DOCSLIB.ORG

Louisiana Sugar: a Geohistorical Perspective Elizabeth Vaughan Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Louisiana Sugar: a Geohistorical Perspective Elizabeth Vaughan Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2003 Louisiana sugar: a geohistorical perspective Elizabeth Vaughan Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Social and Behavioral Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Vaughan, Elizabeth, "Louisiana sugar: a geohistorical perspective" (2003). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 3693. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/3693 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. LOUISIANA SUGAR: A GEOHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Elizabeth Vaughan B.A., University of California, Berkeley 1973 M.A., San Francisco State University, 1994 May, 2003 @Copyright 2003 Elizabeth Vaughan All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Numerous individuals have contributed to my life-experiences that eventually led to the study of geography and, finally, to the completion of this project. My first acknowledgment is extended to the intellectual legacy of Carl Sauer, whose writing first attracted me to the geographic view. His introduction was made by the faculty of San Francisco State University where Nancy Wilkinson, Hans Mierhoefer, Barbara Holzman, and fellow students Andy Bradon and Steve Wollmer remain an important part of an early geography family. During my tenure at Louisiana State University, numerous people have contributed to an expanding appreciation of the discipline and the possibilities of its contribution to the contemporary world. These are listed in alphabetical to absolve me from an ordeal of prioritization: Lisa Adam, Katie Algeo, Phil Chaney, Michael Leitner, Andy Maxwell, Scott Smiley, and last in position and first in my heart, Ann Whitmer. Each knows his/her contribution and how greatly I value it. To Anne Buttimer and Andrew Goode I owe the inspiration to realign geographic research to include the “geo” and to focus on the transformations of physical and human landscapes and the implications of each to the other. I acknowledge the special effort of my committee to help bring this research to fruition: John Grimes, Kent Mathewson, Craig Colten, and Carville Earle. They were most tolerant of my inability to select and constrain. Without Craig’s kind and skillful management as chair of the LSU geography department, I could not have drawn this project to a conclusion. Without the wise and broad perspective of Carville Earle, geography’s own distinguished Carl O. Sauer Professor, it would not have materialized. Without the late-night technical rescues of Joe Suhayda and his commendable son, Joey, the electronic and hard copies of this project would not have come forth. Without the long- iii suffering and generous assistance of Michael Hawkins, the final electronic copy of this dissertation would never have been assembled. Friends who have given support include, Sue Clematis, Pamela Dean, Kirk Dryden, Alice Fardig, Dolores Foley, Jennifer Friedman, Keith Horn, Don Kyte, Lonnie Nelson, Patricia Parkison, Bryan Rogers, Phyllis Schmidt, Cecilia Smith, Merle Suhayda, Jackie Thompson, Thomas Eugene White, Gloria Yosten, Linda Yosten, and, my neighbor, friend, and sometime editor, Ava Haymon. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the support of my living family, Mazie and Bill Marceaux and Sidney and Janet Theriot of Lake Arthur, Louisiana, and my beloved niece, Ann Barrilleaux of San Francisco, California. My final acknowledgement is extended to the animal companions whose lives continue to inform and enrich mine: Orpheus, Ophelia, Sam, Oliver, Squeaker, Tepps, Mr. Fox, Karl, Olivia, Joseph, Lil’ Orph, Wallie, Boris, and Merle’s Kat. “In a world older and more complete than ours they move finished and complete, gifted with extensions of the senses we have lost or never attained, living by voices we shall never hear. They are not brethren, they are not underlings; they are other nations, caught with ourselves in the net of life and time, fellow prisoners of the splendor and travail of the earth” (Henry Beston, Outermost House, 1928). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. viii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. xii CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................1 Literature Review ....................................................................................................6 Methodology .........................................................................................................10 Contribution ...........................................................................................................14 CHAPTER TWO. THE PERSPECTIVE OF HISTORY ...........................................................17 The Emergence of Capitalism ...............................................................................20 Mediterranean Origins ...........................................................................................23 Westward Shiftings................................................................................................27 Sugar-Black Slavery Nexus....................................................................................30 European Entrepreneurs to the Americas...............................................................32 English, French, and Dutch Interlopers .................................................................34 The Africans ..........................................................................................................41 CHAPTER THREE. SUGAR AND SUGARCANE ..................................................................47 Sugar ......................................................................................................................47 The Sugarcane Plant ..............................................................................................48 Diffusion of Sugarcane ..........................................................................................55 Sugarcane Planting and Harvest.............................................................................60 Sugar Manufacture ................................................................................................64 v Sugar Refining .......................................................................................................72 CHAPTER FOUR. SUGAR IN LOUISIANA ...........................................................................85 French Foundations ..............................................................................................85 Spanish Continuity ................................................................................................89 Incorporation of Louisiana into the United States .................................................92 The Louisiana Sugar Industry ...............................................................................94 Louisiana Sugar Planters......................................................................................100 The Louisiana Sugarcane Environment ..............................................................104 Sugar in the Louisiana Economy .........................................................................115 CHAPTER FIVE. MECHANISM OF CONTINUANCE ........................................................123 Louisiana Sugar and the Tariff.............................................................................123 The United States Sugar Program .......................................................................129 The Refining Juggernaut .....................................................................................144 Costs of Controlled Sugar Trade ..........................................................................147 Price Stabilization and Global Cooperation ........................................................151 The European Union Effect .................................................................................157 CHAPTER SIX. AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE ........................................................................161 CHAPTER SEVEN. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................169 REFERENCES .........................................................................................................................176 VITA ........................................................................................................................................196 vi LIST OF TABLES 1.1. Louisiana sugar Producing Parishes, Percentage Population Black, and Percentage in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • SHARKARA - a REVIEW with MODERN and AYURVEDIC POINT of VIEW 1Dr Meenakshi Amrutkar 2Drashwini Deshmukh 3Dr Shardulchavan 1&2Reader, 3PG Scholar, Dept
    REVIEW ARTICLE ISSN 2456-0170 SHARKARA - A REVIEW WITH MODERN AND AYURVEDIC POINT OF VIEW 1Dr Meenakshi Amrutkar 2DrAshwini Deshmukh 3Dr ShardulChavan 1&2Reader, 3PG Scholar, Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana Y.M.T. Ayurvedic Medical College, Navi Mumbai ABSTRACT Sugar is a natural sweet substance produced by sugar cane plant and is one of the most valued as well as appreciated natural substance known to mankind since ancient times. Of all the natural foods rich in carbohydrates sugar is the most wholesome and delicious. The medicinal quality, taste, texture, color and aroma of sugar differs according to the geographical area and the species of plants from which it has been made. Sugar is called as sharkara in Ayurveda. Three types of sharkara are described in Ayurveda depending on their physical appearance and properties. Etymology, synonyms, varieties, method of collection, chemical constituents, properties, adulterants, chemical tests, and the usages ofJaggeryare gathered from text books, experienced Ayurvedic physicians and from internet.Sharkara usedto treatjwara, raktavikara, pittavikara, vatavikara. Sharkara is used in many Ayurvedicpreparations like gutivati i.e. tablets and also used as binding material. It is also used as prakshepakadravya in kwatha, used in churna, for preparation of asava and arishta it is a main mediator and also act as a preservative, hence sharkarakalpana (syrup) having more stability period. The present work aims at the review of sugar or sharkara explained in Ayurveda andbiomedical science. Keywords:Sugar, Sharkara, Ayurveda, Syrup, Prakshepakadravya INTRODUCTION For many centuries, sugar has been used Originally, people chewed raw sugarcane to in vital alternative medicine of Ayurveda extract its sweetness.
    [Show full text]
  • A Confusion of Institutions: Spanish Law and Practice in a Francophone Colony, Louisiana, 1763-Circa 1798
    THE TULANE EUROPEAN AND CIVIL LAW FORUM VOLUME 31/32 2017 A Confusion of Institutions: Spanish Law and Practice in a Francophone Colony, Louisiana, 1763-circa 1798 Paul E Hoffman* I. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 1 II. THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM AND LOCAL LAW AND ORDER .................... 4 III. SLAVERY ............................................................................................. 13 IV. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................... 20 I. INTRODUCTION French Louisiana had been a thorn in the flank of Spain’s Atlantic Empire from its founding in 1699. Failure to remove that thorn in 1699 and again in 1716, when doing so would have been comparatively easy and Spanish naval forces were positioned to do so, meant that by 1762 the wound had festered, so that the colony had become what La Salle, Iberville, Bienville, and their royal masters had envisioned: a smuggling station through which French goods reached New Spain and Cuba and their goods—dye stuffs and silver mostly—reached France and helped to pay the costs of a colony that consumed more than it produced, at least so 1 far as the French crown’s finances were concerned. * © 2017 Paul E Hoffman. Professor Emeritus of History, Louisiana State University. 1. I have borrowed the “thorn” from ROBERT S. WEDDLE, THE FRENCH THORN: RIVAL EXPLORERS IN THE SPANISH SEA, 1682-1762 (1991); ROBERT S. WEDDLE, CHANGING TIDES: TWILIGHT AND DAWN IN THE SPANISH SEA, 1763-1803 (1995) (carries the story of explorations). The most detailed history of the French colony to 1731 is the five volumes of A History of French Louisiana: MARCEL GIRAUD, 1-4 HISTOIRE DE LA LOUISIANA FRANÇAISE (1953-74); 1 A HISTORY OF FRENCH LOUISIANA: THE REIGN OF LOUIS XIV, 1698-1715 (Joseph C.
    [Show full text]
  • K&K International
    an eerie lunar landscape inside the Raw PhiladelphiatBaltimoretWilmington, DEtRichmondtHampton RoadstMorehead City Sugar Shed. The shed can hold 65 million ServingWilmington, theNCtSavannah U.S. tEastBrunswick andtJacksonville Gulf tCoastsFernandina pounds of raw sugar, enough to fi ll Oriole Park at Camden Yards to a depth of two feet. As true today as it was 90 years ago, the central location of the Port of Baltimore is key to the plant’s success. Sugar was once made by hand in small sugar shacks, and only the wealthy could afford to pay for the diffi cult process, while the poor depended on honey or molasses. That changed in New York City in 1807 when William and Frederick Havermeyer Ship Agents And Brokers established a refi nery and fi gured out how Baltimore to mechanize the tedious process. Their descendents later changed the name to the “your HOST on the waterfront since 1923” American Sugar Refi ning Company, Domino Sugar’s parent company. The company also 2200 Broening Highway, Suite 102 was innovative in branding its product, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 steering consumers from bulk sugar to Telephone: (410) 633-4666 prepackaged sugar, including cubes that Fax: (410) 633-2993 resembled the playing tiles of dominoes, Telex: 6734714 HOSTMD hence the name. e-mail: [email protected] Baltimore was chosen as a site for a Website: www.tparkerhost.com new factory because of its proximity to Philadelphia and the Chesapeake Bay, as well as its rail access. In the early days, the plant was fi red by coal, which was brought in by rail. Today, railroad tanker cars are fi lled with liquid sugar.
    [Show full text]
  • In the United States District Court for the District of Maryland
    Case 1:10-cv-01378-WMN Document 20 Filed 09/27/11 Page 1 of 23 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE DISTRICT OF MARYLAND MICHAEL A. ATWELL * * v. * Civil Action WMN-10-1378 * AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING, INC. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * MEMORANDUM Pending before this Court is Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment, ECF No. 12. The parties have fully briefed the motion, and it is ripe for review. Upon consideration of the pleadings, facts and applicable law, the Court determines that no hearing is necessary, Local Rule 105.6, and Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment will be granted for the reasons set forth below. I. BACKGROUND This is a case that involves claims of discrimination and retaliation. Plaintiff Michael Atwell, an African-American man, was employed by Defendant American Sugar Refining, Inc. (“ASR”) as a Packaging Maintenance Foreman at the Domino Sugar Plant in Baltimore from February 26, 2007, to October 16, 2008.1 His primary duty was to supervise the mechanics responsible for maintaining and repairing the conveyer belts and other high 1 The facts recited herein are the “undisputed facts” as stated in Defendant’s memorandum. Plaintiff did not dispute the facts or offer his own recounting, beyond his own affidavit, in his Response to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment. As such the facts as stated by Defendant and as contained in Plaintiff’s affidavit, are assumed to be true for purposes of this motion. Case 1:10-cv-01378-WMN Document 20 Filed 09/27/11 Page 2 of 23 speed machinery used in the plant’s packaging operations.
    [Show full text]
  • View / Download 5.1 Mb
    Nourishing Networks: The Public Culture of Food in Nineteenth-Century America by Ashley Rose Young Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Laura Edwards, Supervisor ___________________________ Priscilla Wald ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Adriane Lentz-Smith Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2017 i v ABSTRACT Nourishing Networks: The Public Culture of Food in Nineteenth-Century America by Ashley Rose Young Department of History Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Laura Edwards, Supervisor ___________________________ Priscilla Wald ___________________________ Laurent Dubois ___________________________ Adriane Lentz-Smith An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History in the Graduate School of Duke University 2017 Copyright by Ashley Rose Young 2017 Abstract “Nourishing Networks: The Public Culture of Food in Nineteenth-Century America” examines how daily practices of food production and distribution shaped the development of New Orleans’ public culture in the long nineteenth century, from the colonial era through the mid-twentieth century. During this period, New Orleans’ vendors labored in the streets of diverse neighborhoods where they did more than sell a vital commodity. As “Nourishing Networks” demonstrates, the food economy provided the disenfranchised—people of color, women, and recent migrants—a means to connect themselves to the public culture of the city, despite legal prohibitions intended to keep them on the margins. Those who were legally marginalized exercised considerable influence over the city’s public culture, shaping both economic and social interactions among urban residents in the public sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Modification: U.S. V. the American Sugar Refining Company, Et
    IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF THE UNITED STATES, SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK. In Equity No.7-8. THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, PETITIONER, vs. THE AMERICAN SUGAR REFINING COMPANY, THE NATIONAL SUGAR REFINING COMPANY OF NEW JERSEY, ET AL., DEFENDANTS. ORDER ON PETITION TO MODIFY FINAL DECREE. This cause having come on for hearing before this Court consisting of three Circuit Judges of the Second Judicial Circuit sitting in the District Court under the provisions of the Act of Congress of February 11, 1903, known as the Expediting Act, on the final decree herein dated May 9, 1922, and upon the petition, verified Feb­ ruary 19, 1927, of The National Sugar Refining Company of New Jersey and Warner Sugar Corporation for a modification of said final decree, the answer of The United States of America to said petition and the affidavits filed by said petitioners and by The United States of America in support respectively of the said petition and of the answer thereto, and said Warner Sugar Corporation having been, with the consent of The United States of America endorsed on said petition, permitted to intervene in this cause by an order filed herein on February 24, 1927; and the said final decree, petition, answer to the petition and affidavits having been duly considered by this Court, it is now on this 25th day of February, 1927, by said Court ORDERED, ADJUDGED AND DECREED AS FOLLOWS: First: That the carrying out according to its terms and provisions of the agreement in writing, dated January 24, 1927, between The National Sugar Refining Company
    [Show full text]
  • GEE Assessment Guides Been Revised?
    ASSESSMENT GUIDE English Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, and Social Studies Grades 10 and 11 Cecil J. Picard State Superintendent of Education Revised September 2006 LOUISIANA DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 1.877.453.2721 www.louisianaschools.net et State Board of Elementary and Secondary Education Ms. Linda Johnson Mr. Walter Lee President 4th BESE District 8th BESE District Ms. Leslie Jacobs Dr. James Stafford Vice President 5th BESE District Member-at-Large Mr. Dale Bayard Ms. Polly Broussard Secretary-Treasurer 6th BESE District 7th BESE District Ms. Penny Dastugue Mr. Edgar Chase 1st BESE District Member-at-Large Ms. Louella Givens Ms. Mary Washington 2nd BESE District Member-at-Large Ms. Glenny Lee Buquet Ms. Weegie Peabody 3rd BESE District Executive Director For further information, contact: The Louisiana Department of Education (LDE) does not discriminate on the basis of sex in any of the education programs or activities that it operates, including employment and Division of Standards, Assessments, admission related to such programs and activities. The LDE is required by Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) and its implementing regulations not to engage and Accountability in such discrimination. LDE’s Title IX Coord. is Patrick Weaver, Deputy Undersecretary, LDE, Exec. Office of the Supt.; PO Box 94064, Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9064; 877-453- Louisiana Department of Education 2721 or [email protected]. All inquiries pertaining to LDE’s policy prohibiting 225.342.3393 or toll free 1.877.453.2721 discrimination based on sex or to the requirements of Title IX and its implementing regulations can be directed to Patrick Weaver or to the USDE, Asst.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Chromosome Composition of Sugarcane in Nobilization by Using Genomic in Situ Hybridization
    Yu et al. Molecular Cytogenetics (2018) 11:35 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13039-018-0387-z RESEARCH Open Access Characterization of chromosome composition of sugarcane in nobilization by using genomic in situ hybridization Fan Yu1, Ping Wang1, Xueting Li1, Yongji Huang1, Qinnan Wang2, Ling Luo1, Yanfen Jing3, Xinlong Liu3, Zuhu Deng1,4*, Jiayun Wu2, Yongqing Yang1, Rukai Chen1, Muqing Zhang4 and Liangnian Xu1* Abstract Background: Interspecific hybridization is an effective strategy for germplasm innovation in sugarcane. Nobilization refers to the breeding theory of development and utilization of wild germplasm. Saccharum spontaneum is the main donor of resistance and adaptive genes in the nobilization breeding process. Chromosome transfer in sugarcane is complicated; thus, research of different inheritance patterns can provide guidance for optimal sugarcane breeding. Results: Through chromosome counting and genomic in situ hybridization, we found that six clones with 80 chromosomes were typical S. officinarum and four other clones with more than 80 chromosomes were interspecific hybrids between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. These data support the classical view that S. officinarum is characterized by 2n = 80. In addition, genomic in situ hybridization showed that five F1 clones were products of a 2n + n transmission and one F1 clone was the product of an n + n transmission in clear pedigree noble hybrids between S. officinarum and S. spontaneum. Interestingly, Yacheng 75–408 and Yacheng 75–409 were the sibling lines of the F1 progeny from the same parents but with different genetic transmissions. Conclusions: This is the first clear evidence of Loethers, Crystallina, Luohanzhe, Vietnam Niuzhe, and Nanjian Guozhe were typical S.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Louisiana's Coastal Zone Management Consistency Authority
    The Mouse That Roared: Can Louisiana’s Coastal Zone Management Consistency Authority Play a Role in Coastal Restoration and Protection?* Carolyn R. Langford† Marcelle S. Morel** James G. Wilkins†† Ryan M. Seidemann*** I. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 99 II. PROBLEMS WITH OCS ACTIVITIES IN LOUISIANA............................ 103 III. THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT: A BRIEF SUMMARY ...... 106 A. Oil and Gas Activities Before Passage of the CZMA........... 106 B. The Purpose of the CZMA..................................................... 108 IV. NATIONAL OCS ISSUES .................................................................... 113 A. Moratorium on Drilling for Oil and Gas................................ 113 B. California Litigation ............................................................... 115 * Research for this Article was supported by the Louisiana Sea Grant College Program, Louisiana State University. Louisiana Sea Grant is part of the National Sea Grant College Program, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce. The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Robert Gramling and Gregory DuCote. † Carolyn R. Langford holds a B.A. in anthropology from Louisiana State University (LSU) and a J.D./B.C.L. from the Paul M. Hebert Law Center at Louisiana State University. She is a member of the New York bar and practices law in Brooklyn. ** Marcelle S. Morel holds a B.A. in English from Loyola University New Orleans and a J.D./B.C.L. from the Paul M. Hebert Law Center at Louisiana State University. She is a member of the Louisiana bar and practices law in New Orleans. †† James G. Wilkins holds a B.S. in biology from Centenary College, an M.S. in marine biology from Texas A & M University, and a J.D.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1811 Louisiana Slave Insurrection Nathan A
    Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2008 To kill whites: the 1811 Louisiana slave insurrection Nathan A. Buman Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Buman, Nathan A., "To kill whites: the 1811 Louisiana slave insurrection" (2008). LSU Master's Theses. 1888. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/1888 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TO KILL WHITES: THE 1811 LOUISANA SLAVE INSURRECTION A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In The Department of History by Nathan A. Buman B.A. Iowa State University 2006 August, 2008 ©Copyright 2008 [2008/Copyright] Nathan A. Buman All Rights Reserved ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the encouragement and support of my committee members, William J. Cooper, Gaines M. Foster, and Alicia P. Long. Had it not been for their advice, conversation, and patience in helping me to become a better writer, this thesis might have never come to fruition. Additionally I must thank John C. Rodrigue and Leonard Moore for assisting me in deciding to approach this topic in the first place and convincing me of the necessity of this study.
    [Show full text]
  • Recently Acquired Books, Manuscripts & Ephemera
    RECENTLY ACQUIRED BOOKS, MANUSCRIPTS & EPHEMERA American, English, Continental, Latin American CATALOGUE 80 CATALOGUE 80 Clark, New Jersey 2015 33 Terminal Avenue Clark, New Jersey 07066-1321 Telephone: (732) 382-1800 or (800) 422-6686 Fax: (732) 382-1887 E-mail: [email protected] www.lawbookexchange.com CONTENTS: I. United States 5 II. Great Britain 24 III. Continental Europe 58 IV. Latin America 77 References 81 Index 84 Publications 86 Exterior Front Cover: Items 110 and 134. Exterior Rear Cover: Item 59. Interior Front Cover: Item 132. Interior Rear Cover: Item 114. Title Page: Detail from Item 4. Digital images of all items in this catalogue can be found on our website. Additional images of any item can be supplied upon request. Item depictions in this catalogue are not to scale. E-Lists: In addition to our e-catalogues we offer brief e-lists of recently acquired items and special offers. Please send us a note if you would like to receive these lists. We are happy to accept orders by telephone, fax, e-mail or through our website. We welcome visitors, although an advance contact is advised. Our offi ce hours are: Monday through Friday from 10 AM to 6 PM. We purchase books on topics similar to those which appear in our catalogues, and appreciate offers of either single items or whole collections. Terms: Appropriate sales tax will be added for residents of New Jersey. Foreign remittances must be in U.S. dollars, by check drawn on a U.S. bank, by international money order, or by wire transfer.
    [Show full text]
  • ? a History of Sugar Marketing Through 1974
    s- > ? A HISTORY OF SUGAR MARKETING THROUGH 1974 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE / ECONOMICS, STATISTICS, AND COOPERATIVES SERVICE AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC REPORT NO. 382 ABSTRACT The quota system of regulating the production, importation, and marketing of sugar in the United States through 1974 was an outgrowth of Government regulation of the sugar trade dating from colonial times. Similar systems have developed in most other countries, particu- larly those which import sugar. The U.S. Sugar Quota System benefited domestic sugar pro- ducers by providing stable prices at favorable levels. These prices also encouraged the produc- tion and use of substitute sweeteners, particularly high fructose and glucose sirup and crystalline dextrose in various industries. But sugar is still the most widely used sweetener in the United States, although its dominant position is being increasingly threatened. KEYWORDS: Sugar, quota, preference, tariff, refined, raw, sweeteners, corn sweeteners. world trade. PREFACE This report was written in 1975 by Roy A. Ballinger, formerly an agricultural economist in the Economic Research Service. It supersedes A History of Sugar Marketing, AER-197, also by Ballinger, issued in February 1971 and now out of print. On January 1, 1978, three USDA agencies—the Economic Research Service, the Statistical Reporting Service, and the Farmer Cooperative Service—merged into a new organization, the Economics, Statistics, and Cooperatives Service. Washington, DC. 20250 March 1978 CONTENTS Page Summary j¡ Introduction 1 Sugar Before the Discovery of America 1 The Colonial Period in the Americas 2 Sugar from 1783 to 1864 5 Developments in the Latter 19th Century g Changes in U.S. Sugar Trade Following the Spanish-American War and During 1900-15 15 Sugar During World War I 20 Price Fluctuations and Higher Tariffs 23 Sugar Quotas Prior to World War II 32 Sugar During World War II 39 U.S.
    [Show full text]