Moldova* Climate Facts and Policy

MOLDOVA* CLIMATE FACTS AND POLICY

1 12.8 MILLION tCO2e POLICIES AND PROCESSES 3.6 TONNES PER CAPITA Policy framework Moldova 2020 national development strategy Environmental strategy for 2014-2023 Energy strategy until 2030 National energy efficiency programme for 2011-2020 EU-Moldova Association agreement Energy efficiency and energy savings, renewable energy, reducing GHG emissions 2030 targets and INDC Mitigation Base year: 1990 Unconditional target for 2030: 64-67 per cent reduction of emissions compared to base year Conditional target for 2030: 78 per cent reduction of emissions compared to base year

Adaptation priorities Agriculture, water resources, health, forestry, energy, transport and road infrastructure GHG inventory of all sectors and gases First biennial update report to UNFCCC Report on national GHG inventory system National inventory report to UNFCCC 3.6 1,843 Third national communication to UNFCCC MILLION US $ POPULATION PER CAPITA 95% GDP OF TOTAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION FROM FOSSIL FUELS CLIMATE ACTIONS GHG emissions Sources: Third national communication; 2013 emissions were 12.8 million tСО2e, or 0.03 per cent of current global emissions demographic, energy and economic data Greenhouse gas intensity of GDP decreased by 56 per cent between 1990 and 2013 from World Development Indicators of World Bank: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ Adaptation actions National climate change adaptation strategy until 2020 and its implementation plan 1 This publication does not include the data Development of adaptation strategies for health, transport, forestry and agriculture sectors from the administrative territorial units on Mainstreaming adaptation measures into local development plans, and implementation of pilot projects the left bank of the Dniester River Adaptation framework for the Dniester River basin (Transnistria).

*The full constitutional name of the country is the Republic of Moldova. CLIMATE FINANCE EU €883 million for increasing energy efficiency and renewables during 2009-2014 Renewable energy, energy efficiency, low emissions capacity-building programme, green economy, biomass market, (ecosystem-based) climate adaptation

EBRD Moldovan Sustainable Energy Financing Facility

UNDP Disaster and climate risk reduction Urban energy efficiency (with GEF)

World Bank Energy efficiency and emissions reduction

Austrian Development Cooperation Climate adaptation planning Kamyanets- Podilsky Novo-Dniester Uman Kamyanets- Reservoir Podilsky Novo-Dniester Uman Reservoir Mohyliv Podilsky P Mohyliv riv d. Podilsky B Pr u S C iv h y a d n Chernivtsi i . y Briceni n B u a S u k r y h h C n a a Chernivtsi i y Briceni n u a Edinet k r UKRAINEh

a R Edinet a u UKRAINE t Soroca R a Drochia Cotesti-Stincau C Pervomaysk t Soroca u Reservoir b Camenca Drochia o Pervomaysk Cotesti-Stinca C lt u a Reservoir b Camenca D o n l ie t s a D te T Botosani Floresti r a Balti n Kodym ie s t T er Ribnita Botosani Floresti r a Balti Kodym Rezina

Suceava Ribnita Singerei r

Falesti Rezina a

Suceava J Singerei ROMANIAĳ T a y Falestiia li h n u J l ROMANIAĳ R T M a y o ia u Dubasari lih ld S MOLDOVA t n u o i Reservoir l va r R s Energy and emissionsM e a t Dubasari V ol u e d S MOLDOVA t l o i Reservoir . va r Orhei s K Energy and emissions e n S u Energy and emissionst K V e Calarasi Ic e y Ungheni h u l r. a el c . K ln Fossil fuel energy installations and carbon emissions Orhei Dubasari S h K u y n u u B Calarasi I K e y y k c i u r r a is Ungheni h . h a e Straseni c l l t l K a n n r h y Fossil fuel energy installationsi and carbon emissions Iasi Dubasari u n y t u B a Grigoriopol y k k i r a i h s Straseni s l t CO emissions from thermal power plants, a n r 2 y i Iasi n ta Pietra Neamt Nisporeni Grigoriopol k Bicaz Roman Chisinau million tonnes per year: s t CO2 emissions from thermal power plants, Projected pipelines to connect Moldova Pietra Neamt Nisporeni Bicaz Roman Chisinau million tonnes per year: to European energy community t r more than 1 Thermal power plant Projected pipelines to connect MoldovaP Bi r c to European energy community u (coal/oil/gas) t Tiraspol more than 1 Thermal power plant P r Bic Tighina i r Hincesti K u o t B Tiraspol 0.1 — 1 (coal/oil/gas) h o Slobozia y t i l Tighinan a Vaslui Hincesti K n a o y Causeni 0.1 — 1 0.001 — 0.1 h B k Slobozia y o l tn a Vaslui n a Bacau y Causeni 0.001 — 0.1 Leova k Cimislia Bacau Yuzhny O Cimislia Darmanesti d Leova l Odessa t la Yuzhny r O a Darmanesti d l B Basarabeasca Odessa t Pipelines la Dniester r T a S ro B Basarabeasca Lyman t Comrat a Pipelines u r Dniester Oil / gas / gas, planneds Barlad a Chornomorsk t T g S ro a Lyman t Comrat u a u p l r Oil / gas / gas, planneds Barlad Ceadir- a Chornomorsk a I t Bilhorod- g a u Lunga p l Ceadir- Dnistrovsky a I Bilhorod- Renewable energy installations Lunga Dnistrovsky Renewable energy installations Cahul Taraclia Biogas plant (mainly biogas) Hydropower stations Cahul Taraclia Biogas plant (mainly biogas) HydropowerFocsani stations Vulcanesti Installed capacity: Focsani Vulcanesti Installed capacity: 600 — 750 KW S ir 600 — 750 KW et B l a c k S e a 450 KW — 600 KW S Galati ire B l a c k S e a 450 KW — 600 KW t Less than 450 KW Galati Izmayil Less than 450 KW Braila Izmayil

e Buzau Braila b 0 50 km au u Buz n e a Forests (highBuzau CO2 absorption potential) b D Tulcea 0 50 km au u Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2016 Buz n a Forests (high CO2 absorption potential) D Tulcea Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2016

Policies and institutions

The Ministry of Environment has the main responsibility for policy- gramme for 2011-2020 and its Action plan aim for an overall making in climate change. The Climate Change Office within the Min- reduction of energy consumption, and establish a sector-spe- istry is responsible for climate change assessments, development of cific approach to reducing energy consumption in the economy. national communications to UNFCCC, and GHG inventories. The National climate change adaptation strategy guides the im- The Moldova 2020 National development strategy aims to plementation of adaptation measures in the identified priority achieve a competitive and effective energy sector by reducing sectors, namely agriculture, water resources, health, forestry, energy consumption, increasing energy efficiency and using energy, and transport and road infrastructure. Moldova is also renewable energy sources. The strategy specifies measures developing a system for monitoring climate change impacts. for reducing energy intensity in key sectors (residential, industrial, transport and agriculture); for modernizing energy systems; for introducing energy-efficient technologies; and for developing national energy resources, including renewables. Climate actions

According to the EU-Moldova Association agreement and Ac- Moldova’s share of global greenhouse gas emissions is rather tion plan, the country should align current legislation to EU small, and between 1990 and 2013 total emissions declined from aquis communautaire, particularly in matters related to the en- 43.4 to 12.8 million tonnes of СО2e. Moldova has prepared three vironment, energy (electricity, oil, gas) and renewables. This national communications to UNFCCC – a fourth one is under de- process is an important driver of reform in Moldova. velopment – and in 2013 submitted a National greenhouse gas inventory report for 1990-2010. The Energy strategy until 2030 sets priorities to increase energy efficiency, reduce energy losses during transmission and In September 2016 Moldova signed the Paris agreement on cli- reduce GHG emissions. The National energy efficiency pro- mate change. The next step is its ratification in the Parliament. Kamyanets- Podilsky Novo-Dniester Uman Kamyanets- Reservoir Podilsky Novo-Dniester Uman Reservoir Mohyliv Podilsky P Mohyliv ri vd Podilsky . B Pr u iv S D h d y n . n B y Chernivtsi i S Briceni e u u s y D h k t n P e n h r r y Chernivtsi i a ut Briceni es u t k Pr Edinet er UKRAINE h u Ca a t in UKRAINE EdinetR ar C a ai u na t R Soroca a r u Drochiat Soroca Pervomaysk Cotesti-Stinca C u Drochia Pervomaysk Reservoir Cotesti-Stinca b C Camenca o u Reservoir lt b Camenca a o lt Floresti a Floresti T

Botosani T a Kodym a Botosani odym K Balti Ribnita r Balti Ribnita Rezina r

Suceava Rezina Singerei Suceava Singerei Falesti a Falesti a

J T ĳ J y i ĳ l T a ih y ia n u lih M n l u M R l ol a DubasariR d o u a Dubasari o ldS u v o S MOLDOVA t a irv MOLDOVA Reservoirt s ea ir Reservoir s t e t V V e e l. l. Orhei Orhei K K n n S S u Calarasi K K e e y u Calarasi u r a y Ungheni Ungheni u . r. a c c K l l ROMANIA I h K n n ROMANIA I h ch c DubasariDubasari u u y y h u B B e e u y y k k l l i i r r a a i i h h s s l l t t a a n n r r y y i i Iasi Iasi n n t t k k a a Grigoriopol Grigoriopol StraseniStraseni s s

Pietra NeamtPietra Neamt NisporeniNisporeni Bicaz Roman Roman ChisinauChisinau Bicaz t t

B r r Bic ic Tiraspol Tiraspol Hincesti Tighina i i Hincesti Tighina K B Slobozia K o B o o h o tn Slobozia a h y t a Vaslui l n a Vaslui y n a Causeni ln y Causeni k y Bacau k Bacau Cimislia Leova Cimislia Yuzhny Leova Yuzhny O Darmanesti d lt t Odessa O la u Darmanesti d r r lt t Odessa la a u P r B r Basarabeasca a P Dniester B Basarabeasca T ro S DniesterLyman Comrat a T tu Impacts of climate change S r ro s a Lyman Barlad Comrat a Chornomorsk t t u g a Impacts of climate change r s Barlad u a Chornomorsk p t g l Impacts of climate change Ceadir- a u a I Bilhorod- p l Ceadir-Lunga a I Bilhorod-Dnistrovsky Severe drought impacts Lunga Severe drought impacts Dnistrovsky Grass fires Cahul Taraclia Grass fires Cahul Taraclia Invasive species Invasive species Focsani Impact on fish and wildlifeFocsani populations and habitats Vulcanesti Impact on fish and wildlife populations and habitats Vulcanesti Risks to water supply S ir Risks to water supply et B l a c k S e a Increasing risks of floods (specific rivers / regions)S Galati ir et B l a c k S e a Increasing risksDesertification of floods (specific rivers / regions) Galati Izmayil Braila Desertification Izmayil Soil erosion and degradation of soil productivity e Buzau b 0 50 km au Braila u Buz n a Soil erosion and degradation of soil productivity e D Most populatedBuzau districts b Tulcea Map produced0 by ZOÏ Environment Network, November50 km 2016 au u Buz n a Most populated districts D Tulcea Map produced by ZOÏ Environment Network, November 2016

Moldova scorecard

Country’s share of global emissions National climate policy actors Country’s emissions per capita Policy leadership and UNFCCC focal point: Ministry of General climate action ambition Environment Coordinating advisory body: Climate Change Office within Mitigation commitment: the Ministry of Environment Emissions reductions GHG Inventory: Climate Change Office within the Ministry of Decoupling from population growth Environment Decoupling from economic growth Renewable energy prospects

Adaptation action Greenhouse gas emissions and projections for Moldova Million tonnes 50

0 Projections

-10 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2020

Energy Industrial processes Agriculture Waste Land use, land use change and forestry Conditional Unconditional © Zoï Environment Network (2017)

Projections are based on Moldova's INDC

Moldova’s INDC foresees a significant reduction of GHG emis- International donors such as the EU, EBRD, UNDP, the World sions – an economy-wide unconditional reduction of 64-67 per Bank and GEF support a large portfolio of projects on energy ef- cent by 2030. The commitment could be increased to 78 per cent ficiency and renewables. Under the Eastern Europe Energy Effi- below the 1990 level if low-cost financial resources, technology ciency and Environment Partnership (E5P) Moldova has recently transfer and technical cooperation are made available. confirmed a grant of €18 million. EBRD maintains the Moldova Sustainable Energy Financing Facility, which has already provid- Over the past decade Moldova has strived towards reducing the ed support for over 160 energy efficiency projects. energy intensity of the economy, but the level remains quite high compared to EU countries, and many sectors have significant Given Moldova’s climate vulnerability, several donors such as potential for increasing energy efficiency. In 2013, Moldova was Austrian Development Cooperation and the EU provide support importing 87 per cent of the total energy needed for the country for adaptation issues. UNDP supports the climate adaptation plan- and seeks to increase domestically generated energy. Existing ning process and the development of disaster and climate risk renewable energy sources employed currently are biomass/bio- reduction capacities of national and local authorities. In addition, gas and hydropower. the Environment and Security Initiative has assisted in the development of an adaptation framework for the Dniester River basin. Moldova is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change in the region. Moldova has developed a national adaptation strategy and aims to mainstream climate considerations into existing sectoral strategies. Given the importance of agriculture Sources of information for the scorecard to the Moldovan economy – approximately 28 per cent of the Publications and strategies: 2020 National development strategy, National working population is involved in agriculture, and more than 85 climate change adaptation strategy, Energy strategy until 2030, National per cent of the people in rural areas earn additional income from energy efficiency programme for 2011-2020, Environmental strategy 2014- farms – this sector is an adaptation priority. Adaptation consid- 2023, EU-Moldova Association agreement, Third national communication, erations have also been included in integrated water resources INDC management plans for Moldova’s main river, the Dniester. Publications of WB, USAID, UNDP, the Environment and Security Initia- tive, the Energy Charter Secretariat

Climate finance Analytical materials and expertise of Zoï Environment Network, as well as Moldovan organizations and experts Moldova created an Energy Efficiency Fund in 2012 to pool ex- ternal donors and private companies to support investment in This publication has been produced with the assistance of the energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, as well as to European Union. The contents distribute state budget funds. The national budget also supports of this publication are the sole the National Ecological Fund, but allocated budget funds are not responsibility of the authors and sufficient to cover the measures needed to improve energy effi- can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. ciency, increase renewable energy sources, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The designations employed and the presentation do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or region or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.