Overview of Singapore Land Transport System and Engineering Procedures in Developing Rail Transit Networks

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Outline

• History of Singapore’s Land Transport • Overview of Land Transport System in Singapore • Overview of Development Process

• Engineering Procedure for RTS network • A Way to Forward • Conclusion

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Transport in Colonial

• Public Works Department • building road transport infrastructures – roads, bridges, pedestrian walkways (PWD) • public facilities – schools, hospitals, libraries • In-charge of only 340km of public road from 1960s 1819 to 1920

1970s 1980s • Poor regulation & lack of 1990s enforcement • Hampered to bring order to the 1995s transport system 1950s

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Early Public Transport System 1950s • Rapid population • No systematic transport planning • Lack of integration • Public Bus System • Frequent breakdowns 1970s • Pirate Taxis • 5000 illegal taxis • Negotiate fares 1980s • Service quality and safety • Traffic congestion 1990s • Serious flooding • No longer suitable to use 1958 land use 1995s & master plan by colonial government 1950s

Long-term Integrated Planning 1950s • United Nations Development • 4 years State & City Planning Project Program (UNDP) • 1st Concept Plan in 1971 1960s

1980s 1990s 1995s

1950s 20 yrs planning…

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Long-term Integrated Planning 1950s • 1st Concept Plan in 1971 Strategic Transport Plan  New towns • Island-wide expressway networks  Transport • Arterial roads 1960s • MRT system  Infrastructures  Recreation access

1980s • Lack of policy • Lack of continuity in vehicle 1990s registration • Insufficient financial & 1995s manpower

1950s 20 yrs planning…

Reorganization of Public Transport Industry

• Bus Reforms • Merge all bus companies  3 1950s • Formation of single private entry “SBS” • Integration of all bus routes 1960s • Taxis Reforms • Standardization of bus fares

• Implementation of world’s first Congestion Pricing 1980s Scheme 1990s • Parking Policy 1995s 1950s

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Reorganization of Public Transport Industry

• Bus Reforms • Eliminate illegal pirate taxi industry 1950s • Formation of National Trade Union Congress “NTUC” 1960s • Taxis Reforms

• Implementation of world’s first Congestion Pricing 1980s Scheme 1990s • Parking Policy 1995s 1950s

Reorganization of Public Transport Industry 1950s • Bus Reforms

1960s • Taxis Reforms

• Implementation of world’s first Congestion Pricing 1980s Scheme 1990s • Parking Policy • Formation Road Transport Action 1995s Committee (RTAC) • Implement Area Licensing Scheme 1950s

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Reorganization of Public Transport Industry 1950s • Bus Reforms

1960s • Taxis Reforms

• Implementation of world’s first Congestion Pricing 1980s Scheme 1990s • Parking Policy • Rising parking charges (CBD vs Non CBD) 1995s • Impose charge on each lot own by private car park operators 1950s

Reorganization of Public Transport Industry

• The Great MRT Debate • Bus-Rail Vs All-Bus System ??? 1950s • Long term investment ???

1960s • Government decision to proceed MRT (1982) 1970s • Development of Integrated Transport 1990s

1995s 1950s

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Reorganization of Public Transport Industry 1950s • The Great MRT Debate

1960s • Government decision to proceed MRT (1982) 1970s • Development of Integrated Transport 1990s

2000s 2030s

Reorganization of Public Transport Industry

• The Great MRT Debate • Formation of “Mass Rapid Transit 1950s Corporation” operate MRT System • Formation of “Transit Link” (1989) to integrate bus and train service 1960s • Government decision to proceed MRT (1982) 1970s • Development of Integrated Transport 1990s

2000s 2030s

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Formation of Single Integrated Land Transport Agency

• Formation of “Land • To integrate all aspect of land transport from 1950s planning to regulations Transport Authority (LTA)”  Build Roads + Train Networks + Infrastructure 1960s in 1995  Act as regulator for Performance Standard  Spearhead Public Transport Related Needs 1970s • Implementation of “Electronic Road Pricing 1980s System (ERP)” in 1998, after 9 years of study, trials and re-tenders….

2000s 2030s

Implementing Electronic Road Pricing system

• Formation of “Land • •ShortcomingsAutomated version of of Manual Area Licensing System Scheme (ALS) 1950s • Transport Authority (LTA)” Improvements Labour intensive  Flexibility to vary charges (time, place, traffic in 1995 Numerouscondition) type of license over years 1960s  Difficult Better manage to smoothen road congestion out the peaks  Minimize traffic volume 1970s • Implementation of  No more monthly / daily license  “Electronic Road Pricing No human errors 1980s System (ERP)” in 1998, after 9 years of study, trials and re-tenders….

2000s 2030s

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Long-term Integrated Planning 1950s 1960s

Long range plan

Review every 10 years

Key Strategies ?

• Plan for “Land Use + Transport Network” together • Reduce need for people to travel • Maximize accessibility to public transport services • Emphasis on public transport

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Integrated Land Use, Town & Transport Planning

• Balance between different demands for land usage  Housing  Business  Transport  Health andWhole safety -of-government Exercise..  Sustainability & Recreation • Factor in changes ( Local & Global trends) • Ensure to address future possible challenges and needs

What “LTA” do?

• Macro Level (Concept Plan)  Land-use planning  Major transport infrastructures  Safeguard transport corridors

• Micro Level  High density commercial & residential development Vs Major transport modes  Facilitate seamless travel by commuters  Encourage public transport usage

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LTA Organization Structure

The Quality Service Manager Offive (QSMO) and Internal Audit Division report directly to CE

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Evolution of the Rail Network

Depot for MRT Lines Name Line served 1987 Bishan Depot NSL, EWL

1988 Ulu Padan Depot NSL, EWL

1989 Changi Depot EWL

Mandai Depot 2003 Senkang Depot NEL Gali Batu Depot 2009 Kim Chuan Depot CCL, DTL Sengkang Depot

Ten Mile Junction 2013 Gali Batu Depot DTL LRT Depot 2016 Tuas Depot EWL Tuas Depot Bishan Depot Ulu Pandan Depot Changi Depot Kim Chuan Depot

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Depot for MRT Lines

• Services  Stabling of the trains  Maintenance  Operational control • Components  Stabling yard  Test track  Control room  Rail administration building  66kV substation  Training centre  Maintenance facility

Depot for MRT Lines

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Developing a Comprehensive Road Network

Expressway Network

Integrated Transit with Developments

• Integrated Transport Hubs  Train station  Bus interchange  Commercials (shopping malls)

Choices of public transport Good connectivity Convenience

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Automobile Dependent Cities vs Cities with “Balanced” Transport

Adjust cities to cars Develop integrated transport systems: • Extensive construction of freeways → • Improve public transport services parallel with highway/ street growth fast travel by car • • Transit services neglected → Develop coordinated modes auto dependency: traffic congestion • Pedestrians encouraged • Pedestrians neglected • Enhance cities’ livability → sustainability • Retail & many other activities relocated from central cities to suburban malls

Challenges in Land Use for Travel Needs

• Higher demand from 23km economic growth • Higher public expectation • Growing population 43km • Scarcity of Land

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Land Use Plan for Singapore’s Future Population

Land Requirement 14 14 Housing Industry & Commerce

Parks & Nature Reserves

13 Community, Institution & Recreation Facilities 19 LandUtilities Transport (e.g. power, Infrastructure water treatment plants) Reservoirs

8 Land Transport Infrastructure

3 Ports & Airports

8 Defence Requirements 12 12 5 3

New Transport Strategy

• Land Transport Master Plan 2013  Make public transport as 1st choice Areas to be addressed  Reduce dependency on driving  Manage road usage  Meets diverse needs of people

“ People-centred Land Transport System”

Source: Land Transport Master Plan 2013 Report, Land Transport Authority

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Development Process of Transport System

Long Term Plans Medium Term Plans Short Term Plans (40 – 50 years) (10 – 15 years) (5 – 10 years)

Planning & Transport Project Design & Concept Master Plan Feasibility Study Construction

Multiple Agencies Land Transport Authority

 Road Development Programme  Rail Lines Implementation Plan  Bus Routes & Infrastructure Development

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Different Stages in Developing Rail Project

Planning Feasibility Engineering Design Construction Study

Engineering Planning Engineering

Corporate Corporate Corporate Safety & Safety & Safety & Developme Developme Developme Contracts Contracts Contracts nt Research nt Research nt Research Transport Engineering Rail Planning Traffic Traffic Vehicle & Manageme Rail Manageme Rail Transit Planning nt nt Licensing

Vehicle & Vehicle & Traffic Transit Transit Manageme Licensing Licensing nt

Different Stages in Developing Rail Project

Planning Feasibility 1. Developing RTS route options and scheme Study 2. Consultation with agencies and authorities 3. Consultation with internal LTA divisions

Engineering 4. Engineering Investigation works

Corporate 5. Obtain approval Safety & Developme Contracts nt Research 6. Handover stage Transport Planning Traffic Manageme Rail nt

Vehicle & Transit Licensing

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Planning / Feasibility Study 1. Developing RTS route options and scheme

Identify & develop Considerations Investigation Works

• Railway corridor • Future developments • Topographical Survey • Station locations • Potential sites for • Trial Trenches • Station Interchanges integrated • Condition & Foundation • Conceptual mode of developments Survey operation (Loop, spur, • Preliminary Soil shuttle) Investigation Works • Depot location & size • As built drawings • Train stabling location & size • Integrated transport facilities & size

Planning / Feasibility Study 2. Consultation with agencies and authorities

Land ownership issue, URA, DSTA, Integrated development in future & HDB, JTC Redevelopment around RTS

Consultation with External Agencies & PUB, Authorities EMA, Nparks Possible constraints by IDA Heritage Road, Heritage future & existing Trees & Tree conservations utilities & services area within corridor

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Planning / Feasibility Study 3. Consultation with internal LTA divisions • Topographical survey & land matters Technical Support • Geotechnical & tunneling • Architecture

Obtain Cabinet’s In- Engineering principal Approval & st Corporate Contractual, Costing & 1 DPC Approval Safety & Development Scheduling Support Contracts Research Support from Internal Division Constructability Traffic Rail Traffic Measures & Management Management of Traffic Matters Vehicle & Transit Licensing Advice on Transit Regulations & Operational Interface

Planning / Feasibility Study 5. Obtain approval

Conduct the Refine and Seek LTA senior viability study select RTS management in- route options principle approval -Economic viability - Financial viability

Submit Project Briefing Paper* to Obtain Obtain LTA Board of Directors Provisional Cabinet’s In- Planning Principle *Proposed project budget, Approval (PPA) Approval Contract value, Project programme, Justifications for the project

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Planning / Feasibility Study

6. Handover Stage

Complete set of Economic & Financial Viability Reports Alignment scheme and options reports & plans Station Locations Interchange Locations Conceptual plan on mode of operation Depot and Train Stabling Site/ Size Landuse consultations Target sites for integraed developments Information on future developments Information on major utilities affecting RTS line

Building for underpinning/ acquisition Division Engineering to Handover 1st Development Planning Committee (DPC) approval

Different Stages in Developing Rail Project

1. Concept Design 2. Detailed Design Engineering Design 3. Consultation with external parties 4. Consultation with internal LTA divisions

Planning 5. Engineering Investigation works

Corporate 6. Obtain approval Safety & Developme Contracts nt Research 7. Handover for construction

Engineering Approaches Concept Design Detailed Design

Traffic Design & Build LTA or its consultant Main Contractor Manageme Rail nt Architect/ Engineer LTA or its consultant Architect/ Engineer consultant Vehicle & Design or Build Only Transit Licensing In-house Design LTA or its consultant LTA

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Engineering Design 1. Concept Design Develop Finalize Investigation Works

• Conceptual Architectural • Plan on mode of operation • Additional Topographical design • Station size and footprint for Survey • Conceptual C&S design FPA • Additional Trial Trenches • Conceptual E&M services • Rolling stock and systems • Detailed Soil Investigation design requirements Works • Conceptual Railway system • Cost estimate for project • As built Drawings design • Contract Document for A/E or • Preliminary staging plan D&B (if any) • Conceptual Integrated Development Plan • Conceptual Railway Interfacing Plan • Conceptual Traffic & Utilities Diversion Plan • Preliminary Hazard Analysis

Engineering Design Further Detailed 2. Detailed Design Design of E&M and Systems Investigation Works Works Design of Civil Works (if necessary) • Railway systems design • Design brief for Architectural, C&S •E&M services design •Additional Topographical Survey and G&T Works •System Integration requirement •Additional Trial Trenches •Alignment Plans •System/safety Assurance requirement •Detailed Soil Investigation Works •Trackworks Design •Plantrooms space allocation and •Station and Tunnel/Viaduct Design optimisation •Interchange/ Depot Design •Power intake location and Power •Train Stabling Facilities Design Simulation •Traffic / Utilities Diversion Plan •Signalling simulation and Tunnel •Integrated Developments Plans & ventilation strategy Design •EMC philosophy •Staging Plans •Hazard study •Construction Methodologies •Testing and Commissioning Plan •Cost Estimates •Energy conservation measures •Civil Contract Documents •Maintenance Philosophy •ADRP, Development Control, Building & Structural Plan Submissions etc

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Engineering Design 3. Consultation with agencies and authorities Development Control Approval

URA Matters on fire safety & Structural & Building Civil Defence shelters for FSSD BCA Plan Approvals underground RTS system Consultation with External Agencies, Authorities & Technical PUB, EMA, Departments Nparks Trees Planting, cutting Service & utility IDA & relocation diversion NEA

Pollution Control

Engineering Design 4. Consultation with internal LTA divisions Planning support safeguarding & Development of RTS

Obtain 2nd DPC Approval Planning & Approval from MOF Corporate Contractual, Costing & Developm Safety & Scheduling & Safety Support ent Consultation Contracts Research with External Agencies, Authorities & Technical Traffic Constructability Departments Traffic Measures & Managem Rail ent Management of Traffic Matters Vehicle & Transit Licensing Advice on Transit Regulations & Operational Interface

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Engineering Design 6. Obtain approval

Consult with relevant external agencies & Obtain Final Planning Cost Optimization by authorities on finalized Approval from Master Strategic Project design proposal & obtain Plan Committee Governance Committee their principal approvals

Choice of Implementation Seek Internal Approving Seek 2nd Development Approach Authority for funding to Planning Committee’s commence the approval construction of RTS

Different Stages in Developing Rail Project

Pre-Construction Work Construction Works

Construction • Site Clearance and Setup • Foundation Works • Setting out • Temporary Works • Additional Soil Investigation • Station and Tunnel Works Construction • Additional Topographical Survey • E&M and System Works Engineering • Additional Trial Trenches • Architectural Works

Corporate • Services/ Utilities Diversion • Testing and Commissioning Safety & Developme Contracts nt Research • Traffic Diversion • Drainage works Rail • Demolition • Pre-Conditional Survey Vehicle & Transit Planning Licensing

Traffic Manageme nt

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Construction

Review approval of Internal Support AIP submission

Engineering

Corporate Contractual, costing, Safety & Obtain Approval for any Development scheduling & safety Contracts variation in project budget Research support from MOF/ DPC Rail

Vehicle & Planning support Traffic Measures & Transit Planning Licensing Safeguarding & Management of Traffic Matters Development of RTS Traffic Management

Advice on Transit Regulations & Operational Interface

Construction Obtain Approval

Obtain MOF/ DPC approval for Seek IAA variation in project budget

Handover to Operator

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A Way to Forward 2016 • Opening of Downtown Line 2 2015 • Tuas West Extension • 42 trains for NEL & CCL • North-South line re- • Pilot bicycle sharing signaling 2014 scheme at Jurong Lake • 28 trains for NS-EW • Opening of North-South Line District • 16 Train-cars for Extension • Implement common bus Sengkang & Puggol LRTs 2013 • 13 more trains for NS-EW fleet management system • Opening of Downtown • 13 more trains for Bukit for all PT buses Line 1 Panjang LRT • Extend Green Man Plus • 31 real-time bus arrival • Completion of the bulk of Scheme to another 500 info panels BSEP improvements crossings • Introduce Quality Incentive Framework to Improve regularigy of Bus Waiting Tiem • Completion of more racks to secure 3000 bicycles at 32 MRT stations • Install 30 CCTV cameras to deter illegal parking • Reviw the Carbon Emissions based Vehicle Scheme Short Term Initiative Source: Land Transport Master Plan 2013 Report, Land Transport Authority

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A Way to Forward 2021 • Opening of Thomson Line 3 Medium Term Initiative 2020 • Opening of 2019 Thomson Line 2 • Add 90km of off- • Opening of road cycling paths Thomson Line 1 2018 to more HDB towns • Completion of to bring the total 2017 Walk2Ride programme network to around • Install lifts at 40 POBs 190km • Opening of • Complete North- Downtown Line 3 • Complete East-West Line re-signalling 2025-2030 South Expressway Opening of Cross Island • Install 20km of rail 2021-2025 Line noise barriers Opening of North East Opening of Eastern Line Extension Region Line Complete an Island-wide Opening of Jurong Region cycling path network of Line over 700km Opening of Circle Line Stage 6 Opening of Downtown Line Extension Complete 7 more Long Term Initiative Integrated Transport Hubs Source: Land Transport Master Plan 2013 Report, Land Transport Authority

A Way to Forward

2030

8 in 10 85% 75% of public transport households living within of all journeys in peak journeys less than 20km a 10-minute walk from a hours undertaken on completed within 60 train station public transport mins

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Conclusion

50 Years of Transportation Principles for urban governance

• Strong governance structure • ‘Whole-of-Government’ approach • Think Long-term for good urban governance • Sound economic principles for sustainability

Key strategies for sustainable transport

• Integrated master planning for transit-oriented development • Build a quality, efficient and sustainable public transport system • Managing road usage • Ensure environmental & social sustainability

All of us use land transport, from the pavements on which we walk, to the trains, buses and other vehicles that carry us and the roads that these vehicales use. We’d like the land transport system to get us safely, efficiently, reliably and comfortably to our destination.

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References

• Cliff Lee. PPT. Land use planning: The Singapore Experience • Overview of Singapore’s Land Transport Development 1965–2015 13