DOCSLIB.ORG

The Administration of Alejandro O'reilly As Governor of Louisiana, 1769-1770

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1968 The Administration of Alejandro O'REILLY as Governor of Louisiana, 1769-1770. David Ker Texada Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Texada, David Ker, "The Administration of Alejandro O'REILLY as Governor of Louisiana, 1769-1770." (1968). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1521. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1521 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-4504 TEXADA, David Ker, 1928- THE ADMINISTRATION OF ALEJANDRO O'REILLY AS GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA, 1769-1770. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1968 History, modern University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan _ David Ker Texada 1969 © _________________________ ALL RIGHTS RESERVED THE ADMINISTRATION OF ALEJANDRO O'REILLY AS GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA 1769-1770 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of History by David Ker Texada M.A., Louisiana State University, 1958 August, 1968 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The author wishes to express his sincere appreciation to Dr. John Preston Moore for his guidance and encourage­ ment while supervising the preparation of this dissertation. Thanks is also due to Dr. Jo Ann Carrigan for her many sug­ gestions concerning the manuscript. Finally, very special gratitude is extended to my family and friends, too numerous to mention by name, who have encouraged and assisted me in many ways over these past years. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENT ................................... ii ABSTRACT......................................... iv INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1 Chapter I. THE CESSION OF LOUISIANA TO SPAIN BY FRANCE, AND THE FIRST ATTEMPT BY THE SPANISH TO EFFECT OCCUPATION .......... 14 II. THE COMING OF GENERAL O'REILLY TO LOUISIANA.......................... 52 III. THE TRIAL OF THE REBELS............... 79 IV. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SPANISH GOVERNMEN­ TAL INSTITUTIONS, PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL . 128 V. PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES IN SPANISH LAW . 145 VI. THE SPANISH LEGAL SYSTEM BEGINS TO FUNCTION UNDER GOVERNOR O'REILLY ................ 172 VII. MILITARY AND INDIAN AFFAIRS........... 184 VIII. FINANCIAL, COMMERCIAL, RELIGIOUS AND SOCIAL POLICIES OF GOVERNOR O'REILLY . 222 EPILOGUE ..... ................................ 250 BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................... 271 VITA ............. 278 iii ABSTRACT This work is an assessment of the administration of Count Alejandro O'Reilly as governor of Louisiana from Au­ gust, 1769, to March, 1770. O'Reilly was a soldier of for­ tune who rose to the rank of lieutenant general in the Span­ ish army and was made Inspector General of Infantry in 1764. He was chosen by Charles III to bring Spanish rule to Loui­ siana after the 1768 insurrection of the French settlers in New Orleans. This uprising had resulted in the expulsion of the first Spanish .governor, Antonio de Ulloa, who had come to take possession of the colony after its' transfer from France to Spain by the Treaty of Fontainebleau in No­ vember, 1762. Because of O'Reilly's execution of the main leaders of the rebellion in New Orleans, much abuse was heaped upon him by unsympathetic historians until well into the twentieth century. This study is introduced by a brief analysis of the his­ toriography covering these events. Next, there is an intro­ ductory chapter dealing with the transfer of the colony from France to Spain and Governor Ulloa's administration, which ended in his expulsion in October, 1768. The main body of the work covers Governor O'Reilly's arrival in Louisiana, in August, 1769, the trial of the rebel leaders, and the governor's administration of the colony. Considerable space has been devoted to an analysis of the iv V trial proceedings, which are found in the Archives of the In­ dies in Seville and in the National Historical Archives in Madrid. The reader can determine from these proceedings whether or not the trial was conducted fairly by eighteenth century Spanish standards. The Indian policy adopted by O ’Reilly and continued by his successors also comes under study. In connection with this, O'Reilly's plans for Louisiana's military posture within the Spanish American Empire has been outlined. The weaknesses and strengths of these policies are shown in re­ lation to the use made of them by the subsequent Spanish governors of Louisiana. This study also treats the social and commercial prob­ lems under O'Reilly, and analyzes his fiscal and commercial policies in the light of the subsequent history of Spanish Louisiana. The inadequacies of some of these policies are noted. O'Reilly's most important contribution to Louisiana was the Code 0 'Reilly. This code was a synthesis of Spain's Laws of the Indies. and was compiled under O'Reilly's direction by two of his lawyers, Felix del Rey and Jose Manuel de Urru- tia. Although intended to be temporary, it served the colony until Spain returned Louisiana to France in 1803. The brief epilogue covers the highlights of O'Reilly's career from his return to Spain in June, 1770, until his vi death in March, 1794. He was Inspector General of Infantry until 1783 and served as governor of Madrid, Andalusia, and Cadiz, retiring from the last post in 1786. The crown sum­ moned him in 1794 to take command of the Army of the Pyrenees, but he died en route at Murcia (Chincilla). INTRODUCTION On August 18, 1769, the French flag was lowered in the Place d'Armes (today Jackson Square) in the city of New Or­ leans. In its place was raised the banner of the Spanish monarch Charles III. Thus began the brief but important administration of Lieutenant General Don Alejandro O'Reilly as the second Spanish governor of Louisiana. O'Reilly had been sent by Charles III to restore Span­ ish authority in the newly acquired colony of Louisiana. Developments in that colony after the arrival of Don Anto­ nio de Ulloa, Spain's first governor of Louisiana, had led to an insurrection in October, 176 8, and to Ulloa's subse­ quent expulsion. When O'Reilly came to Louisiana in 1769 to establish Spanish rule, he had the leaders of the rebel­ lion tried and six of them were condemned to death. In spite of the attempt of a number of historians in recent times to exonerate O'Reilly for his treatment of the insurrectionists, one still hears him popularly re­ ferred to as "Bloody O'Reilly." In order to put the Span­ ish governor's actions in proper perspective, it would be appropriate to examine critically the attitudes of leading historians of Louisiana from the beginning of the nine­ teenth century to the present. These illustrate a variety of views and interpretations: some indicate judgments based on obvious prejudice or lack of knowledge of sources; others adopt more ienient or vindicating positions. As early as 1830 a bitter attack was made upon O'Reilly and upon Spanish justice by the French historian, Francois Barb£-Marbois. Referring to the governor, he wrote: ...The Spanish general, O'Reilly, replaced Don An­ tonio de Ulloa. ... O'Reilly was an enemy of recon- ciliatory measures, a warrior of reputation in his profession, and thought a colony might be governed even more despotically than a conquered country. The barbarian indulged in acts of violence and fe­ rocity which he mistook for prudence and firmness, ... Scaffolds were erected in New Orleans. Six colonists paid by their heads for the courage with which they had manifested their attachment to France. The Court of Madrid secretly disapproved of these acts of outrage; but fearing to endanger the author­ ity of its governors it abstained frcm condemning O'Reilly and even from disavowing him by an authen­ tic act.-*- Barbe-Marbois either ignored or was unaware of certain vi­ tal documents covering the events that had occurred at New Orleans and at Madrid. That the French historian might have been misinformed concerning the most critical facts in the case is evident, as at least two readily discernible er­ rors illustrate. First, his comments concerning a secret disapproval of O'Reilly's actions by Charles III and his court are without foundation. Neither Barbe-Marbois nor ■'•Francois Barbe-Marbois, A History of Louisiana (Phila­ delphia, 1830), pp. 137-138. anyone else has ever located any document proving this as­ sertion. On the contrary, materials used by the Califor­ nia historian, David K. Bjork, in 1923, and the Spanish his­ torian, Rodriguez-Casado, in 1942, are quoted in this study and show conclusively that the king and his advisors approved the general's actions in Louisiana. Second, Barbe-Marbois said that O'Reilly had 3,000 soldiers with him when he ar­ rived in New Orleans in August of 1769. The records, how­ ever, clearly indicate that the exact number of men under the general's command was 2,056.2 A realistic explanation for this historian's attitude toward O'Reilly and the Spanish is Barb^-Marbois' sympathy for his fellow Frenchmen in Louisiana. Nevertheless, it is difficult to understand how he could accuse O'Reilly of barbarism when only six men were condemned to death for treason in an insurrection in which a large portion of the population of New Orleans and its environs was involved. Another writer who attacked the Spanish general was Francois Xavier Martin, Chief -Justice of the Louisiana Su­ preme Court in the early nineteenth century.
Recommended publications
  • Bartolome De Las Casas Revisited

    Bartolome De Las Casas Revisited

    Bartolome de Las Casas Revisited Amber Ferris Seminar Paper Presented to the Department of History Western Oregon University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in History Spring 2009 Approved________________________________________Date___________ Approved________________________________________Date___________ HST 499: Prof. Max Geier & Prof. Narasingha Sil 2 Fray Bartolome de Las Cas O La Proteccion de Los Indios Source: http://libweb.hawaii.edu/libdept/charlotcoll/posada/images/posada/posbib76.gif 3 I Christopher Columbus' discovery of the Americas in 1492 opened a whole new world to the Europeans. The discovered land held new resources, new territory, and new peoples. Conquistadors were enthralled by the lure of gold and territory. But the Spanish government and colonists faced the problem of the nature and status of the people that already inhabited these lands. Were they to be treated as equals, serfs, or slaves? Were they even really people? The answers to these questions were complex and unclear. The Spanish crown made many laws regarding how the natives and colonists should interact, however, much of this legislation was ignored by colonists and conquerors. Most of the colonists were more than happy to exploit the natives, but some religious orders opposed this exploitation. One of the most outspoken defenders of indigenous rights was the Dominican Order. An especially tenacious Dominican defender of natives' rights was Fr. Bartolome de Las Casas, who campaigned for native rights during the early and mid-sixteenth century. As this paper will show, Las Casas’ championship of indigenous rights was shaped by his European heritage. II The Spanish conquest of the New World happened in concurrence with the Renaissance in Europe.
  • Jottings of Louisiana

    Jottings of Louisiana

    H&3 Arcs V-sn^i Copyright^ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. JOTTINGS OF LOUISIANA ILLUSTRATED HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS LANDMARKS OF NEW ORLEANS, And the Only Remaining Buildings of Colonial Days. "They do not only form part of the History of the United States, but also of France and Spain." BY WILLIS J. ROUSSEL New Orleans, La. (Copyrighted January 3rd, 1905.; Price, 50 Cents. 1905. Mkndola Bros. Publishers, new orleans, la. LIBRARY of CONGRESS fwo Copies Received FEB 24 1905 , Qopyrigm tmry iUiSS CX* XXc. NO! COPY B. : POETICAL JOTTINGS OF THE HISTORY OF LOUISIANA. —f-f — BY CHARLES UAYARPE The following quotations are taken from the History of Louisiana by Charles Gayarre, the eminent writer and historian, and will no doubt prove to be a very appropriate preface to this work, as it will admit a basis of comparison for "Louisiana as it is to-day." After a masterly and graceful preliminary the learned historian said "I am willing to apply that criterion to Louisiana, considered both physically and historically; I am willing that my native State, which is but a fragrant of what Louisiana formerly was, should stand and fall by that test, and do not fear to approach with her the seat of judgment. I am prepared to show that her history is full of poetry of the highest order, and of the most varied nature. I have studied the subject "con amore," and with such reverential enthusiasm, and I may say with such filial piety, that it has grown upon my heart as well as upon my mind.
  • The Louisiana Purchase

    The Louisiana Purchase

    The Louisiana Purchase In 1803, the United States bought the Louisiana Territory from France, which was in dire straits following their revolution. On the Lewis and Clark site, there is this map of the Louisiana Purchase. As you can see, there was a great deal more of what is now the United States that was not settled. Look at Spanish Florida, New Spain, Oregon Country and British North America. The North West had been the habitat of fur traders, mostly from the British Isles, for many years. Meanwhile, in the South, there was the desire to expel the Spanish from Florida. As American expansionism moved the boundaries further west and south, the British pushed back. Greatness of the Port of New Orleans dates back to the Revolution when the Ohio River Valley was settled, and the settlers had no other way to market their produce then down the river to New Orleans – then a Spanish Port. First they came on rafts then flatboats, and, finally keelboats which could be poled back up the river. (Rafts and flatboats were broken up and the timber sold.) In the early years of this river traffic, tough American boatmen had many a argument with Spanish troops of New Orleans. Here we see Governor Milo halting once such argument. Miro hoped to persuade Tennessee and Kentucky to secede from the United States and join Spanish Louisiana. Instead, the valleyfolks brought such pressure on President Thomas Jefferson that the Louisiana Purchase resulted. An indication of the volume of this early trade between the Americans and the Spaniards at New Orleans is the American dollar.
  • Grade 8 Social Studies

    Grade 8 Social Studies

    Grade 8 Social Studies Grade 8 Social Studies Table of Contents Unit 1: Louisiana’s Physical and Cultural Geography ..................................................1 Unit 2: Economics in Louisiana......................................................................................19 Unit 3: Louisiana’s Government ....................................................................................38 Unit 4: Early Peoples of Louisiana and a Meeting of Different Worlds.....................57 Unit 5: The Acadian Odyssey .........................................................................................69 Unit 6: The Early American Era of Louisiana..............................................................77 Unit 7: Civil War and Reconstruction ...........................................................................90 Unit 8: Transitions to the Twentieth Century.............................................................103 Unit 9: Eras of World War II and Civil Rights ..........................................................115 Unit 10: Louisiana Ends the Twentieth Century and Enters the Twenty-First.......128 Louisiana Comprehensive Curriculum, Revised 2008 Course Introduction The Louisiana Department of Education issued the Comprehensive Curriculum in 2005. The curriculum has been revised based on teacher feedback, an external review by a team of content experts from outside the state, and input from course writers. As in the first edition, the Louisiana Comprehensive Curriculum, revised 2008 is aligned with state content
  • A Confusion of Institutions: Spanish Law and Practice in a Francophone Colony, Louisiana, 1763-Circa 1798

    A Confusion of Institutions: Spanish Law and Practice in a Francophone Colony, Louisiana, 1763-Circa 1798

    THE TULANE EUROPEAN AND CIVIL LAW FORUM VOLUME 31/32 2017 A Confusion of Institutions: Spanish Law and Practice in a Francophone Colony, Louisiana, 1763-circa 1798 Paul E Hoffman* I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 II. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND LOCAL LAW AND ORDER .................... 4 III. SLAVERY ............................................................................................. 13 IV. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 20 I. INTRODUCTION French Louisiana had been a thorn in the flank of Spain’s Atlantic Empire from its founding in 1699. Failure to remove that thorn in 1699 and again in 1716, when doing so would have been comparatively easy and Spanish naval forces were positioned to do so, meant that by 1762 the wound had festered, so that the colony had become what La Salle, Iberville, Bienville, and their royal masters had envisioned: a smuggling station through which French goods reached New Spain and Cuba and their goods—dye stuffs and silver mostly—reached France and helped to pay the costs of a colony that consumed more than it produced, at least so 1 far as the French crown’s finances were concerned. * © 2017 Paul E Hoffman. Professor Emeritus of History, Louisiana State University. 1. I have borrowed the “thorn” from ROBERT S. WEDDLE, THE FRENCH THORN: RIVAL EXPLORERS IN THE SPANISH SEA, 1682-1762 (1991); ROBERT S. WEDDLE, CHANGING TIDES: TWILIGHT AND DAWN IN THE SPANISH SEA, 1763-1803 (1995) (carries the story of explorations). The most detailed history of the French colony to 1731 is the five volumes of A History of French Louisiana: MARCEL GIRAUD, 1-4 HISTOIRE DE LA LOUISIANA FRANÇAISE (1953-74); 1 A HISTORY OF FRENCH LOUISIANA: THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV, 1698-1715 (Joseph C.
  • New Spain and Early Independent Mexico Manuscripts New Spain Finding Aid Prepared by David M

    New Spain and Early Independent Mexico Manuscripts New Spain Finding Aid Prepared by David M

    New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts New Spain Finding aid prepared by David M. Szewczyk. Last updated on January 24, 2011. PACSCL 2010.12.20 New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts Table of Contents Summary Information...................................................................................................................................3 Biography/History.........................................................................................................................................3 Scope and Contents.......................................................................................................................................6 Administrative Information...........................................................................................................................7 Collection Inventory..................................................................................................................................... 9 - Page 2 - New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts Summary Information Repository PACSCL Title New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts Call number New Spain Date [inclusive] 1519-1855 Extent 5.8 linear feet Language Spanish Cite as: [title and date of item], [Call-number], New Spain and Early Independent Mexico manuscripts, 1519-1855, Rosenbach Museum and Library. Biography/History Dr. Rosenbach and the Rosenbach Museum and Library During the first half of this century, Dr. Abraham S. W. Rosenbach reigned supreme as our nations greatest bookseller.
  • Arkansas V. Oklahoma: Restoring the Notion of Partnership Under the Clean Water Act Katheryn Kim Frierson Katheryn.Frierson@Chicagounbound.Edu

    Arkansas V. Oklahoma: Restoring the Notion of Partnership Under the Clean Water Act Katheryn Kim Frierson [email protected]

    University of Chicago Legal Forum Volume 1997 | Issue 1 Article 16 Arkansas v. Oklahoma: Restoring the Notion of Partnership under the Clean Water Act Katheryn Kim Frierson [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf Recommended Citation Frierson, Katheryn Kim () "Arkansas v. Oklahoma: Restoring the Notion of Partnership under the Clean Water Act," University of Chicago Legal Forum: Vol. 1997: Iss. 1, Article 16. Available at: http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1997/iss1/16 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in University of Chicago Legal Forum by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Arkansas v Oklahoma: Restoring the Notion of Partnership Under the Clean Water Act Katheryn Kim Friersont The long history of interstate water pollution disputes traces the steady rise of federal regulatory power in the area of environ- mental policy, culminating in the passage of the Clean Water Act Amendments of 1972.1 Arkansas v Oklahoma2 is the third and latest Supreme Court decision involving interstate water pol- lution since the passage of the 1972 amendments. By all ac- counts, Arkansas is wholly consistent with the Court's prior decisions. In Milwaukee v Illinois3 and InternationalPaper Co. v Ouellette,4 the Court held that the Clean Water Act ("CWA") preempted all traditional common law and state law remedies. Consequently, states lost much of their traditional authority to direct water pollution policies. Despite the claim that the CWA intended "a regulatory 'partnership' between the Federal Govern- ment and the source State", Milwaukee and InternationalPaper placed states in a subordinate position to the federal govern- t B.A.
  • State Abbreviations

    State Abbreviations

    State Abbreviations Postal Abbreviations for States/Territories On July 1, 1963, the Post Office Department introduced the five-digit ZIP Code. At the time, 10/1963– 1831 1874 1943 6/1963 present most addressing equipment could accommodate only 23 characters (including spaces) in the Alabama Al. Ala. Ala. ALA AL Alaska -- Alaska Alaska ALSK AK bottom line of the address. To make room for Arizona -- Ariz. Ariz. ARIZ AZ the ZIP Code, state names needed to be Arkansas Ar. T. Ark. Ark. ARK AR abbreviated. The Department provided an initial California -- Cal. Calif. CALIF CA list of abbreviations in June 1963, but many had Colorado -- Colo. Colo. COL CO three or four letters, which was still too long. In Connecticut Ct. Conn. Conn. CONN CT Delaware De. Del. Del. DEL DE October 1963, the Department settled on the District of D. C. D. C. D. C. DC DC current two-letter abbreviations. Since that time, Columbia only one change has been made: in 1969, at the Florida Fl. T. Fla. Fla. FLA FL request of the Canadian postal administration, Georgia Ga. Ga. Ga. GA GA Hawaii -- -- Hawaii HAW HI the abbreviation for Nebraska, originally NB, Idaho -- Idaho Idaho IDA ID was changed to NE, to avoid confusion with Illinois Il. Ill. Ill. ILL IL New Brunswick in Canada. Indiana Ia. Ind. Ind. IND IN Iowa -- Iowa Iowa IOWA IA Kansas -- Kans. Kans. KANS KS A list of state abbreviations since 1831 is Kentucky Ky. Ky. Ky. KY KY provided at right. A more complete list of current Louisiana La. La.
  • Rebellion in Spanish Louisiana During the Ulloa, O

    Rebellion in Spanish Louisiana During the Ulloa, O

    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2010 The poisonous wine from Catalonia: rebellion in Spanish Louisiana during the Ulloa, O'Reilly, and Carondelet administrations Timothy Paul Achee Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Achee, Timothy Paul, "The poisonous wine from Catalonia: rebellion in Spanish Louisiana during the Ulloa, O'Reilly, and Carondelet administrations" (2010). LSU Master's Theses. 399. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/399 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE POISONOUS WINE FROM CATALONIA: REBELLION IN SPANISH LOUISIANA DURING THE ULLOA, O’REILLY, AND CARONDELET ADMINISTRATIONS A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In The Department of History By Timothy Paul Achee, Jr. B.A., Louisiana State University, 2006 B.A. (art history), Louisiana State University, 2006 MLIS, Louisiana State University, 2008 May, 2010 For my father- I wish you were here ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis could not have been written without the support and patience of several people. I would like to take a moment to acknowledge some of them. Dr. Paul Hoffman provided invaluable guidance, encouragement and advice.
  • Arkansas River Shiner Management Plan for the Canadian River 2 from U

    Arkansas River Shiner Management Plan for the Canadian River 2 from U

    FINAL - Submitted for Approval Arkansas River Shiner (Notropis girardi) Management Plan for the Canadian River From U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith, Texas © Konrad Schmidt Canadian River Municipal Water Authority June 2005 Arkansas River Shiner Management Plan for the Canadian River 2 from U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith Arkansas River Shiner (Notropis girardi) Management Plan for the Canadian River from U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith, Texas This management plan is a cooperative effort between various local, state, and federal entities. Funding for this plan was provided by the Canadian River Municipal Water Authority. Suggested citation: Canadian River Municipal Water Authority – 2005 – Arkansas River Shiner (Notropis girardi) Management Plan for the Canadian River from U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith, Texas Preparation of this Plan was accomplished by John C. Williams, acting as Special Advisor under contract to CRMWA. Technical review was provided by Rod Goodwin, Wildlife Biologist and Head of the Water Quality Division of CRMWA. Editorial review was performed by Jolinda Brumley. Cover photograph: Arkansas River Shiner by Ken Collins, USFWS Arkansas River Shiner Management Plan for the Canadian River 3 from U. S. Highway 54 at Logan, New Mexico to Lake Meredith Table of Contents Introduction and Background …………………………………………………………7 Species Biology ...................................................................................................................9
  • View / Download 5.1 Mb

    View / Download 5.1 Mb

    Nourishing Networks: The Public Culture of Food in Nineteenth-Century America by Ashley Rose Young Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Laura Edwards, Supervisor ___________________________ Priscilla Wald ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Adriane Lentz-Smith Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2017 i v ABSTRACT Nourishing Networks: The Public Culture of Food in Nineteenth-Century America by Ashley Rose Young Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Laura Edwards, Supervisor ___________________________ Priscilla Wald ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Adriane Lentz-Smith An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2017 Copyright by Ashley Rose Young 2017 Abstract “Nourishing Networks: The Public Culture of Food in Nineteenth-Century America” examines how daily practices of food production and distribution shaped the development of New Orleans’ public culture in the long nineteenth century, from the colonial era through the mid-twentieth century. During this period, New Orleans’ vendors labored in the streets of diverse neighborhoods where they did more than sell a vital commodity. As “Nourishing Networks” demonstrates, the food economy provided the disenfranchised—people of color, women, and recent migrants—a means to connect themselves to the public culture of the city, despite legal prohibitions intended to keep them on the margins. Those who were legally marginalized exercised considerable influence over the city’s public culture, shaping both economic and social interactions among urban residents in the public sphere.
  • The Maritime Voyage of Jorge Juan to the Viceroyalty of Peru (1735-1746)

    The Maritime Voyage of Jorge Juan to the Viceroyalty of Peru (1735-1746)

    The Maritime Voyage of Jorge Juan to the Viceroyalty of Peru (1735-1746) Enrique Martínez-García — Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas* María Teresa Martínez-García — Kansas University** Translated into English (August 2012) One of the most famous scientific expeditions of the Enlightenment was carried out by a colorful group of French and Spanish scientists—including the new Spanish Navy lieutenants D. Jorge Juan y Santacilia (Novelda 1713-Madrid 1773) and D. Antonio de Ulloa y de la Torre-Giralt (Seville 1716-Isla de León 1795)—at the Royal Audience of Quito in the Viceroyalty of Peru between 1736 and 1744. There, the expedition conducted geodesic and astronomical observations to calculate a meridian arc associated with a degree in the Equator and to determine the shape of the Earth. The Royal Academy of Sciences of Paris, immersed in the debate between Cartesians (according to whom the earth was a spheroid elongated along the axis of rotation (as a "melon")) and Newtonians (for whom it was a spheroid flattened at the poles (as a "watermelon")), decided to resolve this dispute by comparing an arc measured near the Equator (in the Viceroyalty of Peru, present-day Ecuador) with another measured near the North Pole (in Lapland). The expedition to the Equator, which is the one that concerns us in this note, was led by Louis Godin (1704-1760), while Pierre Louis Moreau de Maupertuis (1698-1759) headed the expedition to Lapland. The knowledge of the shape and size of the Earth had great importance for the improvement of cartographic, geographic, and navigation techniques during that time.