DOCSLIB.ORG

Texas Indians: Southeastern and Gulf Cultures

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Texas Indians: Southeastern and Gulf Cultures Texas Indians: Southeastern and Gulf Cultures The Caddoes The Caddo were primarily villagers and religious leadership and decision- farmers, and their culture had a class making influence between villages system as part of their social and leading important rites, such as structure. They lived in grass houses harvest and naming rights. The around fifteen feet tall and twenty to Caddoes ruled with a well organized fifty feet in diameter, framed with government system. poles in a domed or conical shape and The Caddo had early contact with covered with grass thatch. Their Spanish Conquistadores under territory included communities of Hernando de Soto in 1541. The isolated farms, small villages and Caddo people traded fur, guns, some larger villages. horses, and other items to Caddo Chief, from a Pictorial The Caddo people developed a Europeans and other Indians, and History of Texas. successful agricultural economy based developed new trade and economic on growing maize, beans, networks. The economic trade watermelons, pumpkins, figs, tobacco, between the Caddo groups and and squash. By about A.D. 1300 most Europeans sped up the process of Caddoan groups were consuming the Caddo people adopting the large amounts of maize, and this plant cultural traits and social patterns of was clearly the most important food the Europeans. source for them time. They also By the early 1840s, all Caddo groups supplemented their diet by hunting, had moved to the Brazos River area and deer was their most important to escape colonization efforts. They game animal. The Caddoes were also excellent fishermen, using trotlines, a remained there until they were fishing line loaded with baited hooks placed on the Brazos Indian across streams. Being close to the Reservation in 1855, and then in plains they acquired horses sometime 1859 the Caddos were removed to in the 17th century. the Washita River in Indian Territory by the superintendent of Indian Interestingly, Caddos’ traced their affairs in Texas. During the American descent through the maternal line Civil War, the Caddo abandoned the rather than the paternal. The xinesi reservation and moved to southern inherited a position of spiritual and eastern Kansas but return to leadership, the caddi, the inherited their reservation by 1867. By 1874 position of principal headman of a community. The xinesi were the Caddo reservation’s boundaries responsible for communication with were defined and the separate the supreme god and meditation. Caddo tribes unified. While caddi ayo were responsible for Texas Indians: Southeastern and Gulf Cultures The Coahuiltecans Little is known of the Coahuiltecan tribes, who Coahuiltecans, although more retreated northward, with some than two hundred autonomous moving to the east and west. bands are considered as the These groups, in turn, displaced Coahuiltec based on similarities other Indians. in their languages. They settled in the lowlands of northeastern The Indians also suffered from Mexico and southern Texas. such European diseases as During the Spanish colonial smallpox and measles. The period many of these natives Coahuiltecan retreat to the north were displaced from their meet the migrating Apaches, and traditional territories by as a result the Coahuiltecans Spaniards advancing from the were further disbursed, some to south and Apaches retreating the ‘safety’ of the Spanish from the north. The Spanish missions. By the 1800s most simply referred to them all as a Coahuiltecan Indians had ceased nación. The Coahuiltecan area to exist as a cultural unit. was one of the poorest regions of Indian North America and the Indian groups that occupied it became extinct at an early date. Hunting and gathering prevailed in the region, with some Indian agriculture existing in southern Tamaulipas. For large game animals, deer and buffalo were widely available. Additional game included the peccary, armadillo, rabbits, rats and mice, various birds, and numerous species of snakes, lizards, frogs, and snails. Fish were found in streams, and both fish and shellfish were harvested from the salt waters of the Gulf. As the Spaniards advanced they displaced the various Texas Indians: Southeastern and Gulf Cultures The Karankawas It is thought that their name means breechcloths or nothing at all. They “people walking in the water.” They painted and tattooed their bodies, were a coastal tribe, located along and also pierced the nipples of each the Gulf of Mexico in present-day breast and the lower lip with small southern Texas. They are classified pieces of cane. Women also painted as gulf culture Indians, and they and tattooed their bodies and wore occupied arid homelands with areas skirts of Spanish moss or animal extending into the swampy country skin that reached to the knees. of present-day Louisiana. They The Karankawas participated in inhabited the Gulf Coast of Texas competitive games demonstrating from Galveston Bay south-westward weapons skills and physical to Corpus Christi Bay. prowess. Wrestling was very The Karankawa language is virtually popular. Warfare was a fact of life unknown as only about 100 words for the Karankawas, and evidence of that language have been indicates that the tribe practiced a preserved. They were nomadic ceremonial cannibalism that hunter-gatherers, and built small involved eating the flesh of their villages of one or several families enemies. This was a common and traveled to acquire food. The custom among Texas tribes, Karankawas lived in small wood and involving eating pieces of dead or brush dwellings which could be dying enemies as the ultimate moved when they needed to revenge or as a magical means of relocate every few weeks. They capturing the enemy's warrior spirit. supplemented their diet with This knowledge of the Karankawas Shellfish, wild fowl, turtles, and comes from Cabeza de Vaca, a plants. The men hunted for small survivor of the ill fated Pánfilo de game and used dugout canoes to travel in coastal or interior waters. Narváez expedition of 1528. He was The chief weapon of the tribe for shipwrecked and spent several both hunting and warfare, was the years among the Karankawa. long bow and arrow. Bows were Eventually he escaped and made of red cedar and reached published and account of his from the eye or chin level to the foot adventures. of the person using it. Karankawas were known for their distinctive physical appearance. The men, described as tall and muscular, wore deerskin Texas Indians: Great Plains Culture Special points of interest: • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. • Briefly highlight your point of interest here. The Wichitas The Wichitas separated from other center. For buffalo hunts they Caddo people early in their history used the traditional plains Indian and migrated onto the southern skin tipis. Men hunted Buffalo plains. Their named stands for twice a year after they acquired “raccoon eyed” derived from their horses. They also hunted deer, practice of tattooing and face elk, rabbit, antelope and bear. painting. They have also been Women grew corn, beans, called Black Pawnee as well as by squash, and tobacco. the names of related tribes among Wichita Village, from Exploration of the While not the most warlike of them: the Kichai, Tawakoni, Red River, 1852 Indian tribes, a band of Wichitas Tawehash, Waco, and Yscani. accompanied the Comanches in These tribes merged with the Wichita in the 19th century and the attack on the Spanish San sometimes are referred to as the Sabá Mission in 1758, and their Wichita Confederacy. The Wichita Red River villages withstood a are classified as part of the Great retaliatory Spanish attack. Plains Culture. They came to However by 1810 they were in occupy territory in what now is part decline and abandoned many of of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. their villages. They were still located along the Wichita and They acquired horses sometime in Brazos rivers in the 1850s. The the 1700s, and as typical of plains United States established a Indians they used them to hunt Wichita reservation in Indian buffalo and support their nomadic lifestyle. Like other Plains Indians Territory (Oklahoma). They left for they used skin Tipis on the trail. Kansas during the Civil War but Unlike many Plains Indians the returned in 1867 and formally Wichita had a mixed economy of ceded all their non-reservation nomadic wanderings and farming. land in 1872 in exchange for a For most of the year they stayed in 743,000-acre reservation along permanent villages constructed of the Washita River. conical grass houses. Wichita influence on Texas is The Wichita ancestral descent was found in the name of a river, a matriarchal. Their villages were county, and the city of Wichita usually situated near rivers, with Falls. round thatched houses 15-30 feet in diameter and built upon a pole framework. Typically they had two doors, and a smoke hole in the .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Story of the Taovaya [Wichita]
    THE STORY OF THE TAOVAYA [WICHITA] Home Page (Images Sources): • “Coahuiltecans;” painting from The University of Texas at Austin, College of Liberal Arts; www.texasbeyondhistory.net/st-plains/peoples/coahuiltecans.html • “Wichita Lodge, Thatched with Prairie Grass;” oil painting on canvas by George Catlin, 1834-1835; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.492. • “Buffalo Hunt on the Southwestern Plains;” oil painting by John Mix Stanley, 1845; Smithsonian American Art Museum; 1985.66.248,932. • “Peeling Pumpkins;” Photogravure by Edward S. Curtis; 1927; The North American Indian (1907-1930); v. 19; The University Press, Cambridge, Mass; 1930; facing page 50. 1-7: Before the Taovaya (Image Sources): • “Coahuiltecans;” painting from The University of Texas at Austin, College of Liberal Arts; www.texasbeyondhistory.net/st-plains/peoples/coahuiltecans.html • “Central Texas Chronology;” Gault School of Archaeology website: www.gaultschool.org/history/peopling-americas-timeline. Retrieved January 16, 2018. • Terminology Charts from Lithics-Net website: www.lithicsnet.com/lithinfo.html. Retrieved January 17, 2018. • “Hunting the Woolly Mammoth;” Wikipedia.org: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hunting_Woolly_Mammoth.jpg. Retrieved January 16, 2018. • “Atlatl;” Encyclopedia Britannica; Native Languages of the Americase website: www.native-languages.org/weapons.htm. Retrieved January 19, 2018. • “A mano and metate in use;” Texas Beyond History website: https://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/kids/dinner/kitchen.html. Retrieved January 18, 2018. • “Rock Art in Seminole Canyon State Park & Historic Site;” Texas Parks & Wildlife website: https://tpwd.texas.gov/state-parks/seminole-canyon. Retrieved January 16, 2018. • “Buffalo Herd;” photograph in the Tales ‘N’ Trails Museum photo; Joe Benton Collection. A1-A6: History of the Taovaya (Image Sources): • “Wichita Village on Rush Creek;” Lithograph by James Ackerman; 1854.
    [Show full text]
  • Tribal Relations and Consultation at Txdot
    Tribal Relations and Consultation at TxDOT Draft Strategic Plan 2016 Archeological Studies Branch, Cultural Resources Management (CRM) Section, Environmental Affairs Division (ENV) Vision for Tribal Relations and Consultation at TxDOT The Texas Department of Transportation is a best-in-class agency that goes above and beyond the spirit of consultation to work collaboratively with federally recognized Native American tribes toward mutually beneficial outcomes during all levels of the transportation process. Mission of the Tribal Relations and Consultation Program: Build relationships and purposefully collaborate with tribal nations in the planning and implementation of TxDOT projects and programs. In working with tribal nations, TxDOT: . Recognizes the inherent sovereign status and reserved rights of tribes; . Practices and promotes cultural sensitivity when working with tribes; . Honors the spirit of various federal requirements and orders to consult with tribes; . Aims to go above and beyond current practices to foster trust and productivity; . Commits to providing meaningful and substantive consultation with tribes on transportation projects; and . Promotes collaborative consultation opportunities during planning and review processes within TXDOT. 2 Draft Tribal Relations and Consultation Strategic Plan 2016 Foreword Texas’ long and rich cultural history is rooted in the indigenous people who once inhabited the land. Tribal nations continue to have an inherent interest in the state’s natural and cultural resources. Today, the federal government recognizes tribes’ inherent sovereign status, a unique relationship that is embodied in the U.S. Constitution, treaties, court decisions, federal statutes and executive orders. As TxDOT builds a safe and reliable transportation system, the agency (on behalf of the Federal Highway Administration) consults with tribes on statewide transportation plans and projects with federal funding.
    [Show full text]
  • Delaware Indian Land Claims: a Historical and Legal Perspective
    Delaware Indian land Claims: A Historical and Legal Perspective DAVID A. EZZO Alden, New York and MICHAEL MOSKOWITZ Wantagh, New York In this paper we shall discuss Delaware Indian land claims in both a histori­ cal and legal context. The first section of the paper deals with the historical background necessary to understand the land claims filed by the Delaware. In the second part of the paper the focus is on a legal review of the Delaware land claims cases. Ezzo is responsible for the first section while Moskowitz is responsible for the second section. 1. History The term Delaware has been used to describe the descendants of the Native Americans that resided in the Delaware River Valley and other adjacent areas at the start of the 17th century. The Delaware spoke two dialects: Munsee and Unami, both of these belong to the Eastern Algonquian Lan­ guage family. Goddard has noted that the Delaware never formed a single political unit. He also has noted that the term Delaware was only applied to these groups after they had migrated from their original Northeastern homeland. Goddard sums up the Delaware migration as follows: The piecemeal western migration, in the face of white settlement and its attendant pressures during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, left the Delaware in a number of widely scattered places in Southern Ontario, Western New York, Wisconsin, Kansas and Oklahoma. Their history involves the repeated divisions and consolidations of many villages and of local, political and linguistic groups that developed in complicated and incompletely known ways. In addition, individuals, families and small groups were constantly moving from place to place.
    [Show full text]
  • Tonkawa Indians Before the Time of the Spanish Explorers, Native Americans Inhabited the Open Ranges and Woodlands of Texas
    Tonkawa Indians Before the time of the Spanish explorers, Native Americans inhabited the open ranges and woodlands of Texas. One group that made its mark in history is the Tonkawa Indians. These people were thought to have come to Texas as early as the seventeenth century. Tonkawa, a Waco Indian word, means, “they all stay together,” which eloquently describes this group of nomadic Indian tribes. There is scant archeological evidence of the Tonkawa people, and historians have several theories on the tribal structure and lifestyles of this group. Some believe the Tonkawa were actually a group of independent bands of Indians, which may have included the Sana, Toho, Tohaha, Cantona, and Cava Indians. In the early eighteenth century these bands of Indians were thought to have joined together to form Tonkawa Proper. There is some evidence that the Tonkawa actually came to Texas much earlier as one cohesive group of Tonkawa Indians that lived further north. These nomadic hunters lived in tepees made from buffalo hide, grass and other materials. Tepees allowed bands to easily pack their homes and move with the migrating herds of buffalo or to outrun their enemies. An elected tribal chief led each band of Tonkawa, and each band was composed of maternal clans. Unlike many societies that are patriarchal, the Tonkawa clan membership followed on the side of the mother. When a couple got married, the man would go live with his wife’s clan, and the children would become members of their mother’s clan as well. As a society that always stays together, the Tonkawa established a system that ensured all widows, widowers, and orphaned children were taken care of if their family members died.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections
    University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collections C. Ross Hume Collection Hume, Carleton Ross (1878–1960). Papers, 1838–1948. 10.50 feet. Attorney. Personal and business correspondence (1893–1948) relating to Hume’s family, his attendance at the University of Oklahoma, his contact with the university as an alumnus, and his law practice as an attorney for the Caddo Indians. Also included are numerous legal documents (1838–1948) relating to Indian claims and the Indians of Oklahoma, the Shirley Trading Post, the Anadarko, Oklahoma, area and the University of Oklahoma. ___________ Biographical Note: Carleton Ross Hume, who along with Roy P. Stoops made up the first graduating class of the University of Oklahoma in 1898. He was born at Tontogany, Ohio, in 1878. He was the son of Charles Robinson Hume and Annette Ross Hume. The Humes moved to Anadarko, Oklahoma Territory, in December of 1890, when Dr. Hume was appointed as government physician to the Anadarko Indian Agency. C. Ross Hume later served as attorney for the Caddo Nation, and a judge in Anadarko. Box 1 Native American Tribal Materials Apaches (1925-26) 1. Legal inquiry concerning an Apache woman Various Individual claims- includes letter to Hume from Sen. E. Thomas Folder of Clippings Cherokees 2. Power of Attorney Notes on Sequoyah Treaties with Republic of Texas (1836 and 1837) Cherokee Indians' Claim Texas Land Research notes - secondary sources Cheyennes 3. Historical notes including origins, dates of wars, movements, etc. 47th Congress, 1st session -1882. Message from the President of the United States. Confirmation of Certain Land in Indian Territory to Cheyenne and Arapahoe Indians Comanches 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Before the Line Volume Iii Caddo Indians: the Final Years
    BEFORE THE LINE VOLUME III CADDO INDIANS: THE FINAL YEARS BEFORE THE LINE VOLUME III CADDO INDIANS: THE FINAL YEARS Jim Tiller Copyright © 2013 by Jim Tiller All rights reserved Bound versions of this book have been deposited at the following locations: Louisiana State University, Shreveport (Shreveport, Louisiana) Sam Houston State University (Huntsville, Texas) Stephen F. Austin State University (Nacogdoches, Texas) Texas A&M University (College Station, Texas) Texas General Land Office (Archives and Records) (Austin, Texas) Texas State Library (Austin, Texas) University of North Texas (Denton, Texas) University of Texas at Austin (Austin, Texas) To view a pdf of selected pages of this and other works by Jim Tiller, see: http://library.shsu.edu > Digital Collection > search for: Jim Tiller Electronic versions of Vol. I, II and III as well as a limited number of bound sets of the Before the Line series are available from: The Director, Newton Gresham Library, Sam Houston State University, PO Box 2281 (1830 Bobby K. Marks Drive), Huntsville, Texas 77341 Phone: 936-294-1613 Design and production by Nancy T. Tiller The text typefaces are Adobe Caslon Pro and Myriad Pro ISBN 978-0-9633100-6-4 iv For the People of the Caddo Nation Also by Jim Tiller Our American Adventure: The History of a Pioneer East Texas Family, 1657-1967(2008) (with Albert Wayne Tiller) Named Best Family History Book by a Non-Professional Genealogist for 2008 by the Texas State Genealogical Society Before the Line Volume I An Annotated Atlas of International Boundaries and Republic of Texas Administrative Units Along the Sabine River-Caddo Lake Borderland, 1803-1841 (2010) Before the Line Volume II Letters From the Red River, 1809-1842 (2012) Jehiel Brooks and the Grappe Reservation: The Archival Record (working manuscript) vi CONTENTS Preface .
    [Show full text]
  • Traditional Caddo Stories—7Th Grade
    Caddo Traditional Stories Personal Thoughts: My experience this past summer at the workshop and camping down the road at Mission Tejas State Park reinvigorated a personal connection to history. Most authors of history have been men. So, the word history, is simply restated as his story. The collection of oral stories was a tremendous task for early scholars. Winners of conflicts were often the ones to write down the tales of soldiers and politicians alike. Tales of everyday life were equally complex as the tales of battle. With Caddo stories, the main characters were often based on animals. So, a Caddo story can be a historical narrative featuring the environment, culture, and time period. The sounds of nighttime crawlers of the 21st century are the same sounds heard by the Caddo of Caddo Mounds State Historic Site. The nighttime sky above the forests of pine, pecan, and oak is the same as back then. The past is all around us, we just have to take it in. About This Lesson General Citation This lesson is based on the National Register of Historic Places registration files for Caddo Mounds State Historic Site (also known as the George C. Davis site) and materials prepared by the Texas Historical Commission. It was written by Kathy Lathen, a Texas educator with over a decade of classroom instructional experience. This lesson is one in a series that brings the important stories of historic places into classrooms across the country. Where is fits into Curriculum Topics and Time Period: This lesson could be incorporated with the Texas history unit on the historical era, Natural Texas and Its People (Prehistory to 1528).
    [Show full text]
  • American Indians in Texas: Conflict and Survival Phan American Indians in Texas Conflict and Survival
    American Indians in Texas: Conflict and Survival Texas: American Indians in AMERICAN INDIANS IN TEXAS Conflict and Survival Phan Sandy Phan AMERICAN INDIANS IN TEXAS Conflict and Survival Sandy Phan Consultant Devia Cearlock K–12 Social Studies Specialist Amarillo Independent School District Table of Contents Publishing Credits Dona Herweck Rice, Editor-in-Chief Lee Aucoin, Creative Director American Indians in Texas ........................................... 4–5 Marcus McArthur, Ph.D., Associate Education Editor Neri Garcia, Senior Designer Stephanie Reid, Photo Editor The First People in Texas ............................................6–11 Rachelle Cracchiolo, M.S.Ed., Publisher Contact with Europeans ...........................................12–15 Image Credits Westward Expansion ................................................16–19 Cover LOC[LC–USZ62–98166] & The Granger Collection; p.1 Library of Congress; pp.2–3, 4, 5 Northwind Picture Archives; p.6 Getty Images; p.7 (top) Thinkstock; p.7 (bottom) Alamy; p.8 Photo Removal and Resistance ...........................................20–23 Researchers Inc.; p.9 (top) National Geographic Stock; p.9 (bottom) The Granger Collection; p.11 (top left) Bob Daemmrich/PhotoEdit Inc.; p.11 (top right) Calhoun County Museum; pp.12–13 The Granger Breaking Up Tribal Land ..........................................24–25 Collection; p.13 (sidebar) Library of Congress; p.14 akg-images/Newscom; p.15 Getty Images; p.16 Bridgeman Art Library; p.17 Library of Congress, (sidebar) Associated Press; p.18 Bridgeman Art Library; American Indians in Texas Today .............................26–29 p.19 The Granger Collection; p.19 (sidebar) Bridgeman Art Library; p.20 Library of Congress; p.21 Getty Images; p.22 Northwind Picture Archives; p.23 LOC [LC-USZ62–98166]; p.23 (sidebar) Nativestock Pictures; Glossary........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fort Washita AND/OR COMMON Fort Washita Q LOCATION
    National Historic Landmark-Westward Expansion Form No. 10-300 (Rev 10-74) (Military and I^^an Affairs) XVI UNITHI) STATES ULI'ARTMLl PDF THL. INILR1OR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM DATE ENTERED SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS ____________TYPE ALL ENTRIES - COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS_______ I NAME HISTORIC Fort Washita AND/OR COMMON Fort Washita Q LOCATION STREET& NUMBFR Route 199 — NOT FOR PUBLICATION CITY, TOWN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Durant _X VICINITY OF 3rd STATF CODE XOUNTY CnDi •klahbmaa 40 Bryan 013 CLASSIFICATION CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENTUSE v _.DI STRICT X PUBLIC -^OCCUPIED —AGRICULTURE fhMUSEUM X_BUILDING(S) —PRIVATE —UNOCCUPIED —COMMERCIAL ApARK _STRUCTURE __BOTH —WORK IN PROGRESS —EDUCATIONAL .—PRIVATE RESIDENCE _SITE PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE —ENTERTAINMENT —RELIGIOUS _OBJECT —IN PROCESS —YES RESTRICTED —GOVERNMENT —SCIENTIFIC ..BEING CONSIDERED _.YES UNRESTRICTED —INDUSTRIAL —TRANSPORTATION _NO —MILITARY —OTHER OWNER OF PROPERTY NAME Oklahoma Historical Society STREET & NUMBER ^ Willey Pase Hisctorical Building CITY, TOWN STATE Oklahoma City VICINITY OF Oklahoma LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION COURTHOUSE. County Clerk REGISTRY OF DEEDS, ETC Bryant County Courthouse STREETS NUMBER CITY.4th TOWN and———————————— Evergreen STATE Durant Oklahoma 74701 REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS TITLE None DATE _ FEDERAL —STATE ^.COUNTY ..-LOCAL DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE ^EXCELLENT —DETERIORATED —UNALTERED JfcjRIGINALSITE GOOD RUINS X ALTERED MOVFD DATF _FAIR _ UNEXPOSED DESCRIBETHE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Fort Washita situated at the mouth of the Washita River was created as a protection for the "civilized" Chickasaws and Choctaws from the more violent Plains Indians. Established in 1842, Fort Washita was an impressive facility constructed of logs and limestone quarried nearby.
    [Show full text]
  • Coahuilteco, the Language Was Coahuilteco, the Language Group Was Coahuiltecan
    1. Description 1.1 Name of society, language, and language family: The society is Coahuilteco, the language was Coahuilteco, the language group was Coahuiltecan. What languages fall under the Coahuiltecan Family and whether or not it is an actual language family are still under debate. Originally, Coahuilteco was one of several distinctly different languages spoken throughout southern Texas and northeastern Mexico. Following the arrival of Spanish Missionaries, Coahuilteco became a lingua franca in the area. There are no known speakers of the language today.1 1.2 ISO code (3 letter code from ethnologue.com): Coahuilteco does not have an ISO Code. 1.3 Location (latitude/longitude): Inland southern Texas. 29.3327° N, 98.4553° W.2 The Coahuilteco ranged across the entirety of texas between San Antonio and the Rio Grande as well as into the Mexican province of Coahuila. 1.4 Brief history: The early history of the Coahuiltecans is unknown2. They were first encountered in the 1500s by the Spanish explorer Cabeza de Vaca3. In the 1600s Franciscan missions were established in Nadadores, San Antonio, and along the Rio Grande for the express purpose of converting the Coahuilteco3. In 1690 there were an estimated 15000 Coahuilteco in over 200 scattered bands. By the late 19th century, disease, attacks by other tribes, and cultural integration had shrunk that number to two or three tribes on the southern side of the Rio Grande, none of whom spoke Coahuilteco3. 1.5 Influence of missionaries/schools/governments/powerful neighbors: The Coahuilteco were decimated by diseases brought by Spanish missionaries as well as assimilation into Mexican culture and attacks by Comanche and Apaches from the north3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Caddo After Europeans
    Volume 2016 Article 91 2016 Reaping the Whirlwind: The Caddo after Europeans Timothy K. Perttula Heritage Research Center, Stephen F. Austin State University, [email protected] Robert Cast Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita Part of the American Material Culture Commons, Archaeological Anthropology Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, Other American Studies Commons, Other Arts and Humanities Commons, Other History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Cite this Record Perttula, Timothy K. and Cast, Robert (2016) "Reaping the Whirlwind: The Caddo after Europeans," Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: Vol. 2016, Article 91. https://doi.org/10.21112/.ita.2016.1.91 ISSN: 2475-9333 Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2016/iss1/91 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Center for Regional Heritage Research at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reaping the Whirlwind: The Caddo after Europeans Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. This article is available in Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from the Lone Star State: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ita/vol2016/iss1/91
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents
    ______________________________ Table of Contents INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDE TO CAMPING . 2 THE SCOUT LAW . 3 THE SCOUT OATH . 3 THE OUTDOOR CODE . 4 LEAVE NO TRACE . 4 TREAD LIGHTLY! . 4 SOUTHERN REGION 3 (SR-3) ADDRESSES . 5 WHERE TO GO CAMPING BOY SCOUT COUNCIL SUMMER CAMPS – TEXAS . 6 BOY SCOUT COUNCIL SUMMER CAMPS – ARKANSAS . 7 BOY SCOUT COUNCIL SUMMER CAMPS – COLORADO. 7 BOY SCOUT COUNCIL SUMMER CAMPS – LOUISIANA . 7 BOY SCOUT COUNCIL SUMMER CAMPS – NEW MEXICO . 8 BOY SCOUT COUNCIL SUMMER CAMPS – OKLAHOMA . 8 BSA PROPERTIES - OTHER COUNCIL PROPERTIES . 9 BSA PROPERTIES – HIGH ADVENTURE (LAND ORIENTED) . 10 BSA PROPERTIES – HIGH ADVENTURE (WATER ORIENTED). 12 NATIONAL PARKS/FEDERAL LANDS IN TEXAS . 13 TEXAS STATE PARKS. 14 CORP OF ENGINEER LAKES – CENTRAL TEXAS . 19 LCRA PARKS/CAMPGROUNDS. 19 OTHER CAMPGROUNDS IN CENTRAL TEXAS . 20 1 Tonkawa Lodge 99 * 2019 Edition * Capitol Area Council __________________________________ Introduction A purpose of the Order of the Arrow is to “promote camping, responsible outdoor adventure, and environmental stewardship as essential components of every Scout’s experience, in the unit, year-round, and in summer camp.” Camping and outdoor adventure are at the heart of the purpose of the Order of the Arrow. Camping and the outdoor adventure are at the core of the mission of Scouting. It is with this focus that the Arrowmen of Tonkawa Lodge 99 present this revised camping guide to the units of our council and any units who are looking to discover new opportunities for camping and exploration. This revision updates some of the changes that have occurred in Scouting, revises outdated information, and provides new locations for camping and outdoor adventures.
    [Show full text]