Mary Meigs Atwater: the Many Lives of an American New Woman
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MARY MEIGS ATWATER: THE MANY LIVES OF AN AMERICAN NEW WOMAN b y Mary Ann Biehl A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in American Studies MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana May 2020 ©COPYRIGHT by Mary Ann Biehl 2020 All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION For Mary Meigs Atwater and Isabelle Mary Fern. iii ACKNOLWEDGMENTS Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my doctoral committee chair, Dr. Walter Fleming, for his continuous support, patience, and guidance in helping me finish this dissertation. Additionally, I would like to thank the rest of my committee, professors Robert Rydell, Sara J ayne Steen, and Jan Zauha , for their encouragement, insightful comments, and constructive questions. I would also like to thank my sister, Katie Biehl, for helping with requesting, organizing, and transcribing many letters, as well as her extensive geneal ogy work. The staff at Rauner Special Collections Library at Dartmouth College, the Hagley Museum and Library in Delaware, the Butte - Silver B ow Public Archives, and the Montana Historical Society were immensely helpful. My personal thanks go to them as well as to the Orr Family, particularly Carol Orr, for sharing remembrances and photographs. I thank Charlotte Crowder, who loaned me her bound copy of The Six Little Meigs Girls (that belonged to her father) , and Libby Green, who shared some sketches that her grandmother, Louisa Meigs Green, had written when compiling that extensive genealogy. To the Interweave Press, I am grateful they ga v e my f amily the original autobiographical sketches written by Mary Meigs Atwater and the numerous Atwater letters they had been storing, on the promise that I donate them to an archive where they can be preserved. These rich primary sources have added so much to my project. Last, but not least, I extend m uch gratitude to my family for their support and patience as I spent a decade taking classes, researching, and writing this dissertation; their selfless ness in caring for my daughter – for many , many hours – so I could complete my doctorate is especially appreciated. iv TABL E OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 1 American Studies Reflexive Bricoleur ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 Herstories ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................ 3 Historical and Cultural Context ................................ ................................ ............ 13 2. CAPTER ONE: THE S IX LITTLE MEIGS GIRLS (1878 - 1893) ................................ ........................... 2 2 General Montgomery C. Meigs and Louisa Rodgers Meigs ................................ ....................... 2 3 Montgomery Meigs and Grace Lynde Meigs ................................ ................................ ............. 30 Mary, Louisa, Grace, Alice, Cornelia, and Frances ................................ ................................ ..... 3 5 3. CHAPTER TWO: THE FIN DE SI È CLE ARTIST (1894 - 1902) ................................ ........................... 4 4 4. CHAPTER THREE: THE MINING ENGINEER’S WIFE (1903 - 1916) ................................ ................ 7 5 A New Life in the West ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 80 Telluride, Colorado ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 80 Baker City, Oregon ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 9 3 La Paz, Bolivia ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 10 8 Black Mountain Mine: Magdalena, Mexico ................................ ................................ .............. 11 8 Estrella del Norte Mine: Chihuahua, Mexico ................................ ................................ ............ 1 2 2 Butte, Montana ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 12 6 Women’s Clubs in Butte ................................ ................................ ................................ 12 8 The School Board Election of Saturday, 5 April 1913 ................................ ........ 1 3 2 Basin, Montana ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 1 4 1 5 . CHAPTER FOUR: THE WEAVER EMERGES (1916 - 1922) ................................ ............................ 14 8 The Flu Epidemic of 1918 - 1920 ................................ ................................ ................................ 15 5 Army Service During World War I ................................ ................................ ............................ 15 9 Max’s Death ................................ ................................ ................................ .............................. 16 4 6. CHAPTER FIVE: THE PIONEERING BUSINESSWOMAN (1923 - 1947) ................................ ......... 17 9 The Shuttle - Craft Weaving Company ................................ ................................ ....................... 17 9 Grace Sophronia Meigs Crowder ................................ ................................ ............................. 1 8 3 Black Beaver Fur Farms, Inc. ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 1 9 4 The Stock Market Crash of 1929. ................................ ................................ ............................. 20 9 Emily Frances Pauline Fay Meigs Fales. ................................ ................................ .................... 2 1 5 Louisa Rodgers Meigs Green ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 2 2 2 Cornelia Lynde Meigs ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 2 2 4 Betty Goes to College ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 2 30 v TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Alice McKinstry Meigs Orr ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 2 3 2 The Bear Creek Ranch Debacle ................................ ................................ .......... 2 3 3 Monty, the Soldier Skier Writer ................................ ................................ ............................... 23 7 War, Politics, and Eugenics ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 23 9 Guatemala Visited ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 2 4 4 7 . CHAPTER SIX: THE DEAN OF AMERICAN HAND - WEAVING (1947 - 1956) ................................ 24 7 Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 2 50 REFERENCES CITED ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 2 5 4 APPENDICES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 2 7 5 APPENDIX A: Supplemental Images ................................ ................................ ................ 2 7 6 APPENDIX B: Letter from Mary Meigs to Grace L. Meigs, 20 June 1894 ........................ 3 20 vi ABSTRAC T This dissertation explores the various parts of one woman’s life, chronologically but also thematically. Mary Meigs Atwater, known among a group of artisans as the Dean of American Hand - Weaving, was a New Woman, born in 1878 in a time when Victorian Americ an ideals of the Cult of Domesticity dominated society’s conscripted gender roles. However, throughout her life, she proved herself to be a pioneer in many fields, regardless of societal norms. Through study and utilization of primary documents – letters a nd memoirs serving as the dominant sources – I have divided this dissertation, and her life, into six chapters : “The Six Little Meigs Girls (1878 - 1893) , ” “ The Fin de Siècle Artist (1894 - 1902) , ” “The Mining Engineer’s Wife (1903 - 1916) , ” “The Weaver Emerges (1916 - 1922) , ” “The Pioneering Businesswoman (1923 - 1947) , ” and “The Dean of American Hand - Weaving (1947 - 1956) . ” Throughout the dissertation are the stories of Mary’s five sisters, who also led extraordinary lives. The three takeaways from this dissertation are: 1) Mary Meigs Atwater was more than just a weaving pioneer – she was a pioneer in every occupation and task she pursued; 2) the symmetries between events of the past and present are incredibly evident through analysis; and 3) just as Mary Meigs Atwate r resurrected weaving during a time of machine - made textiles, humans of the 21 st century must continue to create beauty with their hands as technology advances and the Artificial Intelligence automation of professions threatens to make the Humanities obsol ete. 1 INTRODUCTION American Studies Reflexive