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Note N° 06/12 note n° 06/12 Valérie Niquet Maître de recherche à la Fondation pour la Recherche Stratégique La réunion de l’APN et les turbulences politiques : évaluation de la stabilité du régime chinois (3 juillet 2012) Big power is big money and big power gets used wrong. It’s the system. Adapté de Raymond Chandler, The Long Good Bye1 La réunion annuelle de l’Assemblée populaire – c’est le moins que l’on puisse dire – s’avère nationale (APN) s’est tenue du 5 au 15 mars 2012 moins « harmonieuse » qu’annoncée. Les consé- dans un climat de crise, sans doute la plus grave quences de cette crise sont difficiles à prévoir : que la Chine ait connue depuis l’élimination du entre accélération des réformes et choix du repli dauphin proclamé de Mao Zedong, Lin Biao, en deux écoles continuent de s’exprimer. Le régime 1971. Le premier résultat de cette crise – comme a fait preuve jusqu’à aujourd’hui d’une capacité dans le cas de l’affaire Lin Biao – a été de fractu- de redressement et d’adaptation remarquable, rer l’image idéal – d’idéalisme et de pureté révo- toutefois, alors que les défis auxquels la Chine lutionnaire il y quarante ans, d’efficacité et de fait face s’intensifient, la marge de manœuvre normalisation aujourd’hui – que la RPC et le ré- tend à se réduire. gime chinois avaient réussi à imposer aux yeux Par le seul effet de masse de son économie, la du monde, mais aussi, bien que dans une moin- Chine pèse d’un poids majeur sur la scène inter- dre mesure, aux yeux du peuple chinois. nationale, mais le fonctionnement de pans en- La crise que la Chine traverse aujourd’hui se dé- tiers de cette économie : course aux matières roule par ailleurs dans un climat d’incertitude premières, croissance massive du marché du renforcé à la veille d’une transition politique qui luxe, prédominance du secteur des infrastructu- res et de la construction, surconsommation éner- chés traditionnels (UE-US-Japon) et conquérir gétique, dépendent de la survie d’un modèle de de nouveaux marchés, préserver et développer plus en plus menacé y compris – comme le dé- les industries de main-d’œuvre et augmenter le voile aujourd’hui l’affaire Bo Xilai - par ses crises niveau qualitatif du made in China. internes. Comme le démontre ce document, en dépit des discours à usage externe, la Chine n’a pas les Une session pour rien ? moyens d’une croissance trop ralentie et la remi- se en cause radicale du modèle de développe- Dans ce contexte mêlant attentisme à la veille du ment – tiré par les grandes régions exportatrices XVIIIème congrès du PCC censé entériner l’arri- comme le Guangdong, le Jiangsu et le Zhejiang, vée au pouvoir d’une « cinquième génération de qui à elles seules représentent plus de 30 % du dirigeants », et tensions, la session annuelle de PIB de la RPC, pourrait avoir des conséquences l’APN qui s’est tenue au mois de mars 2012 n’a dramatiques sur une stabilité sociale déjà fragile. pas été l’occasion d’annonces majeures en de- hors d’une révision de la loi de procédure crimi- Si l’expression des mécontentements demeure nelle, censée mieux contrôler les arrestations sporadique et dispersée il n’est pas sans signifi- arbitraires. Les progrès en la matière, en l’absen- cation qu’en 2011 plus de 180 000 ce de bouleversements plus profonds, seront « mouvements sociaux » aient été recensés. Les sans doute limités comme le démontre la gestion désillusions à l’égard du pouvoir renforcent les actuelle des affaires par les instances du parti, attentes en matière économique, imposant aux hors de tout système légal au niveau local com- autorités une « tyrannie de la croissance » qui ne me au niveau national2. peut que limiter leur marge de manœuvre en matière de rééquilibrage des échanges. Ceci au L’APN a également adopté le XIIème plan quin- risque de renforcer les tensions avec des parte- quennal qui, comme son prédécesseur, insiste naires économiques devenus plus intransigeants sur la nécessité de rééquilibrer le modèle de face à la puissance chinoise. croissance, et défini les « tâches principales » pour 2012. La priorité, en période de crise éco- Comme le soulignait une conférence sur l’écono- nomique mondiale et de tensions sociales, est mie qui s’est tenue à Pékin au mois de décembre donc de poursuivre « un développement écono- 2011, qui reprenait elle-même l’un des thèmes mique stable », entre récession et surchauffe, principaux du rapport de la Banque mondiale lutter contre l’inflation tout en évitant les risques sur la Chine en 20305, il s’agit en effet pour Pé- d’un trop fort ralentissement de la croissance, kin d’éviter le « middle income trap » (piège du « accélérer le développement des campagnes » revenu moyen), où plus précisément de redeve- en élargissant le système du revenu minimum3. nir très pauvre avant de s’être véritablement en- Dans le même temps, Pékin doit également accé- richie. Ceci d’autant plus que le revenu moyen lérer la réforme du modèle de développement, mentionné dans ce rapport est très inégalement renforcer les « bases scientifiques » du pays et réparti. « élever le niveau de vie des gens par la mise en place d’un système social réaliste ». La priorité est également à l’amélioration de l’offre culturel- Un contexte difficile qui nourrit le le, qui tient à la capacité de soft power du régime débat sur les réformes chinois et s’apparente plutôt au renforcement du Depuis la crise de 2008, et même si la RPC a travail de propagande prôné par les organes cen- poursuivi une croissance remarquable comme traux du parti communiste lors d’une réunion d’ailleurs l’ensemble des pays émergents, les op- qui s’est tenue à l’automne 2011. tions qui s’offrent au régime chinois tendent à se réduire alors que les tentations protectionnistes Il s’agit également de poursuivre une politique se renforcent à l’échelle mondiale, particulière- d’ouverture « de qualité » et – point essentiel – ment dans les grands marchés matures euro- de préserver le commerce extérieur4. Loin du péens et américains, et que dans le même temps discours officiel sur le rééquilibrage des échan- les attentes de la population chinoise – et no- ges très répandu à l’étranger, le rapport – en chi- tamment la population rurale qui s’élève à plus nois - précise que, « si l’on insiste sur la deman- de 800 millions de personnes - se font plus pres- de intérieure, il ne faut pas oublier l’importance santes face aux inégalités croissantes6. vitale de la demande extérieure pour notre déve- loppement ». Le rapport appelle donc à lutter Dans son discours d’introduction prononcé à contre « toutes les formes de protectionnisme l’APN, le Premier ministre Wen Jiabao, a men- tout en consolidant les outils d’aide à l’export tionné une croissance de 7,5 % pour l’année pour les entreprises chinoises ». Il faut « tenir 20127. Un chiffre qui sera certainement dépassé les deux bouts » : à la fois « consolider les mar- à la fin de l’année mais qui se rapproche dange- 2 reusement du plancher de 7 % un temps men- quiété pour sa proximité avec Bo Xilai dénonçait tionné par l’ancien président Jiang Zemin com- également la « pourriture interne de la corrup- me limite à ne pas franchir pour préserver les tion »11. équilibres sociaux. En effet, si la population chi- Pour lutter contre ces dérives, les réformateurs noise vieillit, elle doit toujours intégrer annuelle- prônent, reprenant ainsi les conclusions du rap- ment des cohortes massives de nouveaux travail- port de la Banque mondiale, une amélioration leurs, dont le nombre dépasserait 15 millions globale de la gouvernance : gouvernance politi- annuellement. que avec une réforme des institutions et des or- Par ailleurs, si certains continuent de mettre en ganes de l’Etat et du parti, mais également réfor- avant l’amélioration remarquable de la situation me de la gouvernance économique qui touche- de la population chinoise lorsqu’on la compare rait d’abord les grandes entreprises d’Etat ou aux périodes du Grand bond en avant et de la publiques. Un article récent du Quotidien du Révolution culturelle dans les facteurs de légiti- peuple, en en niant la réalité, reconnaissait im- mité du pouvoir, des générations entières n’ont plicitement la réalité d’un « capitalisme d’Etat » aujourd’hui pas connu ces périodes dramatiques très défavorable aux intérêts des PME et des en- et nourrissent au contraire des frustrations face treprises étrangères12. aux inégalités croissantes. Ce sentiment d’insa- Dans un mouvement de « dé-bureaucrati- tisfaction et d’injustice social, explique le succès sation », il s’agit pour les organes du Parti et de indéniable des courants néo-maoïstes dont s’est l’Etat de se retirer de la vie des entreprises et de inspiré le chef du parti de Chongqing et son l’organisation de la société pour se concentrer mouvement de reprise des « chants rou- sur la mise en œuvre d’un environnement plus ges » (chang hong) directement inspirés des épi- favorable au développement en renforçant le sodes les plus exaltés de la geste maoïste. Ce sen- système légal et la réglementation, en améliorant timent explique aussi le soutien que Bo Xilai la qualité de la recherche et en libéralisant des continue de recevoir dans les couches les plus secteurs clefs comme ceux de la finance. La défavorisées de la population de Chongqing qui a condamnation à mort récente de Wu Ying, une pu bénéficier de son programme dynamique de femme entrepreneur de la région de Wen Zhou, 8 construction de logements sociaux .
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