Gilman, Colorado: from Metal Mining Frontier to Colorado's Most

Gilman, Colorado: From Metal Mining Frontier to Colorado’s Most Successful Company Town By Gregory Brill nyone driving south on Highway 24 from Minturn, Colo- rado, will pass a most peculiar ghost town about five miles up the road. A long, C-shaped turn along the flank of BattleA Mountain reveals a large mine looming over the hillside, with several rows of modest, abandoned houses along a steep hillside below it. Upon closer observation, the modern construction of these houses becomes unmistakable, as does the fact that they haven’t been inhabited for decades. The houses gradually fade from view, but at the end of the long turn, lies a road into town closed off by a large metal gate bearing a prominent sign warning that “trespassers will be prosecuted.” Those bold enough to disregard the sign would likely be shocked by what they would find inside: homes filled with furniture and appli- ances, trucks left behind in a garage, a bowling alley with a few random pins strewn around the broken lanes, a hospital with x-ray images scattered everywhere, an administration building with company documents left in the drawers of the desks, a chalkboard in the shaft house covered with the names of the employees who worked the mine’s last shift, and a cage perched over the mine shaft waiting to be lowered. This is Gilman, Colorado, an abandoned, modern zinc-mining town that begs for an explanation. Gilman’s early history fits within the broad pattern of Colorado’s late-nineteenth-century mining industry, but it was the most successful of all the Battle Mountain settlements that emerged after Leadville’s silver boom. Early Gilman resident and local historian, Mrs. J. A. Thomp- son, described a flourishing boomtown inhabited by eastern capitalists and rugged mountain outlaws alike. Thompson’s Gilman was a place that “took the cake at that time.”1 80 2010 Mining History Journal Looking down on Gilman housing. The main shaft is left of center in the photo. Stacks of mine timbers are to the right of the shaft. A small section of U.S. Highway 24 can be seen at the upper left. Photographer: Byron Stanley. (Courtesy of the Eagle County Historical Society, Eagle Valley Library District.) By the last years of the Progressive Era, the During and after World War II, Gilman’s im- Empire Zinc division of New Jersey Zinc Compa- mense zinc output played an essential role in the ny had converted Gilman into a company town by U.S. military effort. In 1951, Denver Post s t a ff consolidating most of its many mines into one gi- writer Art Kirkham called Gilman “a small but ant mechanized monolith named the Eagle Mine, entirely complete-community [sic]” that “is work- and by rebuilding and maintaining total control ing these days with revitalized energy to supply of the town. This marked the beginning of a long a nation arming for defense with vitally needed period of corporate paternalism, and of Gilman’s zinc.” Fourteen years later, Eagle County histori- steady rise to prominence as one of America’s lead- ans MacDonald Knight and Leonard Hammock ing zinc producers. In 1921, journalist Walter W. declared the New Jersey Zinc Company—which Phippeny looked at Gilman from the perspective had at that point accomplished a sixty-year stretch of the utilitarian ideal that had carried over from of highly productive mining—an essential part of the Gilded Age. He asserted that the American the Eagle County economy. They claimed that flag he saw posted on top of the Gilman grade “the towns of Redcliff, Gilman, and Minturn owe school “means more to us than ever before. It is their prosperity to the payroll of the company” the symbol that typifies the aggressiveness of true and “to a lesser extent, the towns of the lower part Americans.”2 of the valley are also benefited.”3 Gilman, Colorado 81 By the late 1970s, the Eagle Mine had over- In 2002, former Eagle Mine shift boss William taxed its metal reserves, and with zinc prices Burnett published The Eagle on Battle Mountain plummeting, Gilman’s period as a company town at Gilman: Colorado and My Life as I Remember rapidly came to an end. The company abandoned through the Eagle Valley library district. Around the town in 1985, and in 1986 Gilman and re- the same time journalists in Eagle County began lated Empire Zinc properties were designated as to show renewed interest in Gilman’s history, in a Superfund site by the Environmental Protection large part due to southern real estate mogul Bob- Agency. by Ginn’s 2005 announcement of his intention to Two years later, an EPA-approved initiative build a private ski and golf community on Battle by New Jersey Zinc’s parent company, Paramount Mountain. If the current owners of the Gilman Communications, to pump discarded wastewater town site, The Crave Group, complete their back into the Eagle Mine caused massive contam- planned five thousand-acre mixed-used develop- ination of the Eagle River. By the spring of 1990, ment and private ski club, Gilman will become the an orange sludge coated rocks on the Eagle River, latest of many Colorado mining towns with reme- blew out of snow guns at Beaver Creek ski resort, diation issues to enter the state’s ski industry. and even coated toilet bowls in Minturn, causing Gilman’s 106-year life is in several ways excep- widespread public outrage. The resulting cleanup tional among mining-turned-resort towns such as lasted fourteen years and cost Paramount at least Crested Butte, Aspen, Breckenridge, and Silver- $70 million dollars.4 ton. It was one of the few mining towns in Colo- The Iron Mask Mine near Gilman before it was destroyed by a fire in 1886. Wood is scattered at the upper right from a house that was blasted to prevent a fire from spreading, c. 1885. (Courtesy of the Eagle County Historical Society, Eagle Valley Library District.) 82 2015 Mining History Journal rado with over seventy years of nearly continuous Mine in its initial phase of development: mass production during the twentieth century, with about $328 million in total production as of In the upper portion were found caves 1972, and was the state leader in total zinc rev- large enough for a camp meeting, con- enues. taining various grotesque and beautiful During this time Empire Zinc’s experiment in crystallizations, supplemented by solid corporate paternalism was remarkably successful ore bodies, glistening in the glare of the in forestalling unions, experiencing about thirty- candles, making a veritable Arabian five years of relative stability. This essay, the first Nights entertainment, suggesting a desire of a two-part history of Gilman, tells the story of in the minds of the explorers to become a a boomtown that transformed into a model twen- possessor of only a small portion of such tieth-century mining operation, while camouflag- a mint of precious metals. ing common industry-wide problems of class dis- parity and ethnic discrimination. It also tells the The dream may have been a romantic one, but story of a distinctive western American folk com- many of the early prospectors likely enjoyed the munity that embraced some aspects of modernity thrill of the chase more than the fruition. Most and rejected others. profitable claims were quickly sold to mining en- trepreneurs for far less than they were worth.6 The Rough Life, 1879-1887 Shortly after the arrival of the first prospectors, a triumvirate consisting of Walter Scott Leadville’s silver boom caused that city’s an- Cheesman, a Chicago emigrant turned Denver nual metal production to balloon from $670,000 railroad and utilities tycoon; Judge D. D. Belden, in 1877 to $2,500,000 in 1878. Within a year, a prominent Redcliff citizen; and G. W. Clay- the biggest mining bonanza in Colorado’s his- ton gained control over many of Battle Moun- tory stretched northward into the Battle Moun- tain’s most promising properties, including the tain region, and several mining camps sprang up Cleveland Group, the Eagle Bird Group, and the after prospectors discovered lead-silver ore bod- Belden Mine. Several other early mine owners ies around present-day Redcliff. By 1880, Battle and prominent Battle Mountain citizens were Mountain had a smelter, a sawmill, and a min- eastern capitalists, among them Iron Mask Mine ing district with elected officers to settle disputes superintendent Henry M. Gilman. These men in- about the scores of scattered mining claims. The vested a tremendous amount of money into con- Denver and Rio Grande Railway reached Redc- solidated mining enterprises and, in turn, spurred liff on November 20, 1881, and quickly extended the growth of several early Battle Mountain com- through Eagle River Canyon, with stations at munities.7 Belden, below the Gilman town site, and at Min- Between 1880 and 1884, Battle Mountain turn. Development surged in 1882 and Redcliff mines produced $1,933,884 in metals. A sig- quickly became Battle Mountain’s first boom- nificant portion of this output was derived from town, with two saloons, several hotels, an opera properties near the Clinton and Rock Creek house, and several other businesses.5 town sites in present-day upper and lower Gilman The first wave of Battle Mountain prospectors respectively. Mines such as the Little Chief, Iron explored the region rapidly. In an early history of Mask, Belden, and Black Iron, which became the Gilman, written around 1939, Ole A. Gustafson core components of the Eagle Mine, produced offered a rare glimpse into the allure of getting ores with significant lead and silver concentra- there first in his description of the Iron Mask tions.

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