil? Columbia Forest Service, Handbook on Forest Fire Suppression, NFPA 410, Standar't on Aircraft Maintenance, 199~i!::i~iditiov/~::" Victoria, BC, 1972. "::i:i:i:i:i::': NFPA 412, Standar't Jbr Evaheating Aircraft Rescue a@"Fire Fighting Florida Forest Service, Fire Fighter's Guide, Tallahassee, 1964. Foam Equipmen~ 1993 edition. Gaylor, Harry P., Wildfires: Prevention and Control, RobertJ. Brady NFPA 414, Standard Jbr Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting Vehicles, Co., Bowie, MD, 1974. 1995 edition. Lancaster, J. w., Fire Management Applications of the National Fire NFPA 1001, Standard on Fire Fighter Professional Qualifications, Danger Rating S~stern---1978. USDA Forest Service, Cooperative Fire 1997 edition. Protection, 1978. NFPA 1051, Standard for Wildfire Fire Fighter Professional Lawson, B. D., An Interpretive Guide to the Canadian Forest Fire Qualifications, 1996 edition. Behavior Rating System, Can. Forestry SerF., Pacific Forest Res. Center Rep. BCP-3-72, 1972. NFPA 1201, Standard .[or Developing Fire Protection Services for the Public, 1994 edition. Madrzykowski, Daniel, Study of the Ignition Inhibiting Properties of Compressed Air Foam, Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Department of NFPA 1221, Standard .for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Teclmology, Public Fire Service Communication Systems, 1994 edition. Center for Fire Research, 1988. NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safay and Marx, Martin, Mark Harper, mad Todd Halter, Introduction to Health Program, 1997 edition. Quantitative Modelling of Fire Fighting Foam, Boise: Computer Integration and Literacy, 1988. NFPA 1901. Standa "d for Automotive Fire Apparatus, 1996 edition, MeKenzie, Dan, Engin~ring Analysis of Threshold Compressed Air NFPA 1906, Standa..d for Wildland Fire Apparatus, 1995 edition. Foam S~stems (CAFS), San Dimas, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Technology and Development Center, 'NVettin~, Agents and Wet Water Foams--Making Water More 1987. Efficient,' NFPA Fire Protection Handbook, 1962, 12On edition. National Wildfire Coordinating Group, Foam Applications for D-I.2 Boise Interagency Fire Center Publications. Boise Wildland and Urban Fire Management, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1988. Interagency Fire Center Publications, PMS, 3905 Vista Ave., Boise, ID 83705. National Wildfire Coordinating Group, Foam Applications for Wilclland and Urban Fire Management, Vol. 3, No. 1, 1990. NWCG-NFES No. 1256, Wildland Fire Suppression Tactics, Reference Guide (PMS No. 465), 1996. National Wildfire Coordinating Group, Foam vs. Fire, 1990.

283 NFPA 295/1141 -- A98 ROP

Rodma, Ron, In Line CAFS Instructions, Boise: U.S. Department PART II of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1990. (Log #B) Rochna, Ron, Clarence Grady, and Paul Schlobohm, A 1141- 1 - (3-2.2, 3-B.1, 3.6.2, 36.3): Accept in Principle Performance Test of Low Expansion Nozzle Aspirated Systems and SUBMITTER: James T. Wooters, Mizelle, Hodges and Assoc., Inc. Wildland Foam, Salem, OR: U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of RECOMMI~NDATION: We still have a problem with several Land Management and Chemeketa Community College, 1988. paragraphs of dais standard. Therefore, please mark your records to discuss, at the time of the next publication, paragraphs 3.2.2, Rochna, Ron and Paul Sclflobohm, An Operational and Tactical concerning fire lanes; 3-3.1, width of parking lanes; 3-6.2, hydrant Guide to Ground-Applied Foam Applications, Salem, OR: U.S. spacing; and 3-6.3, hydrant spacing. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1987. SUBSTANTIATION: Does not comply with National Highway Standards. Schlobohm, Paul and Ron Rochna, Foam as a Fire Suppressant" An COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. Evaluation, Wildland Fire 2000 Symposium, April 1987: South Lake COMMITrEE STATEMENT: See Committee Proposal 1141-5 Tahoe, California. Berkeley, California: U.S. Department of (Log #CP1) regarding Sections 3.2.2, 3-3.1, 3-6.2, 3-6.3, 4-3, and Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Chapter 7. Experiment Station, 1987. Schlobohm, Paul and Ron Rochna, Relationships between Water, Wet Water, Foam, and Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Suppression, In: (Log #2) Proceedings, Protecting People and Homes from Wildfire in the 1141- 2 - (3-5.1): Accept in Principle Interior West, October 1987: Missoula, MT. Missoula, MT: U.S. SLIBMITIT.J~ Robert Salvaggio, Collier County Government Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1987. RECOMMENDATION: Amend section 3-5.1 to read as follows: 3-5.1 All structures more than three stories in height or over 50 ft Schroeder, MarkJ. and C. C. Buck, Fire Weather... A Guide for in height above grade and containing intermediate stories or Application of Meteorologlcal Information to Forest Fire Control balconies shall be equipped with a standpipe system in accordance Operations, USDA For. Serv. Agr. Hdbk., 1970. with the provisions of NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems. Fire department standpipe SmidL Richard, "Combating Forest Fires with Foam Requires a connection s shall be located within 50 ft of a hydrant, but in no Reassessment of Tactics," Fire: The Journal of British Fire Services, Vol. case shall the fire department connection be ureater than 50 ft from v 75. Unisaf House, Kent, England, 1982. the building. SUBSTANTIATION: Without a specific distance requirement for Society of American Foresters, Glossary of Wildland Fire the fire department connection it can be moved any distance to an Management Terms Used in the United States, Washington, DC, 1990. existing fire hydrant rather than bringing a fire hydrant closer to the building. Stechisen, Edward, Effectiveness of Firefighting Foams. Foam Our jurisdiction has had three proposals on new construction, Applications for Wildland and Urban Fire Management, Vol. 3, No. 1, one project proposed the FDC at 300 ft and the other projects 1990. proposed 500 ft and 1,100 ft since this code does ngt speofically address this issue it is difficult to keep tile FDC within 50 ft of the Tele, William C., Firefighter Handbook on Wildland Firefighting, building. Illustrated by Dave Hubert, Deer Valley Press, 1994. COMMITrF..E ACTION: Accept in Principle. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: See Committee Proposal 1141-5 Turner, J. A. and B. D. Lawson, Weather in the Canadian Forest (Log #CP1). Fire Danger Rating System, Forestry Service, Environment Canada, Pacific Forest Research Centre Report BC-X-177, 1978.

U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Interim Requirements and Manufacturer (Log #1) Submission Procedures for Wildland Fire Foam. 1141- 3 - (3-5.2): Accept in Principle SUBMITTEPa Robert Salvaggio, Collier County Government Van Wagner, C. E., Structure of the Canadian Forest Fire Weather RECOMMENDATION: Amend section 3-5.2 to read as follows: Index, Can. Dep. Environ., Can. Forest. Sere. Pub. 1333, 1974. 3-5.2 Automatic fire extinguishing systems shall be required as set forth in file applicable NFPA code or standard for the intended Willian~s D. E., Forest Fire Danger Manual, Canada, Department of occupancy of the structure or as otherwise may be required by file Forestry Pub. No. 1027, 1963. authority having jurisdiction. Fire department connections for sprinkler systems shall be located within 50 ft of a fire hydrant. Fire D-l-4 Far Publications. U.S. Federal Aviation Regulations. The department connections for the sprinkler system shall be Ioc~ted following publications are available from file U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402. on or within 50 ft of file building.- All such systems shall be installed in accordance with file applicable NFPA standard or code Vol. h for the type of fire extinguisher system in stalled. (See Appendix B.) Part I Definitions and Abbreviations SUBSTANTIATION: Without a specific distance requirement for the fire department connection it can be moved any distance to an Vol II: existing hydrant rather than bringing a fire hydrant closer to the building. Part 11 General Rule-Making Procedures We have seen the fire department connection move as far away as Part 13 Enforcement Procedures 1,100 ft from a building. Without dtis distance requirement Part 15 Nondiscrimination of Federally Assisted specifically addressed in tile code it is difficult to keep the fire Programs for the FAA department connection within a reasonable distance of the Part 21 Certification Procedures for Products and buildinl~. Parts COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. Part 37 Technical Standard Order Authorization COMMITTEE STATEMENT: We recognize that this is an Part 39 Airwordfiness Directives important consideration but the location should be approved by Part 45 Identification and Registration Marking the Authority Having Jurisdiction because of operational Part 47 Aircraft Registration considerations. See Committee Proposal 1141-5 (Log #CP1). Part 49 Recording of Aircraft Tides and Security Doolments Part 183 Representatives of the Administrator Part 187 Fees Part 189 Use of Federal Aviation Administration Communication Systems.

284 NFPA 1141 1 A98 ROP

(Log #4) 1-2.1 The purpose of this standard is to reduce the impact of a fire 1141- 4 - (545.2, 3-6.3): Accept in Principle in a planned building group in suburban and rural areas where SUBMITrER: Edward F. Straw, ISO-CRS, Inc. there might be limited water supply, limited fire department RECOMMENDATION: There is still serious error in paragraph resources, extended fire department response time, delayed alarms, 3-6.2 and paragraph 3-6.3. Paragraph 3-6.2 uses criteria for hydrant limited access, hazardous vegetation, unusual terrain, or other spacing established with the 1956 NBFU grading schedule. unusual characteristics. SUBSTANTIATION: This schedule was revised in 1980 and now ties hydrant spacing to building needed fire flow. Paragraph 3-6.3 I-2.2 This standardshall not be construed as prohibiting better same rationale applies. Suggest both paragraphs be revised to construction or planning features that will materially improve fire current technology at first available opportunity. protection. COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept in Principle. COMMITTEE STATEMENT: See Committee Proposal 1141-5 1-2.3 This standard does not set forth general fire protection (Log #CP1) regarding Chapter 7. features or procedures addressed in other codes or standards. It is anticipated that the authority having jurisdiction shall use recognized f'we protection measures to meet local conditions.

(Log #CP1) 1-2.4 When unusual local conditions exist, the authority having 1141- 5 - (Entire Document): Accept jurisdiction shall determine equivalent requirements that provide a SUBMITTER: Technical Committee on Forest and Rural Fire level of protection no less than would be afforded by full Protection compliance with this standard. I RECOMMENDATION: The Technical Committee recommends a complete revision of NFPA 1141, Fire Protection in Planned 1-2.5 Where a provision of any other standard, code, law, or Building Groups, to read as shown at the end of this report. regulation recognized by the authority having jurisdiction is in SUBSTANTIATION: The Committee wishes to update die conflict with this standard, the most restrictive provision shall document to current technology, standards and language. apply. A definition of Wire Protection" was added to reflect the Committee's phUosopby on which the document is based. The Chapter 2 Def'mitions definition of "Road, way" was changed to reflect that in NFPA1. Requirements for automatic fire alarm systems in residential 2-I Def'mltions. strucutres was expanding to include requirements for structures with more than two but less than six living units and requirements Alternative. A system, condition, arrangement, material, or for structures with six or more living units. equipment submitted for approval to the authority having The most substantial change was in the area of the overall jurisdiction and the fire chief as a substitute for a code applicability of the standard. Specifically, the Committee requirement. .-'L~. responded to severed issues of compatibility with other existing NFPA Codes and Standards and, in turn, has narrowed the scope Approved.* the authority having jurisdiction. and purpose of the document so that overlap and conflicts have been eliminated. The Committee weighed apparent assumptions in The organization, office, or other standards (e.g., the ready availability of fire department ng equipment, an installation, or apparatus and personnel) wlfich may not apply adequately when a pro conditions like those referred to in the Scope and Purpose exist (i.e., limited water supply, limited fire department resources, EXtingui~hing System. Any system that is designed extended fire department response time, delayed alarms, limited etect a fire and subsequently discharge an access, hazardous vegetation, unusual terrain or other extinga agent without lmman activation or direction. distinguishing characteristics). COMMITTEE ACTION: Accept• ment. ~...-~ry with more than 50 percent of its cubic volume e av..¢/~ge adjacent ground level.

t~f Reduced curb height to facilitate vehicle passage over a curb. Curb cut can be an abrupt reduction or a NFPA 1141 ~" "~:m g reduction for the length of the curb on each side of the of access. Standard for ~. ,.,~ Dry Hydrant. A permanent piping system, normally a drafting Fire Protection in Planned Buildin~ :..~.2"~~'~ source, that provides access to a water source other than a municipal-type water system. 1998 Edition ~. ~/, .~ -~. ~.~ Dwelling. A single unit providing complete and independent livin~ facilities for one or more persons, including permanent NOTICE: An asterisk (*) following the num'~.'.~r lett~ prowsions for living, sleeping, eating, cooking, and sanitation. designating a paragraph indicates that explana~...,l~gi~:rial on the paragraph can be found in Appendix A. "~{,~ Existing Condition. Any situation, circumstance, or physical In~ormauon• on referenced puh|icattons. . can be, ~l~und'~ in makeup of any structure, premise, or process that was ongoing or Cbapter 10 and Appendices B and C. in effect prior to the adoption of this standard.

Farms. Those properties that are used primarily for agricultural Chapter 1 General purposes.

1-1 Scope. Fire Department. The governmental or other organiTation that is responsible for providing fire protection services to an area. IdA This standard applies to planned building groups in suburban and rural areas that the authority having jurisdiction determines Fire Flow. Tile flow rate of a water supply, measured at 20 psi would be impacted by one or more of the following during a fire: (137.9 kPa) residual pressure, that is available for fire fighting. limited water supph', limited fire department resources, extended fire department response time, delayed alarms, limited access, Fire Hazard. Any situation, process, material, or condition that, hazardous vegetation, unusual terrain, or other unusual on the basis of applicable data, can cause a fire or explosion or characteristics. provide a ready fuel supply to augment the spread or intensity of the fire or explosion andthat poses a threat to life or the property 1-1.2" This standard does not apply to farms or to mobile home or of others. recreational vehicle parks. Fire Hydrant. A valved connection on a piped water supply system 1-2 Purpose. having one or more outlets and that is used to supply hose and fire department pumpers with water.

285 NFPA 1141 --A98 ROP

Fire Lane. A means of access or other passageway designated and Structure. That which is built or constructed, an edifice or identified to provide access for emergency apparatus where parking building of any kind, or any piece of work artificially built up or is not allowed. composed of parts joined together in some definite manner. Fire Protection. Fire protection includes all measures taken to Chapter 3 Plans reduce die burden of fire on the quality of life. Fire protection includes measures such as fire prevention, fire suppression, built-in 3.1 Plans.* As a minimum, die anthority having jurisdiction shall fire protection systems, and planning and building codes. require anyone proposing to develop a planned building group to submit preliminary, working, and as-built plans. Fire Protection System. Any fire alarm device or system or fire extinguishing device or system, or their combination, that is 3.1.1" Preliminary Plans. All preliminary plans, when submitted, designed and installed for detecting, controlling, or extinguishing a shall contain a site plan showing proposed water supply, roadway fire or otherwise alerting occupants or the fire department, or access, fire department access, anct other items pertinent to the both, dlat a fire has occurred. specific project. The authority having jurisdiction shall make recommendations to die submitter based on die preliminary plans Floor Area, Gross. The gross floor area of a building shall be the to assist in developing die working plans, which shall dlen be area of die building under die roof, multiplied by die number of submitted to die authority having jurisdiction for approval. floors, including die basement. 3-1.2 Working Plans. Working plans, drawn to scale and signed by Ground Elevation, Adjacent. Tile reference plane representing a licensed architect or engineer, shall be accurate and shall die average elevation of die finished ground level measured at a illustrate die final ...~ign of items required by this standard. distance of 10 ft (3 m) from all exterior walls of file building. 3-1.3 As-Built wings showing items listed in 3-1.1, Height. As applied to a building, height means the vertical building floo~ fire protection systems, as built, shall be distance from the adjacent ground elevation to the average Lrtrnent having jurisdiction upon elevation of the roof of the highest story. compk Jurisdiction. Any governmental unit or political division or Means of Access subdivision including but not limited to township, village, borough, parish, city, county, state, commonwealth, province, freehold, district, or territory over which die governmental unit exercises power and authority. 4-1.1 ~ of access for fire d~ ent apparatus shall consist of road~.:.:~es, parking lot or a combination thereof, Labeled. Equipment or materials to which has been attached a label, symbol, or other identifying mark of ,an organization dlat is acceptable to die authority having jurisdiction and concerned with :l.T~E~ss to die property of die planned building group shaU be product evaluation, that maintains periodic inspection of ,.,~,%~:~..:~.~'~,~ rovid~d by a minimum of two distinctly separate routes of ingress production of labeled equipment or materials, and by ~.~ se %2~: ~! egress, each located as remotely from file other as possible. labeling the manufacturer indicates compliance with .~.'~r ,pri~ ,'.':~ standards or performance in a specified manner. "#~i~i ~ f"~ Roadways. ~'-q- x Listed.* Equipment, materials, or services inc.l.~.~l.,in a ~.-': 4-2.1 Roadways shall be constructed of a hard, all-weather surface published by an organization dlat is acceptal~.~9.~fl'~~ irt~"~: ~ designed to support adequately the heaviest piece of fire apparatus having jurisdiction and concerned with e .v~..' icts:~:" likely to be operated on the roadway. services, dlat maintains periodic inspect~i~L~., producti~i )f li~ed equipment or materials or periodic eval~atff~ig)fx-:-.' x.x service~li. ~ md 4-2.2 Every dead-end roadway more than 300 ft (92 m) in length whose listing states dlat eidler file equipment~:~enal, ~ gervice shall be provided at the closed end with a turnaround having not meets identified standards or has been tested a~.t.i ...n~'~ultable less than a 120 ft (37 m) outside diameter of traveled way. for a specified purpose. ":~:'::::::'x.4~" Means of Access. The method by which entry or.~roach is 4-2.3* Roadways shall have a minimum clearance of 12 ft (3.7 m) made by emergency apparatus, e.g., roadways, fireI~mes, and for each lane of travel, excluding shoulders and parking. parking lots. Provisions shall be made for factors that could impinge on the minimum width, e.g., drainage, snow removal, parking, and Municipal-Type Water Systems. A system having water pipes utilities. servicing hydrants and designed to furnish, over and above domestic consumption, a minimum of 250 gpm (950 Lpm) at 90 4-2,4 Grades shall be not more dlan 10 percent. psi (157.9 kPa) residual pressure for a 2-hour duration. Exception: Steeper grades shall be permitted by the authori 0 having Planned Building Groups. Multiple structures constrncted on a jfiurisdiction wlwre mitigation measures can be agreed upon joint0 by the parcel of land under the ownership, control, or development by an re and road engineering departments. mdividual, corporation, parmership, or firm, excluding farms. 4-2.5 Grades shall be not less dlan 0.5 percent in order to prevent Private Street. Any accessway normally intended for vehicular use pooling of water in die traveled way. not dedicated as a public street. 4-2.6* Landscaping or other obstructions placed around structures Public Street. A thoroughfare flint has been dedicated for shall be maintained in a manner dlat does not impair or impede vehicular use by die public. accessibility for fire department operations. Roadway. Any public or private street, including bridges. 4-2.7 Any secondary road intersecting with another road shall be sloped 1 to 3 percent down and away from die intersection for a Shall. Indicates a mandatory requirement. distance of 100 ft (30 m) from die intersection. Should. Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but 4-2.8* At least 13 ft 6 in. (4.4 m) nominal vertical clearance shall not required. be provided and maintained over die full width of all means of access. Standpipe.* A pipe and attendant hose valves and hose (if provided) used for conveying water to various parts of a building 4-2.9 Turns in roadways shall maintain die minimum road width. for fire-fighting purposes. 4-2.10" Turns in publicly-owned or privately-owned major feed Story. That portion of a building included between die upper roadways shall be constructed with a minimum radius of 100 ft (30 surface of die floor and the tipper surface of the floor or roof next m) to die centerline. above. 4-3 Parking Lots.

286 NFPA 1141 I A98 ROP

4-3.1 The parking lot stall length of line as measured from the end Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in Residential of the stall and aisle width shall be as shown in Table 4-3.1. Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in Height.

Table 4-$.1 Parking Lot Stall Dimensions Exception No. 2: Where any combination of private fire protection systems, Minimum Minimum including but not limited to fire-resistive roofs, fire separation walls, Aisle Width Aisle Width SaPndace separation, and automatic fire-extinguishing systems, is provided Minimum Stall Length of (One-way (Two-way apfiroved by the autheri O having jurisdlction as an acceptable Line traffic flow) traffic flow) alternative, waivers to the provisions of 5-1.2 shall be permitted. 27.5 ft (8.2 m) fo~" 45 ° 16 ft (4.0 m) 24 ft (7.4 m) 5-1.3" Structures exceeding two stories or 30 ft (9.2 m) in height parking above average adjacent ground level shall have at least 25 percent of 23.7 ft (6.6 m) fo~ 60 ° 16 ft (4.9 m) 24 ft (7.4 m) one side not more than 30 ft (9.2 m) from an approved means of parking access. At least 25 percent of one other side shall be no more than 20.9 ft (6.2 m) fo r 75 ° 23 ft (7.0 m) 24 ft (7.4 m) 50 ft (15.4 m) from an approved means of access. Both of these parking sides shall have a means of entry into the structure adjacent to the 18.5 ft (5.6 m) for 90 ° 26 ft (8.0 m) 26 ft (8.0 m) means of access. parking 5-2 Structure Separation. If two structures are part of the same 4-3.2 Parking lot lanes adjacent to any building shall provide a planned building group and either of them exceeds two stories or travel lane with 16 ft (4.9 m) clear width if traffic flow is one-way 30 ft (9.2 m) in height above average adjacent ground level, they and 24 ft (7.4 m) ,'.lear width if traffic flow is two-way. shall be separated ~lrn each other by at least 5Oft (15.4 m) and shall be at least ...~g.6 m) from a property line. All other 4-3.$ The minimum turning radius for parking lot lanes necessary structures shal.l::~ sep~ted by at least 20 ft (6.1 m) firom another for fire department apparatus access shall be determined by the structure an~f~l$"~:.be at least 10 ft (3.0 m) from a property line. authority having jurisdiction. ~ter 6 F'we Protection 4-4* Fire Lanes. 6-1 4-4.1 Fire lanes shall be provided as required bythe fire department havlngjurisdiction and in keeping with the ~g'l~.'~.~.~.~!tg'~c fire extinguishing systems shall be required as set requirements of this section. forth"~e ~plicable NFiSA code or standard for the intended occupa~f d~e structures or as otherwise required by the 4.4.2 Fire lanes providing one-~ay travel shall be a minimum of 16 authority'~jurisdiction. All such systems shall be installed in ft (4.9 m) in width. Firelanes with two-way travel shall be a ~ordance:.~ih the applicable NFPA standard or code for the type minimum of 24 ft (7.4 m) in width. "6~'guishing system installed. (See appendix B.) 4-4.3 Turns in fire lanes shall be constructed with a minir ~$~x ~gl.2 ~y residential building containing more than two residential radius of 25 ft (7.6 m) at the inside curb line and a mini i'~%~..~ .l~.'.ng units shall have an automatic sprinkler system installed in radins of 50 ft (15.2 m) at the outside curb line. 4~l Je-%~..~~ ~rdance with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of SprinMer ~steras, or NFPA 13R, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler 4-4.4 Fire lanes connecting to roadways shall be pr¢ de Systems in Residential Occupancies up to and Including Four Stories in curb cuts extending at least 2 ft (0.61 m) beyond,,.~ eq "-~l~..g~ Height, whichever is appropriate. fire lane. ~:~'~ ~i~ .... 6-1.$* ff mounted on the building they serve, fire department 4-4.5 The designation, design, and mairk~ce of e:~ es off connections for sprinkler systems shall be located not less than 100 private property shall be approved by th~'~a~Jty t /in ft (30.8 m) nor more than 200 ft (61.6 m) from a fire hydrant. If jurisdiction. ~~!!:i-"~:~ such connections are located at least 100 ft (30.8 m) from the building they serve, they shall be located not more than 50 ft (15.4 4-4,6 The clear opening provided through gates s ~: 2 ft (0.61 m) from a fire hydrant. The location of the fire department m) wider than the traveled way. d connection shall be determined by the authority having jurisdiction. 4-4.7 All gates shaU be located a minimum of 30 ft (9.2 m) from the public right-ofway and shall not open outward. 6-2 Manual F'we Protection. 4-4.8 Fire department personnel shall have ready access to locking 6-2.1" All structures four or more stories, or over 50 ft (15.4 m) in mechanisms on any gate restricting access to a fire lane. height above adjacent ground elevation with intermediate stories or balconies, shall be equipped with a standpipe system in 4-4.9* Appropriate no parking signs shall be posted in accordance accordance with the provisions of NFPA 14, Standard for the witi~ the instructions of the fire deparunent having jurisdiction, and Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems. If mounted on the side of a method of enforcing such provisions shall be provided. the building they serve, fire department connections for standpipe systems shall be located not less than 100 ft ($0.8 m) nor more Chapter 5 Location of Structures than 200 ft (61.6 m) from a fire hydrant. If such connections are located at least 100 ft ($0.8 m) from the building they serve, they 5-1 Means of Access. shall be located not more than 50 ft (15.4 m) from a fire hydrant. The location of the fire department standpipe connection shall be 5-1.1 At least one approved means of access shall be provided to determined by the authority having jurisdiction. each structure or other nonstructural fire hazard within the lanned building group. For structures or other nonstructural fire Exception: This section shall not apply to industrial process structures ~ azards exceeding two stories or 30 ft (9.2 m) in height above where the life or proper0 of others is not imperiled to fire or g~plosion. average adjacent ground level, not less than two approved separate means of access shall be provided. 6-2.2* Portable fire extinguishers shill be installed in accordance with NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers. In addition, 5-1.2 Structures exceeding 1000 ft 2 (102.5 m 2) gross floor area in buildings containing more than two dwelling units, a portable shall be required r.o be within 50 ft (15.4 m) of an approved means fire extinguisher, accessible from an exit and having a minimum of access. rating of 2-A:10-B:C, shall be provided in each dwelling unit. Exception No. I: Structures shall be within 200 fl (60 ra) of an approved 6-3 Automatic Fire Warning Systems. means of access where the structure is less than 30 fl (9.2 ra) in height and protected by an automatic sprinkler ssstera installed in accordance 6-3.1 For residential structures containing fewer than six living with NFPA 13, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems; NFPA units, an approved single-station smoke detector(s) or an approved 13D, Standard for the Installation of SprinMer Systems in One- and automatic detection system shall be installed in each dwelling unit Two-Fatal0 Dwellings and Manufactured Homes; or NFPA 13R, in accordance with the applicable provisions of NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code.

287 NFPA 1141 -- A98 ROP

6-3.2 For all other structnres exceeding 1000 ft 2 (102.5 m 2) gross reasonable substitutions meeting the intent of this section, provided floor area, an approved fire warning or alarm system shall be adequate fire protection is maintained. installed in accordance with die applicable NFPA code or standard for die intended occupancy of the structure. Such systems shall 7-3 Areas with MunicipabType Water Systems. retrzmsmit an alarm. Alarms or warning systems shall be tested and maintained in accordance with the applicable NFPA code or 7-3.1 For a required fire flow exceeding 1500 gpm (5700 Lpm), the standard or as required by the authority having jurisdiction. water supply system shall be capable of delivering that fire flow for at least 2 hours at 20 psi (137.9 kPa). For all other required fire Chapter 7 Water Supply flows, the water supply system shall be capable of delivering die required fire flow for at least 1 hour at 20 psi (137.9 kPa). 7-1 General. 7-3.2 Fire hydrants shall be supplied by not less than a f-in. (15- 7-1.1 Water supply systems not publicly owned and installed shall cm) diameter main installed on a looped system, or not less than meet the minimum requirements of NFPA 24, Standard for the an 8-in. (20-cm) diameter main if the system is not looped or the Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances, fire hydrant is installed on a dead-end main exceeding 300 ft (92 wlIere no recognized water supply distribution exists. m) in length.

7-1.2 Private fire service mains and hydrants shall be installed to 7-5.3 Dead-end mains shall not exceed 600 ft (184 m) in length for meet the requirements of NFPA 24, Standard for the Installation of main sizes under 10 in. (25 cm) in diameter. Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances. 7-4 Acceptance, T~..~. contractor or installer of water supply 7-1.3 Where miler fire-fighting water supply systems are established systems in plann~ding groups shall dem.onstrateby actual test by the audlon...... havmglunsdmUon, the sball not be less fllan the mat, me capact..-t.~i !~pr me'~water...... supply system wm meet tire ff rotection reqtnrements_ . ofty NFPA~ 1231, Standard onY Water Su##hesfor- Suburban design. . requi...-~:.:.:+: ....~ "~...... ~ucn tests snaal De certinea oy the nre •~h R,~.,I ~;~ t~;~m;,,,, "" -- oepartmet~...... ~ad er~.....~.., aumorlUes navmgjunsoicuon.

7-1.4 Fire hydrants shall be marked in a uniform manner, as x:?.'~*-'::~i% Chap ~i~:.-'.::i~~ .~tructural Requirements" designated by the authority hawngjur, sdicuon. 8:r..t.~ii~uil~..~g Code. C~truction of each structure sball comply 7-1.5 Fire bydrants located ill parking areas sball be protected by Wl""~:''-~. e .~t~.ements of file buddmg" ..... code of rite jurisdiction • barriers that will prevent physical damage from vehicles widtout ~ ~ ~:. . obstructina lwdrant oneradon a-z rl~ Building Groups Adjacent to Wildland Fuels...... ?~'~i~l Vents~i'--.:~i'Ventsshall be screened with a corrosion-resistant, 1-1.0 Fire uyarants snail De located Within ~ it [,O.L./ m) ol ule curd ~.'k--'x'?.ilk:.:.,:::.,..%. ..-:.::f . , . , , . line of the means of access unless the authority having jurisdiction ~2~: "~~ft ble. yore. mesh with a mesh not to exceea 1/4 m " (0 "04 determines another location is more acceptable for fire deE,.~....~ent % .fi) n~lnai in size• use. x:#%x-'~i:~. ::~-:'-"( ~:" . .... -.4::" ~'-'~!?: ~i~8-~,20verhanaanl~ Prolectlons. Porches, decks patios, balcomes 7 t 7* T~.... ~ ,. ,q,,o h,,H,,n, ,,,,d~t~ d,,H h~ ~ .... ;i'~g m,t~,,:~l . ~ similar undersides of overhangs shall be conslructed of heavy Fire Hose Connecuon• Screw Threads and shall be c~lU~.~.~.~,.."..x:....a:~:..:~: -:-~-.'-'i]~*.~.. ":..'.,~dmber,~ ...... as defined by local buddm g codes,. ' 1-hr fire-resistive ~ material, or noncomoustiole construcnon thread adapters where local fire department thread...... is dift*~...L.~::."-:~~b "~-.".'~:"':" ,x~:~:Y:"-':,'::.'.::~:~. ~';:::::$:...... 7 ~ ~* W~e- s .... es sha" be lo-~*ed such "~:'~'e"~ot ~:~:'~-~".x'x*~ 8-2.3 Overhanging Buildings. The underside of overhanging --requlrea ...... nre,,~ • now,,,u,~ o ut i n, ,,n o case,-~* "le ss th ~&~"w0,*.x~ gp mt ,,,gx~.~. (~-~.t-.)~..:~.~.p m" 1¢~-~::.:.'.'::-'::" ":::::::* o"u n~amgs.... s nail.... ne co. nstru.... ct e d wtu"th mateta"at o'"tne a ~/ fi mn"er , as can be established and maintained withi~i~me -eriod::~ro~ed defined by local budding codes, l-hr fire-res~suve material, or ~r ~ I" ~.t' noncombustible construcuon b Y the authorit Y bavin" gJ"urisdlction. " '~'?.:-.":~i~.:i::-. ".'~J~#:' '7 ~ n, ,-~.~ ~,,~,, ,~;,, ~h~ ~:'~j~.-:. A ~':: 8-2.4 Exterior Vertical Walls. Exterior vertical wall coverings shall 7 ? 1 riM1.... th~ infra¢tn,,-ture i~ h*.ina ingtallecl .'~":'~'inr ta the be constructed of at least 1/2-m. (1.3-cm) nominal sheadung or location-'" ...... ,and construction of buildingsg ...... or portion~iereof, ' """~::~ ...... water . e q ulvalent material supply for fire protection acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction, either temporary or permanent, shall be made 8-3 Common Walls. Common walls between dwelling or available prior to delivery of combustible materials. commercial units shall be constructed to provide a fire resistance rating of not less titan 1 hour. 7-2.2 When the infrastructure is being inst,'dled, and prior to the location and construction of buildings or portions thereof, fire 84 Vehicle Storage. Vehicle storage areas shall be separated from hydrants shall be installed at a spadng not to exceed 660 ft (200 m) living areas by walls and ceilings constructed to provide a fire of vehicle travel distance. Where buildings are proposed, the resistance rating of not less titan 1 hour. authority having jurisdiction shMI require additional hydrants and closer spacing where building size, use, construction, and lack of 8-5 Roof Coverings. built-in fire protection mandate. 8-5.1" Only listed fire-retardant roof covering assemblies shall be 7-2.3 Prior to the construction of buildings or portions thereof, all used. site plans shall be reviewed. At this time die anthority having jurisdiction shall review the fire flow required and designate 8-5.2 Roof coverings shall be a Class C listed or better fire- spacing of hydrants according to the following schedule: retardant roofing assembly.

(a) There shall be at least one hydrant within 300 ft (92 m) of Chapter 9* Fire Protection During Construction any building at a location acceptable to the andlority having jurisdiction. 9-1 General Requirements.

(b) No portion of die exterior walls of the building shall be 9-1.1 Protection shall not be less than that required by file fire more than 200 ft (01.6 m) from a hydrant, where vehicular access is departinent llaving jurisdiction. provided. 9-1.2 Fire department vehicular access to all structures under (c) Additional hydrants shall be provided to meet the remaining construction shall be provided at all times. In areas where ground fire flow, if necessary. surfaces are soft or likely to become soft, hard all-weather surface access roads shall be provided. (d) In areas of one- and two-fanlily dwellings, hydrants shall be located a maximum of 660 ft (200 m) vehicle travel distance apart. 9-1.3 Trash and debris shall be removed from file construction site as often as necessary to maintain the site in a firesafe manner. Excq~tion: Where conditions are such that items (a) through (d) are impractical to achieve, the authority having jurisdiction shall consider 9-1.4 Flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored, handled, or used on the construction site in accordance with the applicable

288 NFPA 1141 -- A98 ROP provisions of NFPA 30, Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code,. laboratories. In determining the acceptability of installations, NFPA 58, Standard for the Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum procedures, equipment, or materials, file authority having Gases; and NFPA 395, Standard for the Storage of Flammable and jurisdiction may base acceptance on compliance with NFPA or Combustible Liquids at Farms and lsolated Sites. other appropriate standards. In file absence of such standards, said authority may require evidence of proper installation, 9-1.5 At least one portable fire extinguisher having a rating of at procedure, or use. Tile authority having jurisdiction may also refer least 4-A:30-B:C shall be within a travel distance of75 ft (23 m) or to file listings or labeling practices of an organization that is less to any point of a stntcture under construction. Personnel concerned with product evaluations and is thus in a position to normally on the construction site shall be instructed in the use of determine compliance with appropriate standards for tile current tile fire extinguishers provided. production of listed items.

Chapter 10 Referenced Publications A-2-1 Authority Having Jurisdiction. The phrase "authority having jurisdiction" is used in NFPA documents in a broad manner, since 10-1 The following documents or portions thereof are referenced jurisdictions and approval agencies vary, as do their within tiffs standard as mandatory requirements and shall be responsibilities. Where public safety is primary, the authority considered part of the requirements of dais standard. The edition having jurisdiction may be a federal, state, local, or other regional indicated for each referenced mandatory document is file current department or individual such as a fire chief; fire marshal; chief of edition as of the ~tte of the NFPA issuance of this standard. Some a fire prevention bureau, labor department, or health department: of these m.'mdatory documents might also be referenced in dais building official; electrical inspector; or others having statutory standard for specific informational purposes and, therefore, are authority. For insurance purposes, an insurance inspection also listed in Appe,adix A. department, ratin~:~ureau, or other insurance company representa~ve m~J~i~0.1e authority having jurisdiction. In many 10-1.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 cir'cumstances,..~.e pr~rty owner or Iris or her designated agent

Batterymarch Park: P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. assumes• . the.¢-:.: x~fT~fgg "4.~.~-.~ the authority having jurisdiction; at government mstallatio~.':~.Mle ~qnanding officer or departmental official may NFPA 10, Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 1994 edition. be the al~.~a~ty ha~;':'''::~" " NFPA 13, Standard for the lnstallation of Sprinkler Systems, 1996 A-2:.~f:'Listed7,,. Th e mear~j~ identifying listed equipment may vary edition. f~!!~ch ~nization c~h'~cerned with product evaluation; some *t:~a~.....~to not recognize equipment as listed unless it is also NFPA 13D, Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems in One- lal~pele~tploy:::..::'~'Yhe':~uth°ritY having junsdlction should utilize the system and Two-Family Dwellings and Manufactured Homes, 1996 edition. em __~:y..:~.d.iFire Safety Criteria for Manufactured Home Installations, apparatus response. Sites, and Commun:ties. For requirements on recreational vehicle parks, see NFPA 501D, Standard for Recreational Vehicle Parks and A-4-4 A fire lane can be a subsurface construction of hard material Campgrounds. tiaat is adequately designed to support the heaviest piece of fire apparatus likely to be driven on it and then coveredwith no more A-I-2 The requirements of flais standard can be used for than 3 in. (7.6 cm) of soil, sod, or both. When a subsurface fire developments having distinguishing features similar to planned lane is constructed it should be identified in a manner acceptable building groups inchtding but not limited to subdivisions to tile fire department. recreation camps, and farms. A-4-4.9 The local law enforcement officers should be given written A-2-1 Words defined in dais standard are intended for use only with legal authority to enforce parking regulations, or property the sections of dais standard. Definitions set forth in any document management should be prepared to enforce these regulations with referenced by dais standard shall be the acceptable definitions for their own personnel, including the towing of vehicles as necessary. use of that document only. Words not specifically defined in this standard or other referenced documents shall be interpreted as A-5-1.3 For taller buildings, it might be necessary for provisions to being the ordinary u~age of the word as set forth in Webster's Third be made to position apparatus on two or more sides of the New International Dictiona~. of the English Language, Unabridged, as building for effective fire-fighting and rescue operations. Ground published by dae (, & C Merriam Company, Springfield, ladders can be used effectively on the shorter buildings. Taller Massachusetts, in 1,966. buildings normally require the use of aerial ladders. Preferably, access should be provided at the front and rear of the structure. A-2-1 Approved. The National Fire Protection Association does not approve, inspect, or certify any installations, procedures, A-6-1.3 The audaority having jurisdiction should consider the equipment, or mar.erials; nor does it approve or evaluate testing hydrant-to-building proximity in determining fire department

289 NFPA 1141 IA98 ROP

connection location pursuant to enforcement of dais section. NFPA 22, Standard for Water Tanks for Private Fire Protection, 1996 Hydrants should not be located closer dlan 50 ft (15.4 m) to die edition. building being protected by the sprinkler system. This can be accomplisbed by locating the fire department connection away NFPA 31, Standard for the Instatlation of Oil-Burning Equipment, from the building. 1997 edition. A-6-2.1 The attdlority having jurisdiction should consider tile NFPA 70, National Electrical Code, 1996 edition. hydrant-to-building proximity in determining fire department connection location pursuant to enforcement of dais section. NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings from Hydi~mts should not be located closer fl~an 50 ft (15.4 m) to the Exterior Fire Exposures, 1996 edition. building being protected by a standpipe system. This can be accomplished by locating the fire department connection away NFPA 82, Standard on Incinerators and Waste and Linen Handling from the building. Systems and Equipment, 1994 edition. A-6-2.2 This requirement can be met by providing one NFPA 9OA, Standard for the Installation of Air Conditioning and multipurpose dry chemical fire extinguisher or one Class A and Ventilating Systems, 1996 edition. one Class BG fire extinguisher. The recommendation for locating tbese extinguishers in die dwelling unit is to prevent theft. NFPA 90B, Standard for the lnstaUation of Warm Air Heating and Air Conditioning Systems, 1996 edition. A-7-1.7 See NFPA 1963, Standard for Fire Hose Connections. NFPA 10160, Life:~eO Code@, 1994 edition. A-7-1.8 The department should strive to establish 250 gpm (950 Lpm) within 5 minutes of arrival of the first piece of apparatus and NFPA 211, .S~:~ard f#t Chimneys, Fireplaces, Vents, and Solid Fuel- attempt to establish and maintain die required fire flow widlin 15 Burning Ap~~:.-.?:.:] ":~:':!~:~- 1996 edition. minutes of arrival. (See NFPA 1231, Standard on Water Supplies for ~:-~: ".:~.~., Suburban and Rural Fire Fighting. ) NFPA ~,=".%.~anda'~'~..~Types of Building Construction, 1995 edition. A-8-1.1 In ,areas not governed by building codes, NFPA codes or 2 S nda,'d ~p~*otection of Life and Property from Wildfire, standards as they apply for the intended occupancy of die structure should be considered the minimum requirements. NF~ii,~,....,.:+=...,...___"ff~andardon Industrial Fire Brigades, 1996 edition. A-8.5.1 Fire retardant roof covering assemblies are A, B, or C Class. (See NFPA 203, Guide on Roof Coverings and Roof Deck NFPA 6~*~rd for Security Service in Fire Loss Prevention, 1996 Constructions, for definitions.) The specific class sbould be consistent widl die fire threat as determined by the aud~ority having "~'.. jurisdiction. ~0, Standard for the Installatwn of Lightning Protection ~'"~Syster~,1997 edition. A-9 For additional fire protection considerations durin# "~{3~ construction, refer to NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguar~g ]i~ A 1221, Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, and Use of Construction. Alteration, and Demolition Operations. .~~,: ~.&~{ ~.'~'.'~ ~ :" ~ublie Fire Service Communication Systems, 1994 edition.

Appendix B Referenced Public~~$ -,.::: l. %,: Brannigan, Francis L., Building Construction for the Fire Service, Montgomery College, Rockville MD, NFPA MY-BGFS-3. B-I The following documents or portions,~s..x...~'r":#~eof: "~d~ enc~g'~'~ within this standard for informational p s on 'e tl"~:" Kimball, Warren Y., Fire Attack L Jamestown, RI, 1966. not considered part of the requirement2c~'of'~t,~ tess also listed in Cl~apter 10. The edition indica .~ for.~ mh Kimball, Warren Y., Fire Attack II, Jamestown, RI, 1966. reference is the current edition as of d~et~c~date ¢ .NF~..'~.issuance of dfis standard. "~ ~:~ NFPA Inspection Manuag Seventh Edition, NFPA, MYM-1M-94. B-I.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protectio~ Association, 1 Fire Protection Handbook, Eighteenth Edition, NFPA, MY-FPH1791. Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. C-1.2 Other Publications and Information Sources. NFPA 14, Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems, 1996 edition. Fire Suppression Rating Schedule, Insurance Services Office World Trade Center, NewYork, NY 10048-1199. NFPA 203, Guide on Roof Coverings and Roof Deck Constructions, 1995 edition. American Water Works Association, 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, GO 80235 NFPA 241, Standard for Safeguarding Construction, Alteration and Demolition Operations, 1996 edition. Managing Fire Services, International City/County Managers' Association, 777 N. Capitol St., Washington, DC 20002. NFPA 1231, Standard on Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Fire Fightin~ 1993 edition. American Institute of Ardfitects Research Corp., 1735 New York Ave., Washington, DG 20006. NFPA 1963, Standard for Fire Hose Connections, 1993 edition. Building Officials and Code Administrators International, 4051 Appendix C Bibliographical and Information Sources W. Flossmoor Rd., Country Club Hills, IL 60478-5795. C-I The following documents or portions thereof are referenced American Insurance Service Group, 85John St., NewYork, NY within this standard for informational purposes only and are thus 10038. not considered part of the requirements of this standard unless also listed in Chapter 10. The edition indicated bere for each Southern Building Code International Congress, 900 Montdalr reference is the current edition as of the date of the NFPA issuance Rd., South Birmingham, AL 35213. of this standard. Fire Marshals Association of North America, c/o NFPA, 1 C-I.1 NFPA Publications. National Fire Protection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. Batterymarda Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA 02269-9101. International Conference of Building Officials, 5360 S. Workman NFPA 1, Fire Prevention Code, 1997 edition. Mill Rd., Whittier, CA 90601. NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Centrifugal Fire Pumps, 1996 edition.

29O