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THE AIR RAID WARDEN IN CONNECTICUT

STATE ARMORY, HARTFORI.> REVISED TO JANUARY 20, 1942 AIR RAID WARNING SIGNALS

Telephone: Yellow -Raiders sighted (about 12-20 minutes from point warned) Blue -Raiders definitely headed toward point warned (about 8-12 minutes away) Red -Raid imminent (about 4-5 minutes) White - All clear (Signals may not always be flashed in lhe order listed. Some situation•. because of the lmntinence ot attack, might require a blue, or even a red, •lgnal without the yellow having been used. Several red signals might be p;iven in succeasioo, due to the changing positions of attacking planes, without an All Clear signal between the red flashes.)

Public Warning: Danger- The alarm signal will consist of a series of short blasts on a siren or whistle or, if given by bells, a constant ringing of those bells. All Clear- The "All Clear" signal will consist of a long, continuous blast or, if given by bells, a slow tolling of the bells. THE AIR RAID WARDEN IN CONNECTICUT

CONNECTICUT STATE DEFENSE COUNCIL Governor Robert A. Hurley. Chairman Samuel H. Fisher, Administrator Sanford H. Wadhams, Secretary William M. Maltbie James J. Clerkin Reginald B. DeLacour John H. Goss Edward J. Hickey Samuel H. Graham Mrs. Chester Bowles James Lee Loomis Allerton F. Brooks Dr. George M. Smith Charles L. Campbell Albert W. Johnston Mrs. Ralph C. Lasbury, Jr. SERVICE PRESS , INC. HARTFORD, CONN . FOREWORD

This pamphlet is published as a manual of reference and instruction for Connecticut air raid wardens. The ten chapters of the text were origi­ nally prepared as a series of articles for the Press on the duties of wardens. Requests for copies have been so numerous from prospective wardens who have found the information of special value that it was decided to reprint them in convenient pocket-size form. The pamphlet is not a \Varden's Handbook, but it should prove useful in supple­ menting official guides for wardens.

STATE DEFENSE COUNCIL TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Air Raid \Varning Signal s ... . . Inside Front Cover

7 \\ hat Is An Air Raid \Varden? ...... 5 Why \Ve Need Air Raid Wardens...... 8 What a Warden Must Know - His Equipment 11 The Air Raid Bomb ...... 15 The Incendiary Bomb ...... 18 The Warden and Protective ervices ...... 21 Organization for Air Raids...... 23 The \Varden, the Community and the H ouse­ hold Unit...... 27 The \Varden and Civilia n Morale ...... 29 "Just in Case"...... 32 District Warning Centers...... 36 Connecticut Air Raid vVarden Organization. . 40 THE AIR RAID WARDEN IN CONNECTICUT

CnAPTER ONE WHAT IS AN AIR RAID WARDEN? The term is, of course, English. This is natural enough, for the whole business originated in England. Air raids over London brought to the whole world a new meaning to the term "Air Raid." Until then, we had looked upon it as just one of the uglier and more spectacular aspects of war, applied for the most part to battle fronts and their supporting reserves, occasionally to battleships, and once in a while to distant tribal villages of savages. Mussolini's war on Abyssinia presented about the first instance of a gratuitous air offensive upon peaceful domiciles. Japan hugely extended the practice in its systematic effort to decimate China. Germany and Italy combined, in Spain, to horrify the world with their wanton air raid upon Guernica. But not until London was raided by wave upon wave of air craft, dropping now time bombs, now high explosive bombs, and always incendiary bombs, did people come to a realization of what such an assault could mean to a modern center of civilization, a metropolis of homes, stores, hotels, banks, theaters, colleges, museums, and cathedrals. As we in America winced at the reported destruction of famous old landmarks of history, beauty, and culture, and shuddered at the pictures of a block of beehive tenements destroyed by a single "one-ton-er," the British rallied to meet the invading bombs at the very point of impact and to summon in defense all the equipment which centuries of civilization had built up to cope with disaster. Out of this effort, the air raid warden was born. s The Answer "Air raid" was the challenge. "Warden" was the answer. V..Tarden is the British word for watch­ man, sentinel, or guardian. As developed now in England, the warden is all of those, and more. He is a vital human contact point between the destruction of a fallen bomb on the one hand and the rest of the city on the other. He goes at once to the spot of disaster, he sizes up the extent of damage to property and danger to life, he reports this quickly, concisely, completely, to the central office, he takes charge of the local situation, he directs first aid to the injured, he starts the rescue of those who are trapped, he controls the moving away of the dazed people, he particularly accounts for the safety of the children and the disabled adults, and especially he looks for fires and at once puts in that first quick action which can so often be the "stitch in time that saves nine." Meanwhile, his report to the center has borne fruit. There arrive the services of the police, fire, ambulance, rescue, and demolition which take over and carry on the big job of "mopping up the mess," as the English describe it, with their traditional faculty for calm understatement. But the warden's job is not over. As the first and official observer, he is the center of information and reference. "There were twelve people in that house," pointing the rescue squad to a pile of ruins: or "there is a well in the back of that house," as the fire chief lays the hose. He turns to a wide­ eyed young woman just home from her job: "Your parents are all safe: they have gone with the others to the schoolhouse." To an agonized mother, "I saw them take out the baby, unhurt. You'll find her tomorrow." And when, hours later, perhaps, the work is over and the "services" have gone away, it is the warden still who makes the patrol of his area, looking for smouldering fires, finding possibly a suspicious pit in a garden - a time bomb, calling for immediate evacuation of the surrounding buildings and another quick

6 report to headquarters. Perhaps a bomb has dug up a street, torn gas pipes, or water or sewer, mangled electric cables, or shaken the corner foundation of a building. It is reported at once, and he puts a guard about the escaping gas and detours traffic from the street. Gilbert and Sullivan, in the Pirates of Penzance, say that "The policeman's lot is not a happy one." The warden's lot is so busy that he has no time to be either happy or unhappy. The air raid warden is a most valuable agent, not only in action but in precaution: that is, he is one of the most important links in civilian preparedness. But the significant point is that this preparedness is effected through an organiza­ tion of civilian vol un leers.

Civilian Organi2:atian One could easily imagine an expansion of the Army sufficient to man our cities and towns with air raid wardens; with a military center, a G. II. Q. for Connecticut, and a commanding officer in each town, and so on, down to a sentry in each street. But, even with such a democratically formed Army as is made up from our own people, the idea of such military surveillance and control of our city life, our neighborhood life, and possibly our homes even, is abhorrent. Abhorrent alike to our traditions and to our individual feelings. The saving grace of the air raid warden organiza­ tion is its essentially civilian character, made up voluntarily from, by, and of our own neighbors and fellow-citizens. For, it is literally true that he is but one of us, serving the rest of us, doing our work, protecting not only our city, our com­ munity, our homes, but also our very families and our individual selves. And, no less, each resident of the warden's area is an unofficial member of his staff, charged under his instruction with duties we are to attend to, ready in time of need to take instant place at his side The warden is, therefore, a pretty responsible agent. He must be well chosen in point of character, personality and community standing. He must be trained. He must be informed. He must be alert, ever ready, indefatigable at times, in­ domitable always. To him, in time of air raid, look the people of his area. To him, also, look all Lhe established and official bodies of his city. For there are three great and essential values that he has to supply, in case a bomb lands within his area. First: he must supply an immediate, on-the-spot report of what has happened -where and with what effect. Second: he must supply an immediate, on-the-spot control of the situation­ instant attention to fires, quick administration of first aid, effective and complete evacuation of all people from the vicinity of danger. Third: he must furnish that interaction with the official services, as they arrive, which will enable them to do quickly and successfully the job they have come to do. To the police, he reports the situation as it has developed. To the fire department he gives the picture as he has found it to be by actual observa­ tion. And so on, for all the services as they arrive. And this, we should remember, will most probably be in the night time, perhaps under the darkness of blackout, possibly in the drizzle of rain and in the company of escaping gas or spouting water from ruptured mains.

CnAPTER Two WHY WE NEED AIR RAID WARDENS IN CONNECTICUT John Doe said the other day, "Yes, I grant you they've done a grand job in England, but why do we need air raid wardens over here? No bombs are going to drop on Connecticut." Well, Mayor LaGuardia admitted, not long ago, that the chances of that happening were perhaps only five out of a hundred. Or perhaps if Russia goes under and Hitler has more planes to spare, the chances are quite a little stronger than that.

g The long-range bombers seems to be getting longer and rangier all the time, and Hitler could send a flock of them across from France almost any time he liked. If he had a jumping-off place in Spain or Africa, or out in the Atlantic, he could do it still more easily. He might reasonably figure it would be good business to sacrifice twenty or thirty bombers to throw New York or Boston into disaster and panic or knock out some of our busy munition cities here in Connecticut. He'd figure we'd be in such a fright and uproar for shelters and anti-aircraft guns, and everything for our own protection, that we'd have to cut down making so much war material for England's defense and our own. Even five chances in a hundred are something to think about. Life and fire insurance are taken out for fewer chances than that - and it isn't considered at all a foolish thing to do. And war nowadays is so terrible on civilians that one ought to insure against it if the chance of its coming this way was only one in a thousand. War hits everybody nowadays- civilians worse than the army and the navy. At least that is what's happened in England. And if our country has accepted the first peacetime draft in its history, and is spending billions and billions to prepare its soliders and sailors for war, we've certainly got to do something for the people back home, and prepare them too. For the people back home, and especially those along the Atlantic Seaboard, may find themselves right in the front line -like Southampton and Portsmouth and Plymouth over in Britain.

All Things To All Men And that's where the air raid warden comes in. He (or she, for many of them are women) is the civilian defense leader for his own particular neighborhood. He shows people what to do if air raids ever come. He shows them how to stop incendiaries before they can start a big fire. He

9 shows them the best ways they can protect them­ selves from high explosive bombs, by keeping off the street, by making shelters in their own homes against splinters and flying glass, or by getting quickly into shelter if they are caught away from home. The warden steadies people, gives them con­ fidence, makes them feel that they are being looked out for and not forgotten, and will be told what to do in an emergency and how to do it. Then if the emergency comes there is little panic and confusion. There is cooperation and help­ fulness and the same sort of fine morale the English have been so magnificently demonstrating. People are not frightened by those things with which they are familiar and know how to handle. More people will be killed and injured by auto­ mobiles than by airplanes during the coming months, but we are not in a panic over it. When we have something to do and know how to do it, we are not frightened. When we have real leaders among us whom we respect, we follow their example or orders and are steadied by their calmness and courage. Air raid wardens are selected because of their leadership, training and knowledge of what to do. Somebody must know how to handle live in­ cendiary born bs, high explosive hazards, and what to do to give and get assistance.

One In Ten In England there are 1,200,000 air raid wardens, or one for every ten people in the centers of popu­ lation. One out of every five wardens are thor­ oughly trained and are in a sense, although volunteers, professional wardens. They must work 48 hours a week in addition to their regular jobs. \Yhen such wardens are on the job, it has been found that there is a great reduction in property damage and in the saving of life. In Coventry, the air raid warden organization was highly trained and efficient, and took control from the

10 first dropping of the first bombs. People were not frightened and only 400 were killed in the most devastating attack yet known. The air raid warden has been described as a "general practitioner," the family doctor who diagnoses the trouble during an air raid and refers cases to the proper specialists. He sends messages to the police, fire, health, medical, engineering and other departments telling them of what is to be done, how much, how soon and in a few brief words describes the situation. He is the leader, he must get all available help, till the special services arrive, or until the regular civil authorities take over. The average citizen must realize that while the greatest danger is from fear and panic, the greatest misconception is that the regular public authorities (police, fire, health, repair) can handle the situation. Good as such departments may be, they cannot possibly handle some hundred vicious fires all started within five minutes, unless they have the assistance of an efficient air raid warden system, and a public trained and informed as to what to expect. And that's why air raid wardens are worth having here in Connecticut, even if our chances of ever actually needing them in air raids are only five in a hundred. It is better to be safely insured and prepared against possible trouble than to suffer and be sorry if it actually comes.

CHAPTER Turum WHAT A WARDEN MUST KNOW- WHAT HE MUST DO- HIS EQUIPMENT The air raid warden must know his district or sector as thoroughly as he knows his own house, and the people residing in his district almost as well as he knows his own family. With very few exceptions, a citizen will be appointed as warden of the district in which he J·ives, but when he studies this sector from a

11 warden's viewpoint, he will find out how little he really knows about his locality. When appointed to his job, a warden must go over his district microscopically. He must locate all places that can serve as public shelters. It is his job to help keep the public utilities functioning if possible; therefore, he must Jearn and note all fire hydrants, all alarm boxes (both police and fire), any water pressure stations, all shut-off valves and main switches for the water, gas and electricity. In case water mains burst or there is no pressure in his dis­ trict, he must know the location of any old wells or any underground streams to which he can direct the fire services. He must note particular fire hazards in his sector; such as lumber yards, paint shops, gasoline storage tanks or garages. He must know where doctors, nurses and veterinarians reside, where drug stores are located which are open all night. He must know the location of wardens' posts in neighboring and surrounding sectors. A warden must be a friend, counselor and in­ formation bureau for every resident, so he must make a house-to-house canvass of his district explaining to each householder a warden's duties and the need for each individual's cooperation. The names and number of occupants of each house must be noted; those who are usually there in the daytime and those who sleep there at night. If a house is demolished the warden and the services stay on the job until everyone is accounted for. Especially must a warden note the bedridden, those who are lame, deaf, blind, aged or in any other way need assistance.

Eyes In the Dark After the warden has all possible information about his district and its residents, he must learn this information by heart; because a notebook won't be much help at midnight, in a complete blackout. And this also applies to finding the way around his sector at night. How many times has

12 each one of us, in the dark, fallen over a piece of furniture in our own room? In every street are obstacles; telephone poles, fire hydrants, trees; and a warden has to move quickly because he is acting in an emergency and because people are depending upon him. vVardens must make plans of their streets, learn where every obstacle is and practice moving in the dark. Upon the warden's good justment and cool behavior depends the morale of his district; in times of stress his attitude will be felt by persons around him and his coolness and steadiness will reduce all risk of panic. When an air raid warning is received, a warden must urge all members of the public in his district to take suitable precautions for safety. An illu­ minating comparative table of safety has been worked out from the bombings in England. The 100 per cent casualty risk is the person who stands in the street and says, "I want to stay here and see it all." This danger is reduced by 50 per cent if a person lies down in the street and covers his head with his hands. If he can get into a doorway or vestibule, the risk is 75 per cent less. If he is inside a house, away from the windows and the danger of flying glass, his risk is only 15 per cent. And if he is in a properly equipped shelter or refuge room in a house, the danger is exactly 5 per cent. It is, then, the duty of wardens to take reasonable precautions for their own personal safety during an air raid. Reckless exposure to danger must be avoided. A dead or wounded warden is a great waste of training. The first possible instant, a warden must notify the responsible officials of any bombs or damage caused by bombs in his district; so that the proper and adequate services to deal with this damage can be sent promptly. A warden's report must be accurate in detail and concise, giving the different types of bombs dropped; whether they

13 are high explosive, incendiary or gas. It must tell whether water or gas mains have been damaged, electric cables broken or sewers put out of com­ mission. It lists fires started by incendiary bombs or otherwise and tells whether they are major or minor fires. It must indicate streets which are closed by shell craters or debris and might hinder the services getting to the damage. After this report is sent, a warden must assist in dealing with casualties and damage until skilled help arrives. Then he must search every inch of his district for time bombs, unexploded shells or fallen aircraft. He must locate shelter for the homeless and food for the hungry. A warden must be an expert in the principles of blackout; not only seeing that every building in his area is completely black from the outside, but aiding his neighbors in all their blackout problems and telling them the best and most economical way to get the desired results. He must be able to assist in selecting proper refuge rooms in the homes of his district; seeing that these rooms are properly reinforced, equipped and protected from flying fragments. If there should be a time bomb or any poison gas in his district, the warden must know how large an area to evacuate and must assist the police in seeing that all civilians are evacuated from the danger zone.

Equipment When a warden goes on duty, he rather re­ sembles a walking Christmas tree, with all his equipment hung on him. He must wear a steel helmet, and a translucent eye shade is a great protection, keeping out fragments of glass and shells and also the terrific amount of dust particles that are caused by falling masonry. Around his waist he has a small first aid kit, hung on a webbing belt; to this belt are generally attached his note­ book and pencil and his pad of warden's report forms. A shaded electric torch usually hangs 14 from his belt, too. He wears an arm band showing that he is an air raid warden. Around his neck hangs a police whistle; and, if he is smart, an ordinary rubber eraser, through which he has bored a hole and run a string. This eraser he puts between his teeth when the bombs fall; this keeps his mouth open, saving his ear drums, and also preventing his teeth from clamping together with the blast. In his hand, or hanging to his belt is a rattle, or other instrument, for giving a local gas warning, if necessary. A warden must always be patient, polite, good­ tempered and able to "take it on the chin" from his superior officers, the civilian services working in his district or the people he is trying to help. There is no glamor connected with the warden's job; it is just appallingly hard work. He is nearly always dead tired and hungry, but he must carry on until all is serene again.

CHAPTER FouR THE AIR RAID BOMB When one reads of an air raid, one thinks of three kinds of bombs that may be dropped upon the area two, three or even four miles below. These three kinds are the high explosive bomb, the incendiary bomb, and the gas bomb. The air raid warden must know what to expect on these visitations and what to do about them. So far as gas is concerned, his task is likely to be fairly easy; not because gas is at all an easy customer to deal with but because the chance of a gas attack is extremely unlikely. Gas is not only a difficult but an extremely expensive ma­ terial to deliver by bomb, and in America's wide open spaces the chances of anything like a mea­ surable military advantage to the enemy are exceedingly remote. Pure devilishness might, in­ deed, prompt some such malicious attack, but that kind of pure devilishness is too costly to be indulged in when every material resource is

15 required for military advantage, to say nothing of the terribly hazardous consequences from reprisals which would certainly be invited by such a raid. One may wonder whether so complaisant an attitude is justified when we consider such con­ gested areas as New York City. Certainly there would be a messy situation in the streets if gas arrived. But the gases are heavier than air (other­ wise they would soon dissipate, like steam) and thus tend to hug the ground. Upper stories would be virtually immune, and ground floors would be adequately sealed by ordinary closed doors and windows. The warden would have his job, surely enough, but as was said above, it would be rela­ tively easy. That is not to be said of high explosive. There, we have just three things to do, if a building is struck. First, count off the direct-hit victims as a closed affair. Second, rescue the injured and other people trapped in the ruins. Third, see that shaken structures surrounding the destroyed area are promptly and completely evacuated, and that First Aid is made available to the people around about. Pretty much the same duty, in the third category, arises when the bomb falls in the open, and to it is added, of course, the new complication of impassable streets and broken pipes, mains and cable lines. England has shown us that fully half the injuries to persons from high explosives have occurred in areas fairly removed from the scene of explosion, through concussion of air, flying fragments, and shattering of glass. Windows frequently blow outward, over a wide area, due to vacuum, and when they do so they splinter into sharp knives flying through the air.

On the Job Of course, the immediate duty of the warden is to be at the scene of impact, size up the damage to property and to people, and report it through in the quickest time possible. That starts the

16 various mobile services to the scene of action, and gets matters into prompt and permanent handling. Particularly is this true with regard to the utilities, both private and municipal, which must clear up a street crater with its tangle of broken water pipes, sewers, gas mains, telephone cables, power lines and signal systems. o one wants his water supply mingled with sewage. Escaping gas is a bad actor in lhe vicinity of electrical short circuits. Traffic, especially emergency runs of fire apparatus, face dangerous hazards and serious congestion in broken streets. One of the most important elements of the warden's first report is his statement of the condition of the streets. There is also the time bomb:- the high ex­ plosive which is delayed in action for an indefinite period- an hour, a day, three days, even a week. It lodges somewhere, fairly deep- in the basement of a building, or in a hole (sometimes covered over and not easily noticeable) and ticks away until its zero hour. The warden has to detect these, report them, keep people away, evacuate nearby buildings, until the time squad has done its duty and carried the unwelcome visitor away. Fortunately these bombs are so heavy that it requires a powerful aircraft to handle them. It will not be an easy performance for a raider. Unless he is a suicide squad man, fond of dive bombing, he will keep high up in the sky,- far too high, at the speed he is going, to aim closely at any special target. It will be an expensive game of hit or miss: expensive for us if it hits, which will be in a small proportion of the trials, and expensive for the enemy anyway. It will not be, cannot be, anything like the English attacks. At the worst, it is likely to be few and far between. When, however, we come to the incendiary bomb, we encounter another breed of cats. Easy, early and, maybe, often, will be the motto. There, indeed, is the problem for wardens and for all

17 their cooperating community. Our next article will tell how and why.

CHAPTER FIVE THE INCENDIARY BOMB Newspaper and magazine comment has pointed out the unhappy situation Japan would be in if an enemy gave it a shower of incendiary bombs. Its houses are perfectly designed in form and materials to go up in a flash of flame. Many of our readers will be surprised, however, to know that, from a house materials standpoint, America ranks next in vulnerability to Japan. Our frame buildings, even the mill construction within most of our factories and the inside structure of many of our city blocks, are highly combustible and offer a seductive target to the fire-hungry attack of an incendiary bomb. There are various types of incendiary- from the phosphorous-celluloid "visiting card" used by the British and the tricky and treacherous "fountain pen" ingeniously designed by the Germans to start fires by delayed action, to the phosgene type of self-igniters and, worst of all, the so-called "electron," bomb which depends upon the ignition of magnesium to create an almost uncontrollable source of conflagration . Our article will consider this magnesium type of incendiary bomb.

Watch Yaur Attic Usually it weighs a little over two pounds. This weight is sufficient, when dropped from the usual height of not over 10,000 feet, to enable it to penetrate the ordinary type of roof- whether wood, slate, tile, or sheet metal. Its eventual lodgment is on a floor, either in the top story or a floor below. Falling usually at a slant, due to the speeding velocity of the airplane carrier, it may penetrate a building through the wall or window.

18 The impact actuates a fuse that ignites a quick­ burning compound, as thermite, which within a minute or two generates a temperature around 4500 degrees Fahrenheit, more than a sufficient heat to ignite the magnesium body of the bomb. Then "the game is on." The magnesium compound acquires sufficient oxygen for com­ bustion, burns at an intense super-heat and thus induces combustion of surrounding material of inflammable character- the usual attic is full of it - and lasts for ten or more minutes. By the tiri:le it is through, if left undisturbed, it has started a major conflagration. If, however, it is attacked within the first four or five minutes of its burning, the incipient conflagration may be controlled and even prevented entirely. It is a case, clearly, where "a stitch in time saves nine," or even ninety and nine. It thus becomes the warden's duty to instruct householders not only in the technique of handling these incendiaries but also, and even more important, in the proper conditioning of their attics to resist or at least impede the igniting effects of the bomb. This is a matter for special methods. The mag­ nesium bomb does not respond to the ordinary methods of fire fighting. Water does not quench it. In fact, a bucketful of water would serve only to increase its fury, explode and scatter its flaming body, and thus make a bad matter worse. The ordinary cooling agencies are inadequate for the high temperatures generated by the bomb. Due to its intense heat, it cannot be choked out by the ordinary extinguishers. There are certain materials - sand, talc, and especially a pro­ prietary powder now coming on the market­ which do have a smothering and controlling influ­ ence on the bomb and there is a useful way of applying water - not only to the surrounding fires but even to the bomb itself - by use of spray and fog nozzles on ordinary garden hose lines or from hand pumps. It is the warden's duty to know about these, to acquaint himself with their

19 properties and methods of handling and the sources of supply, and to extend such instruction to the houses within his area of protection.

Handling Technique In England, the technique of handling such bombs has reached a high level of efficiency. They have ceased to be a major problem in British air raid protection. The formula has become exact and simple: (1) keep an alert watch; (2) mark their fall; (3) get immediately to them; (4) reduce fire in surrounding area with water spray; (5) heap bomb with sand or other suitable material, to confine its effect; and (6) upon its burning out (10 to 15 minutes) or as much before as possible, shovel it into a pail of sand and throw it out. If one gets at it early enough, this may be all there is to it. If one doesn't, then there will remain a larger or smaller conflagration of normal character to be combatted afterwards. We learn that, in England today, their school boys are being or­ ganized and trained as incendiary fighters. But war, we have all observed, is far from a fixed or static problem. It progresses in its de­ velopment and evolves into new forms and methods. The incendiary bomb is in this same state of change. Already, England notes that a small percentage of the incendiaries that fall there are charged with an explosive component, which operates during the combustion period, usually at a 2 or 3 minute interval after the ignition has begun. This may somewhat increase the effectiveness of the bomb as an ignition agent, and it certainly increases its unattractiveness as a matter to be approached and handled by any such simple routine as the 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 procedures de­ scribed above. Nevertheless, it does not change the fundamental truism that the quick defense is the successful one and that "forewarned is fore­ armed" in a very real sense. :zo Wooden Houses Vulnerable What is the destructive efficiency of an in­ cendiary air raid? England's experience indicated that nine out of ten bombs fell where their action was virtually harmless. In the open areas of America, the ratio might rise to nineteen out of twenty. On the other hand, we used to hear of 1000 bombs being carried by one airplane. Now it is 3000, and there are rumors of 4000. Finally, English experience was based on the character of English construction - chiefly stone. American construction, the country over, is largely wood. Clearly, the incendiary bomb presents an im­ pressive challenge to the American air raid warden.

CHAPTER SIX

THE AIR RAID WARDEN AND PROTECTIVE SERVICES In the several articles of this series, we have thus far considered the air raid warden as an important element in civilian defense and have noted something of the problems with which he must cope in case of an air raid. We have briefly listed such emergencies as street craters with disrupted piping and cable systems, buildings wrecked by explosive bombs, fires started by in­ cendiary bombs, and people injured or, worse, trapped in the ruins. We have seen that the air raid warden, having visited the spot and rapidly estimated the situation and transmitted this in a report to his report center, will at once direct himself and his available helpers to first aid to the injured, protection of the surrounding community, and fighting controllable fires. In this article, we are to see him re-enforced and supported and, eventually, relieved by the arrival of the special services which were ready and waiting for the dispatch orders from the report center. These services include police, fire, ambulance, first aid, utilities, rescue, demolition and, in case of gas attack, decontamination.

21 For each of these, the warden has been the auxiliary arm- the observer, the reporter, the immediate on-the-spot agent and performer. More even than that, he has been the intermediate contact point between these services and the people in his community, for it is always to be remembered that, in the last analysis, every citizen, every householder, is an auxiliary member of every social service, which functions for the public security and the general welfare. The warden is their leader and guide in this basic function of democratic citizenship. As the special se~;vices arrive, the warden is the first con tact they make. He has heard the cry of someone pinned beneath a pile of wreckage. He knows where there is an unstable or tottering wall that must be brought down for the public safety. He directs the stretcher bearers to the group awaiting hospitalization. He has early directed the first aid workers to the emergency cases - those with cut arteries, the severely scalded, the suffocated, the shocked. He has already watched for looters, and he reports to the police as they arrive. He has early diverted traffic away from the street hole; and he has lost no time in reporting to the utility men the detected odor of escaping gas, or the spouting stream from a broken hydrant. He has, perhaps, herded the evacuated occupants of several buildings to shelter in a church or school building. Now he directs to them the mobile canteen service, which takes ca re first of the needs of the aged and the children. In England, when there was the first indication of gas attack, a corps of warning wardens, in gas mask and protective clothing, circulated through all surrounding streets swinging a burring police­ man's rattle.

Hour After Hour A thousand and one special calls fall upon him, when the systematic control of the situation once gets well under way. Dozens of people have

22 enquiries, make reports, bring messages, leave addresses, and deliver up found articles of value. For a rest, he vainly envisages the relative re­ laxation of an Information Bureau at a railroad station! But though time passes quickly, yet time seems, as Goethe expressed it, endlessly long. One warden, active during the English raids, had occasions that kept him at it for twelve, for twenty-four, once even for thirty-six hours. And it wasn't the most agreeable of occupations. The air raid warden does not need to do spec­ tacular things to be heroic. He is a hero, unsung only because there are so many of him. At last comes the stage when he can report "all under control" to his headquarters. The firemen are still mopping up. The police lines are established and firm. The valves have been shut off and the city water force or the electric utility gang are already making their repairs. New tele­ phone connections are set up, and all residents have been checked off and accounted for. Time to go home? Not yet. Still there remains the patrol to assure that there is no further need for call upon this service or that. A suspicious hole suggests a time bomb, undiscovered until now. Have to get a squad to work on that. Finally, back to his own warden station. Is his deputy there? And his own house, what of that? Somewhere, at home or elsewhere, relieved by his deputy, he can go and rest himself. Lucky if, at long last, another call of "alert," another signal of raid, does not send him out again. Lucky man, if at the end of the most hectic strain in his life, he can murmur, "Let's call it a day."

CHAPTER SEVEN ORGANIZATION FOR AIR RAIDS Our civilian defense is being modeled after the English system which has been tried and tested. The air raid precaution services are entirely 23 civilian and function only to save civilian lives and civilian property. Integral and equal working units are: air raid wardens, fire and fire auxiliary departments, motor services (this includes ambu­ lances, mobile canteens and first aid), police and police auxiliaries, decontamination squads, utility squads (gas, water, telephone, electricity and sewerage), rescue and demolition corps and radio squads. The personnel of each unit is civilian.

Area Survey The Governor of each state has appointed a civilian defense council or committee. This coun­ cil, in cooperation with the army, the navy, and the public utilities, makes a complete sur­ vey of the state. They note the large cities, the big industrial areas, the institutions, the rural communities, the towns, and they try to pick out the most vulnerable spots which an enemy would first attempt to disrupt. Upon the basis of this survey and the facilities of the telephone company to handle the vital communications, the chain of air raid precaution centers throughout the slate is determined. In Connecticut about a dozen district warning centers, (formerly called control centers) have been designated. These major centers are directly under state control. They are as stragetically located as possible, and are where the telephone company can give adequate service to handle the intricate and necessary chain of communications. Each district warning center will, in all prob­ ability, consist of a fairly large room, one wall of which will be covered with a large scale map of the area controlled. Over this map will be four lights; yellow, blue, red and white. There will be large desks or tables, a short wave radio and adequate filing facilities. A warning call will come from the Army Information Center to the district warning center; this warning will have originated in one or more of the various airplane "watcher" or "spotter" posts which are under army control.

24 Warning System The first warning will probably reach the con­ troller, or his deputy, in each warning center by telephone and will consist of one word "yellow," meaning "raiders on the air." \Vhen the con­ troller receives the call warning "yellow," he announces it to those in the warning center and throws a switch lighting the yellow light over the map. An operator, who is in the room, imme­ diately begins relaying "yellow" to all report centers in the area. Next comes the "blue" warning, meaning "raiders headed your way." The blue light over the map is flashed on, and the operator orders all other posts and centers in the area to hold on and be prepared for instant duty. A "red" flash means immediate danger and then if bombs do fall, the other deputy wardens, who are stationed in the room are called into play. One re­ ceives the calls for help from nearby towns, another orders equipment (fire, police, ambulances, rescue squads) from one town to another as needed. A third warden records all transfer of equipment. The map warden indicates by means of different colored pins on his large scale wall map, exactly where bombs have fallen, the transfer of equipment from one town to another and plots all available facilities as well as those already in use and where they are being used. This map gives an accurate and com­ plete picture of the whole area at any time. Thus, through these district warning centers initial warnings are transmitted to nearby towns, equipment is shuttled back and forth across town boundaries as needed, and carefully checked as they go and come. And finally the "white" or "all clear" is given. All raids and bombs are, of course, reported on to the Army Information Center. Next consider the report centers. In Connecticut there will be a report center for towns of some­ where over 2,500 people in rural districts, and one for as high as 50,000 population in cities. These report centers will be very much like the 25 district warning centers. Each will be a large room, with a long table about two-thirds the length of the room, adequate files, and again a large map covering one entire wall of the room. This time the map will be of the rural area, or of the section of the city, under the jurisdiction of the report center. At the head of the table will sit the chief warden for the district and around the table the representatives of the various special services: medical, engineering, fire and police departments.

Message Transmittal All warning signals come from district warning centers to report centers and are sent on to the wardens' posts. After the raid has begun the reports begin to come back to the report center from the wardens' posts. As each message is received, the chief reads it and it is then taken down in quadruplicate. Suppose, for instance, a message was received from Post 3 reporting incendiary bombs, several casualties and a fire. Copies of this message would be passed to the men at the table and immediately the fire, police and medical representatives would call their respective headquarters and order units to the scene of damage. Then a second message arrives telling of a high explosive bomb in Post 6 which has disrupted gas, water and electrical facilities and started a fire. At once all services send units to Post 6. In one minute all the services repre­ sented around the table in the report center have issued orders to various companies and units have been dispatched to the scene of trouble. At the same time the movement of all equip­ ment and service units are plotted by a series of pins on the wall map. At any moment the chief warden can call for a check of the facilities in service and this can be double-checked by the file clerk's messages and the plotting officer's plan on the wall. It is important to note that certain of the

26 warning signals are "confidential." The general public usually will not be warned of an impending air raid until the sirens or bells tell them to take shelter. This is because many warnings may come through but the raid may never materialize.

CHAPTER EIGHT THE WARDEN, THE COMMUNITY AND THE HOUSEHOLD UNIT Genuine cooperation between the air raid warden and the people of his community is the first essential to the success of any air raid pre­ caution. The warden is expected to be all things to all men, and his problems are apt to range from making the food formula for a baby to taking charge during a major disaster. The training of the people of his community is also a part of his job. Some can be taught much that is technical, while others can absorb only the most elemental safeguards. The warden must know how to handle those who believe "It can't happen here." He must recruit assistance and also take advantage of all volunteer help offered. The more people he can make take a part in the program, the better. The local or post warden will have in his district many household units, and it is the aim of defense authorities to have at least one person in each of these who understands the rudiments of air raid precaution. It is the warden's job to teach this group, and a six-hour course has been prepared which covers the things most important for these "household wardens" to know. This presents an opportunity for busy housewives, or others who for one reason or another have not much time to make a greater contribution to civilian defense.

First Aid The householder course teaches simple facts about poison gases and how to identify the most common; the effect of each on the body, and the type of first aid treatment in cases where first

27 aid can be effectively administered by the layman. With even such simplified knowledge as this is bound to be, many tragedies may be averted. Immediate treatment of blister gas means the difference between minor skin irritation and a severe or even fatal burning. Knowledge of the fact that every lung case is a stretcher case and must be hospitalized as quickly as possible may prevent death. Simple fire protection methods and the handling of incendiary bombs are things which each house­ holder must know about. If a factory or other important structure is burning in the district, the fire department will be too busy to attend to isolated cases of incendiary bombs in atlics. The warden must teach the simple chemistry of an incendiary bomb, how it burns, its terrific heat and bow to control it. If one person in every house knows these things, the danger of fire spreading and general panic is considerably lessened . If the householder knows that sand will smother an incendiary bomb, whereas water thrown directly on it will cause an explosion, he will act accordingly. Of course, water may be spread on the surrounding walls, and a fog spray applied to the bomb, but never a heavy stream of water directly upon one. Stirrup pumps, which are just hand pumps with a long garden hose and a special nozzle attached, have been used most effectively for this in England. The warden must see that everyone understands these and how to work them, and that there are pumps in as many buildings as possible. He must see to it that whatever precautionary measures the local fire department recommend are carried out. The selection and preparation of a refuge room is a problem that every household may have, and the warden is the person who should investigate and give advice. There is some difference of opinion among the experts as to the best place for these, but unless something like the English Anderson she! ter to set in the backyard is available,

28 a cellar room not containing an oil tank or burner, and not in danger of being flooded by a broken water main, can usually be made safe against anything but. a direct hit.

A Long Job Household wardens will be taught what to expect during a raid, the effects of blast, and how best to protect themselves if caught on the street, -which of course they should not be. Their job is not finished with the "all clear" signal. They should e4amine their own property for small fires and time bombs, and unexploded anti­ aircraft sheiis. They must look for and if possible recognize damage to utilities. In other words, the warden is multiplying his own effectiveness many times by giving training to householders. H these householders never have to use it, so much the better. If they do, they are prepared to meet emergencies calmly and with a sense of responsibility. "No one has the right to become a casualty" or make work for someone else. That is the hardboiled philosophy which has produced the splendid civilian defense in England.

CHAPTER NINE "THE WARDEN AND CIVILIAN MORALE" (Note: This chapter is made up of excerpts from a message given prospective Connecticut air raid wardens by Howard Johnson, recently deputy control officer of the South Dock Area, Sunder­ land, England.) What is air raid precaution to those who are in it? It is a service of the people, by the people, for the people. That is the basis from which you must start. It is self-imposed, it is voluntary. That is its essence. And it embraces everyone in the entire nation in its scope, for the mutual protection of one another and for the preservation of all in your country that you hold dear. It is a waste of time protecting and preserving anything

29 else. And no other service in the history of mankind has offered such opportunities as this for practical devotion to such good ends. By adequate prepara­ tion, and by nothing else, great suffering can be avoided. That is my message to you, from the people of Britain.

Eliminate the Soft Spats It is my personal conviction that you cannot prepare too much or too soon. Don't rest on imaginary security. Denmark did, Norway did, France did, we did,- I hope you won\ In your industries you take precautions to protect the lives and health of the personnel. Today war is the greatest industry that has ever come to man­ kind, -why not take just as great precautions against it? You can stop an airplane with psy­ chological defense as truly as with bullets and shells. Any military man will tell you that he would think twice before attacking a fully prepared position. The panzer forces go for the soft spots, the unprepared positions. A country with a well organized air raid precaution won't be attacked lightly. It is not my purpose to discuss the technical details of a warden's work. But there are a number of things I would like to speak of. For one thing, never turn down a volunteer. Don't mind his size or his looks or his past. Find a place for him, -and for her. Find a place for the rabbity little man who in ordinary life gets rather pushed around, in his home and at his work, - I have seen him hanging on to the most difficult and dangerous jobs long after his more vocal brethren have dropped off. And find a place for that master­ ful woman most men are afraid of and avoid like poison, - I have seen her displaying qualities of understanding and compassion which would shame her critics. No, I wouldn't turn anyone down. The stress of duty calls forth unexpected merit,- and in air raid precaution we need every ounce of merit we can get. 30 For another thing, as civilian volunteers, re­ member that soldiers and the police, and members of all the regular services, are just normal people who have to be in uniform. Treat them as normal people like yourselves, whose task is harder than yours. They are under orders, and they may have to give orders to you which you don't like to carry out and they don't like to ask you. Carry out their orders without question, - for you too must accept discipline.

Three Reminders Remember always these three things which for air raid wardens must stand out above all else. First, love your work. If that isn't in you, don't offer your services, - because that is the only thing which will keep you going when the emer­ gency comes. Second, accept discipline willingly. Practice self-discipline. Third, never miss a tour of duty. That isn't easy. You may have had a hard day in your ordinary work and you don't want to report for duty in the evening. Perhaps there's a good show at the local cinema, and you're dog-tired, and it's raining and no night for air raids. So you go to the cinema. You say to yourself that it doesn't matter. But it does. Others have the same idea, - and the only man who turns up is the chief warden. And he says, "Well, I have nothing to do,- I'll go home too." These things have happened,- until the suffering happened.

Practice Constantly Practice all the time. You have to be perfect and pluperfect in this game. Don't even stop because you are tired. Have a necessary task always before you. You see, busy people are less bothered with nerves than people who have nothing much to do. Keep everybody in your sector busy too. Organize the men, women and children for definite things that need to be done. This is one of the great secrets of morale, -just

31 keeping busy when times are tense. Try to think of little tasks, little duties, for yourself and others to do - and you'll find that your sector is tops, with morale always at its highest. There is no other particular reward for good work in air raid precautions, -except the chance to do more of it. Much of the work, indeed most of it, will be performed in a blackout, quite un­ recognized. The reward is the knowledge that you have faced stark fear and have mastered it, that on every hand hell is let loose and you have over­ come it, that the behaviour of hundreds of people is governed by your behaviour, and that you stand as a rock breaking the force of the storm, a firm rock on which men can build, a good rock where children can find security. That can be your reward, and pray God to sustain you in it.

CHAPTER TEN "JUST IH CASE" This slogan, suggested by the chief Air Raid Warden for Hartford, sums up the reasons for these ten articles on the air raid warden. In fact it sums up all the reasons for Connecticut's whole air raid precautions program. We hope the program won't be called into action,-just as we hope our accident and fire insurance policies won't ever be needed. But with the world as it is, and with the advantage of Connecticut hardheadedness and foresight, we know it is worthwhile being ready, - and a thousand times better than just waiting to be sorry. We can't forget the English testimony: that the communities which prepared adequate civilian defense suffered about one-tenth of the personal casualties and one-tenth of the material damage compared with communities which didn't. Neither can we forget the contrary testimony of the grief and panic and devastation which came to unpre­ pared Holland and Belgium and France. There­ fore Connecticut is out to set up the best civilian defense, the best air raid warden and precautions

32 system, it knows how,- "just in case." We can't get away from the fact that modern war is total war and that civilians are open to just as much punishment as the armed forces. And we can't get away from Connecticut's geographical position. And we don't want to get away from the efficiency and importance of our munitions industries. Therefore we are hard at work,- "just in case."

Training Schools We have made a good beginning. Our two Air Raid Warden Schools in New Haven and Hartford in July registered over eleven hundred men and women, - more than half of whom achieved their certificates by sending in the special es~ay required to fulfill the course. Dozens of later schools of various sizes have since been com­ pleted, in widely separated parts of the state. Others are now in action,- some large, some not so large; the carefully organized New Britain School enrolled fifteen hundred prospective wardens before its opening session. Many other schools are being planned. The State Council has issued a Basic Study Course for air raid wardens, and in cooperation with the Hartford Chief Air Raid Warden has set up the first school for warden instructors. Following a special school for indus­ trial wardens in October, hundreds of plants are already organizing their emergency protection system. Chief air raid wardens have been appointed in all of Connecticut's 169 cities and towns, - and cooperated with the controllers and district warning centers of the state in the first air raid warning tests conducted by the United States Army along the Atlantic seaboard, October 9th to 16th. At that time a number of towns carried the supposed warning down to the local warden posts and sent back reports of imaginary damage, and called out their police and fire and medical and utility services to meet a simulated emergency. In all towns the air raid precautions system is in

33 various stages of organization and development. We have made a good beginning.

A Long Way To Go But we still have a long way to go. The rough rule of thumb calls for one warden for every hundred people, -including deputy wardens and special wardens for factories, schools, hospitals and other institutions, and at least four or five wardens for each local post. That means something like 18,000 wardens, men and women both, for the whole of Connecticut. Perhaps to date we have upwards of 15,000. That leaves a great deal still to do. The whole organization has to be trained, locally and all together. Warden posts have to be set up and equipped. Report centers have to be organized and staffed. Practice exercises have to be held, many of them, small at first, and then larger and larger, -until the whole system can function smoothly, all the way through. Yes, we still have a long way to go in air raid precautions for civilian defense. But in the good Connecticut tradition we shall keep on going, all of us together, till the job is done. In ·the ·con­ necticut tradition, we shall do the job as right as we can and as fast as we know how,- "just in case!" QUOTATION FROM "STAFF MANUA L" Publis hed by t he Offic e of Civ il ian De fe nse

"It is the V.'arden Service which gels people into shelter when a raid warning is sent out; that clears the street ; that teaches and places the fire watchers; that takes charge when a bomb drops creating an 'incident.' Wardens call for and direct the other services to the points where they are needed; they direct non-medical bombing victims to the rest centers or other points of assembly, where the Emergency Food and Housing unit takes them in charge. Wardens look out for recovered property, and see that it is cared for until it is claimed by its rightful owners."

35 CONNECTICUT DISTRICT WARNING CENTERS

Bridge port District Warning Center Room on First Floor Center South side, combined Fire and Police Station 20 Thorm St. Bridgeport, Conn. Controller-STANLEY C. BURRITT Business- A. W. Burritt Lumber Co...... Tel. 5-5153 Home- 50 Jackman Ave .. Fairfield ...... Tel. 3-4852 Deputy (1st)- RICHARD G. DEMAREST, JR. Business- 241 John St...... Tel. 4-5188 Home- Moody Ave., Ext., Fairfield ...... Tel. 3-3453 Deputy (2nd) -JOHN H . IVES Business ...... Tel. 5-6726, 4-5136, 4-0184 Home- Parkway Drive, Long II ill ...... Tel. 4-594 7 Deputy (3rd)- HOWARD L. STONE Business- 239 Water SL...... Tel. 4-4191 Home- 304 Buena Vista Rd...... Tel. 4-0594

Danbury District Warning Cente r State Trade School Danbury, Conn. Controller- ROBERT J. DOBBS Business- State Trade School...... • ...... Tel. 446 Deputy (1st )-WALTER P. SWEET 74 Deer Hill Ave...... Tel. 5293 Deputy (2nd)- DENNIS M. CARROLL 35 Mountainville Ave...... , ...... Tel. 1967 Deputy (Jrd) -CLAUDE A. GATES Juniper Ridge ...... Tel. 2298

Hartford District Warning Center 720 Main Sl. Hartford, Conn. - Tel. 7-9 t7t Controller- ROBERT B. COOLIDGE Home- 11 Vardo n Rd., Wes t Hartford ...... Tel. 3-8264 Deputy (Jst) -ARNOLD W. RUSSELL Home- 338 No. Steele Road, West Hartford ...... Tel. 3-1604 Deputy (2nd)- LT. GEORGE N. ROBILLARD Business- 18 Asylum St...... Tel. 2-2737 Home- 53 Four Mile Rd., West Hartford...... Tel. 3-1582 Deputy (3rd) -LLOYD C. BACKER Busi ness- 125 Trumbull...... Tel. 2-6281 Home- 34 Ridgebrook Dr., W. H.. . . • ...... Tel. 3-8379 36 Deputy- MRS. RAYMOND A. GIBSON 115 No. Whitney Street Deputy- ROLAND STENZEL Business- 36 Pearl Street ...... , ...... Tel. 2-3175 Home- 12 Arnoldale Road ...... Tel. 3-0292 Deputy -C. EDWIN SMITH Business- 1400 Main Street...... Tel. 7-5123 Home- 31 Woodmere Road ...... Tel. 32-5056 Deputy-ROBERT T. ZINTL Business- 58 Allyn Street...... Tel. 2-8213 Home- 662 Farmington Avenue ...... Tel. 32-4917

Middletown District Warning Center Basement Room, Middlesex Ins. Co. Court & Broad Sts. Middletown, Conn. Controller- THOMAS M. RUSSELL Business- Russell Mfg. Co...... Tel. 1040 Home- Ridgewood St...... Tel. 32 Deputy (1st)- J. K. BOSEE Business- H. C. Robinson Co...... •.....Tel. 2468 Deputy (2nd)- ROBERT B. BRAINARD Business- Cor. Main & Washington Sts...... Tel. 72 Deputy (3rd) - WILLlAM R. CAMP Business- Middlesex Mutual Assurance Co., 210 Court St. Tel. 3000 New Haven District Warning Center Room 119 State Armory, Goffe St. New Haven, Conn. Controller- RICHARD S. JACKSON Business- New Haven Register, 367 Orange St...... Tel. 5-1121 Home- 871 Prospect St...... Tel. 5-4016 Deputy (1st) -H. GORDON SWEET Business- H. C. Rowe Co., Ferry St...... Tel. 4-2110 Home- Ridge Rd., Mt. Carmel...... Tel. 2-0441 Deputy (2nd) -ALBERT H. BARCLAY, Jr. Business- 129 Church St...... •...... Tel. 5-8077 Home- 661 Prospect St...... Tel. 5-3571

New London District Warning Center Room on Second Floor New Fire Co. Bldg. Niagara Engine Co. Bank St. New London, Conn.- Tel. 9300, 9154 Controller- CHARLES W. REDDEN Business- Modern Elec. Co., 153 Bank St...... Tel. 3776

Home- 183 Connecticut Ave...... 0 ••••••••• Tel. 5252 Deputy (1st)- ROBERT 0. BROWN Home- 100 Colman St...... Tel. 3789 Deputy (2nd)- GEORGE E. MACDOUGALL Business- New London Day ...... _ . . . . . _....Tel. 3°341

Home- 39 Berkeley Avenue ... _...... 0. Tel. 2-2635 37 Norw ich District Warn ing Center Town Hall Norwich, Conn. Controller- CHARLES GILBERT Business- Williams Tire & Sup. Co., 190 No. Main St..... Tel. 1600 Horne- 270 Washington St...... Tel. 2228 Deputy (lst)-JOHN W. CLARKE Business- Norwich State Hospital...... Tel . 416 Home- 32 Hedge Ave ...... Tel. 33-H]

Putnam District Warning Center Rear Room, Rafferty's Office 30 Pomfret St. P utnam, Conn.- Tel. 658, 659 Controller- WM. ]. F. RAFFERTY Business- 30 Pomfret St...... Tel. 300 Home- 32 Letters St...... , ...... Tel. 301 Deputy (tst)- T. BURKE BOWMAN (Inactive) Home- 103 Grove St...... Tel. 88-3 Deputy (2nd)- ELLIOTT D. DEAN Home- 79 Mechanic St...... Tel. 780 Deputy- JUSTIN M. S~liTH 27 Church St...... Tel. 123

Saybrook District Warning Center Basement Room Town Hall Saybrook, Conn.- Tel. 446 Controller- L. HORATIO BIGLOW, Jr. Home- Lyme ...... Tel. 135 Deputy (1st)- I. J. LAMAY Home - Saybrook...... Tel. 392 Deputy (2nd)- JOHN L. BREVOORT Home- Old Lyme...... Tel. Lyme 2 t 2

Torrington District Warning Center Office of Recreation Center Fuessenich Park Torrington, Coon.- Tel. 6565 Controller- h!AJOR WILL!Al\1 C. KRUSER Business- 8 Water St...... Tel. 9874 American Brass Co...... Tel. 3 ! 61 Home- IS Charles St...... •...... Tel. 7664 Deputy (1st)- EARL T. JARVIS Business- Torrington Savings Bank ...... Tel. 4698 Home- Box 76, RFD No.2 ...... Tel. 7486 Deputy (2nd) - K. D. SHELDON Business- Ford Sales Agency ...... •...... Tel. 6133 Home...... Tel. 2-040 1

38 Waterbu ry District Warning Center Basement Room Chamber of Commerce Building 7 Field St. Waterbury, Conn. Controller- MAJOR JOHN M. BURRALL Home - 41 Church St...... Tel. 4-6228 Deputy (1st)- FRANK J. GREEN Business - 7 Field St...... Tel. 4-6123 Home- 182 W. Main St...... Tel. 4-1057 Asst. to Controller -?.!ISS MARGARET C. KELLEY, 7 Field St.

Willimantic District Warning Center Ante-room of Town Hall Willima ntic, Conn. Co ntroller- J. ROAN Business ...... T el. 1148 Home- 77 Windham Rd. . .Tel. 373 Deputy (1st)- ROBERT WICKW.\RE Business- Teachers College...... Tel. 22 Home- 207 Lewiston Ave.. . . Tel. 653

Windsor Locks District Warn ing Center C. H . Dexter & Son, Rear Office 100 Canal Bank Windsor Locks, Conn. Controller- HERBERT WINGATE Business- Dexter Ollice ...... Tel. 140 Home- 14 ?.lain St...... Tel. 288 Deputy (1st)- DR. LEON M. HILDITCH Business - Suffield Office, 210 Main St. .. Tel. 149-12 Home- Main St. , Suffield ...... Tel. 118-5 Deputy (2nd)- ROBERT A. WALKER Business- Conn. Knitting Mills ...... Tel. 270 Home- 46 Center St...... Tel. 507-4

Stamford District Warning Center Singer l:!uildiiig 77 Bedford Street Stamford, Conn. Controller- SAMUEL N. PIERSON Business - 65 Broad St...... Tel. 4-1 II L Home- 160 Gl e nbrook Road .. . . Tel. 3-1225 Deputy (1st)- PHILIP BURTON Business- Za pon Co .. 269 Lud low St. .. Tel. 3-2 171 Home- 74 Forest Lawn Ave ...... Tel. 3-7503 Deputy (2nd)- ]ASPER J. JENKINS Business - Norma-Hoffman Co., Hamilton Ave...... Tel. 4-2 121 Home- 2 Howes Ave...... Tel. 4-2047

39 CONNECTICUT A IR RAID WARDEN ORGAN IZATION State A rmor y, Brood Street, Hartford

Governor Robert A. Hurley, Chairman Colonel Samuel H. Fisher, Administrator Major Herbert D. Gallaudet, Director, Air Raid Warden Schools Edward H. Davis, Director, Industrial Air Raid Warden Sc!Jools James M. Osborn, Assistant Director, Air Raid Warden Schools ]. Noyes Crary. Supervisor Miss Mary Ferguson, Assistant

Ch ief Air Raid Warde ns ANDOVER- Percy B. Cook, General Store ANSONIA- Thomas F. Davis, 48 Prospect Street ASHFORD- Leon Gardener, Warrenville AVON- Frederick A. Dimock, Jr., Moravia \Voods BARKHAMSTED- E. G . Jordan BEACON FALLS- C. E. Kiernan, Main Street BERLIN- E. Reed Hardy, Worthington Ridge BETHANY- Wallace S. Saxton, Carrington Road BETHEL- Herbert A. Webb, Sr. BETHLEHEM- Dwight Bennet BLOOMFIELD- William D. Barnes, 661 Bloomfield Avenue BOLTON- George Rose BOZRAH- J oseph Socha, South Road BRANFORD- R. Halstead Mills, Linden Avenue, Pine Orchard BRIDGEPORT- Sidney A. Johnson, 955 Main Street BRIDGEWATER-Alfred P. Hebard BRISTOL- J. Gordon Warner, 44 Washington St., Forestville BROOKFIELD- Clark Anderson, Brookfield Center BROOKLYN- Oliver Hargraves BURLINGTON- Art hur J. Reeves CANAAN- Frederick W. Kroehle CANTERBURY- P. Bradford Smith, R.F.D., Canterbury CANTON- Fritz Lofgren, Avon Heigllts CHAPLIN - B. M. Church, Town Hill Road CHESHIRE-John L. Kimberley, Sunset Ave., West Cheshire CHESTER- Robert Collom ore, General Store CLINTON- H. H. Pierce, Jr. COLCHESTER- Jack Broder COLEBROOK- Harold Phillips COLUMBIA-L. H. Williams CORNWALL- Roland Fenn COVENTRY- J ames C. Malcolm, Eagleville Road, South Coventry CROMWELL-Thomas Rose DANBURY- Alton Aldrich, 49 Locust Avenue DARIEN - Harold Hayes DERBY- Charles Little, 217 Elizabetll Street DURHAM -Philip Roberts

40 EASTFORD- Rev. George H. Reese EAST GRANBY- Kenneth M. Seymour EAST HADDAM- W. E. Nichols EAST HAMPTON- Howard J. Engel, Tartia District EAST HARTFORD- George Penney, 21 Oakwood St. EAST HAVEN- Allen B. Knight, 33 Frank Street EAST LYME- Tracy Beckwith EASTON- F. H. Hubbell EAST WINDSOR- James McDermott, Warehouse Point ELLINGTON- George N. Brigham, 33 Elizabeth St., Rockville ENFIELD- Frank Ashland, 1476 Enfield Street, TboropsonviU~ ESSEX- Llewellyn Mack, Jr., Grandview Terrace FAIRFIELD- Richard M. Brett, Congress Street FARMINGTON- Philip Barney FRANKLIN- R. A. Race, No. Franklin GLASTONBURY- John C. Dufford, South Glastonbury GOSHEN- Harry W. Greene, West Goshen GRANBY- Fred H. Kendall GREENWICH- Wro. W. Brainard, Jr., Echo Brook GRISWOLD- George Prior GROTON- Joseph Santin GUILFORD- H. B. Clark, 21 Boston Street HADDAM- Philip W. Porter, Higganum HAMDEN- Douglas Weeks HAMPTON- Clarence M. Webster HARTFORD- Charles A. Welch, 121 Branford Street HARTLAND- Stanley Ransom HARWINTON- Roger Dennett HEBRON- Carleton H. Jones KENT- Robert Nisbet, South Kent KILLINGLY- Kenneth Everett, 46 Reynolds Street, Danielson KILLINGWORTH- J. Wm. Steadman LEBANON- Walter E. Burgess LEDYARD- Frederick H. Moulton LISBON- Earle M. Palmer LITCHFrELD- Edward Pikosky LYME-John S. Graves MADISON- Milburn R. Palin, 157 Church Street, New Haven MANCHESTER- Thomas Weir MANSFIELD- Winthrop Tilley, Storrs MARLBOROUGH- Barney L. Ofshay, East Hampton MERIDEN- Spencer H. Miller, 718 Broad Street MIDDLEBURY- L. Gordon Knowlton, Christian Road MIDDLEFIELD -A.]. Griffin,% Lyman Gunsight Corp. MIDDLETOWN- Keith W. Atkinson, Pine Street Ext. MILFORD- Dr. Carl S. Maddocks MONROE- William A. Erhardt, Jr. MONTVILLE- Harry J. Bell, Uncasville MORRIS- Charles Pack NAUGATUCK-E.]. Weaving, 87 Homestead Avenue NEW BRITAIN- Ray E. Shepherd, 244 Vine Street NEW CANAAN- Frank E. Strong NEW FAIRFIELD- M. C. Loewe, Jr. NEW HARTFORD- Henry N. Loomis NEW HAVEN- John McCurdy, YMCA, Howe Street NEWINGTON- Charles B. Russell, 796 Main Street, Newington NEW LONDON- Waldo E. Clarke. State Pier NEW MILFORD- Ernest Schultz, R.F.D. No. 2, Carmen Hill NEWTOWN- George M. Stuart NORFOLK- John F. Dyer NORTH BRANFORD- R. Earle Beers and Mrs. N. A. Harrison NORTH CANAAN- E. Ray Laffargue, Canaan (Salisbury Road) NORTH HAVEN- A. Herbert Carlson, Washington Avenue NORTH STONINGTON- C. Ernest Gray NORWALK- Eric C. Malmquist, 16 Beacon Street NORWICH- Arthur J. Mullen

41 OLD LYME- Merle Bugbee OLD SA\'BROOK- Creighton .Magoun ORANGE- J. C. Neff, 47 Hillcrest Road OXFORD- Cyrus J. Shelton PLAINFIELD- Julian Champagne, Moosup PLAINVILLE- Pierce U. Clark, lSJ W . .Main ~treeL PLYMOUTH- W. H. \Vhear, Box 257, Terryville POMFRET- Benjamin Grosvenor, 2nd, Pomfret Center PORTLAND- Nathan Cohen, 26 ~larlb<•rough St. PRESTON- Robert Hafner, R.F.D. N'o. I, Nonvich PROSPECT- Carl Canfield, R .F .D. :\u. 2, Waterbury PUTNAM- Henry J, Dubois, 288 School Street REDDING- Richard V. Johnson RIDGEFIELD- Michael Bruno ROCKY HILL- Raymond B. Thiesen, 3 Garden Street ROXBURY- John Pickett SALEM - Hon. Donald A. Fraser SALISBURY- George P. Milmine, Lakeville SAYBROOK- Rudolph Malchodi SCOTLAND- L. G. Moffitt SEYMOUR- Leon E. Clark, 42 Gilyard Street SHARON- Edward W. Hutchinson, Route I, Caulkinstown SHELTON- Caleb S. Hull, 159 Division Avenue SIIER'.IAN- Howard Hueston SIMSBURY- Henry James SOMERS- Michael F. Wallace, Somersville SOUTHBURY- Howard G. B. Clark, 26 Bronson Street SOUTHINGTON- Joseph Thalberg SOUTH WINDSOR-A. J. Carney, Rye Street SPRAGUE-Leo LaCroix STAFFORD- William Sorensen, Stafford Springs STAMFORD- Jordan W. Lambert, Newfield Avenue STERLING- Russell Gallup STONINGTON- A. H. Gildersleeve STRATFORD-MajorVernon S. Morchousr. 915 li:. Jlroodway SUFFIELD- George E. Algar, No. Main Street THOMASTON- Albert B. Ebner, 59 Grove Street THOMPSON- Theodore Chaput, N. Grosvenordale TOLLAND- I. Tilden Jewett TORRINGTON- Phillip M. Nigro, 41 Buller Street TRUMBULL -Irwin E. Friedman, 955 Main Street, Bridgeport UNION- Silas Newell VERNON- John F. Dailey, Jr., 41 Grove St., Rockville VOLUNTOWN- William H. Kaufman WALLINGFORD- Craig D. Munson, International ~ilver Co., :.lerirlen WARREN- William E. Reed is away. II. R. Stockman, Acting Chief Air Raid Warden WASH! GTON- Roger Hotchkiss, New Preston WATERBURY -tames J. Curtin WATERFORD- eRoy L. Leister, P. 0. Box 1027, New London WATERTOWN- Melvin C. Freeman, Coulter Street, Oakville WESTBROOK -August Neidlinger WEST HARTFORD- Vincent Wilcox, Jr., 28 Stratford Road WEST HAVEN- James W. Gilbert, 406 Kelsey Street WESTON- Edward C. James WESTPORT- Thomas E. Freeman WETHERSFIELD- Carl K. Parsons. 294 Ridge Rrl. WILLINGTON- Stephen Hockla, West Willington Wm. Pardus, South Willington WILTON- John 0. Disbrow, South Wilton WINCHESTER- Walter G. Franklin, 5 Thorp Terrace WINDHAM- N. C. Bortolan WINDSOR- Robert D. Morse, 24 Ridgewood Road WINDSOR LOCKS- Charles 0. Bidwell WOLCOTT- Chacles D. Gibson. R. F.D. No. 1, Waterbury WOODBRIDGE- Clar~nc~ Baldwin. Race Brook Road WOODBURY- Paul Cassidy WOODSTOCK- Theodore Cox

42