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The Anarchist Collectives

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The Anarchist Collectives As indicated by Leval, the scope of the Spanish Revolution embraced the economic and political life of millions in the most populous and strategic areas of Republican Spain. About 75% of Spanish industry was concentrated in Catalonia, the stronghold of the anarchist labor movement. This refutes de- The Anarchist Collectives cisively the allegation that anarchist organizational principles Workers’ Self-Management in the Spanish Revolution, are not applicable to industrial areas, and if at all, only in primi- 1936–1939 tive agrarian societies or in isolated experimental communities (See chapters 6 and 7 below on urban industrial collectiviza- tion). Sam Dolgoff (editor) The libertarian revolution was even more far reaching inthe rural areas. This experience explodes the hoary Marxist dogma that only highly industrialized countries are ripe for commu- nism. Augustin Souchy concludes in one of his many books on the Spanish Revolution that: The Marxist theory that Socialism will first bereal- ized by the masses of the industrialized proletariat, next by the petty bourgeoisie, and last by the peas- ants is false… The Aragon peasants have proven that industrialization is not the indispensable pre- requisite for the establishment of libertarian com- munism…libertarian communism was almost en- tirely realized in the smaller rural areas… (De Julio a Julio, p. 172) Nor are the peasants an inherently backward class as the Marxists would have us believe. All observers agree that: In the work of creation, transportation, and social- ization, the peasants demonstrated a degree of so- cial consciousness much superior to that of the city worker. (Leval, Né Franco né Stalin, p. 320) This is quite different from the usual view of the revolution- 1974 ary role of the peasants. A unique characteristic of the Spanish 56 the revolution immediately manifested the very different char- acter anticipated by Bakunin: The constructive tasks of the Social Revolution, the creation of new forms of social life, can emerge only from the living practical experiences of the grass roots organizations which will build the new society according to their manifold needs and as- pirations. (Dolgoff, p. 180) But spontaneity is not enough. The Spanish revolutionaries (as Bakunin himself repeatedly stressed) realized that it takes time for the “new forms of social life” to emerge, and to estab- lish “grass roots organizations.” To survive in a hostile atmo- sphere, to incarnate themselves into the revolutionary process, the new forms of organization must be prepared long before the outbreak of the revolution. And so they were. Seventy-five years of militant struggles and intense anarchist educational work prepared the Spanish industrial and land workers to meet the problems of the Social Revolution. (See “The Libertarian Tradition” below) Trotsky himself conceded the potency of this revolutionary approach by comparing Spain in 1936 to Russia in 1917: The Spanish proletariat displayed fighting quali- ties of the highest order … economically, politi- cally and culturally, the Spanish workers from the very beginning of the Revolution showed them- selves to be not inferior, but superior to the Rus- sian proletariat at the beginning of the October Revolution in 1917. (Broué and Témime, p. 131 in the French edition)3 3I was impelled to translate this myself due to the distortion of Trotsky’s remark (p. 170 in the English edition) by using the word “military” in place of the word “fighting”! 55 services, public services, and utilities, the rank and file workers, their revolutionary committees, and their syndicates reorganized and administered pro- duction, distribution, and public services without capitalists, high salaried managers, or the author- ity of the state. Contents Even more: the various agrarian and industrial col- lectives immediately instituted economic equality Preface 8 in accordance with the essential principle of com- munism, “From each according to his ability and to each according to his needs.” They coordinated Acknowledgements 10 their efforts through free association in whole re- gions, created new wealth, increased production Introductory Essay (especially in agriculture), built more schools, and by Murray Bookchin 11 bettered public services. They instituted not bour- geois formal democracy but genuine grass roots functional libertarian democracy, where each in- Part One: Background 50 dividual participated directly in the revolutionary reorganization of social life. They replaced the war Chapter 1: The Spanish Revolution 52 between men, “survival of the fittest,” by the uni- The Two Revolutions versal practice of mutual aid, and replaced rivalry by Sam Dolgoff . 52 by the principle of solidarity… The Bolshevik Revolution vs The Russian Social This experience, in which about eight million Revolution . 63 people directly or indirectly participated, opened The Trend Towards Workers’ Self-Management a new way of life to those who sought an al- by Sam Dolgoff . 64 ternative to anti-social capitalism on the one hand, and totalitarian state bogus socialism on the Chapter 2: The Libertarian Tradition 72 other…(Espagne Libertaire, p. 11) Introduction ...................... 72 The Rural Collectivist Tradition This experience in revolution explodes a number of widely by Sam Dolgoff . 73 held Marxian myths. For instance, that a social revolution The Anarchist Influence could come only when the right stage of economic develop- by Sam Dolgoff . 78 ment prevailed (and then only with the help of a very central- The Political and Economic Organization of Society ized party dominated by a political elite). In Spain, however, by Isaac Puente . 83 54 3 Chapter 3: Historical Notes 90 ignored for over a quarter century: overshadowed by the Civil The Prologue to Revolution War or relegated to the “dustbin of history” as an ‘unsuccess- by Sam Dolgoff . 90 ful” revolution. Its significance is only now being adequately On Anarchist Communism . 96 evaluated. On Anarcho-Syndicalism . 97 It is highly important for those interested in the study of The Counter-Revolution and the Destruction of the modern revolutions to grasp the significance of social revolu- Collectives tion in Spain. By comparing it with Marxist-Leninist doctrine by Sam Dolgoff . 98 and the Bolshevik example, certain themes will be introduced that will emphasize the Spanish Revolution’s place as a liber- tarian revolution. These themes will point to the relevance of Chapter 4: The Limitations of the Revolution 110 the Spanish Revolution to our own concerns with the move- Introduction . 110 ment for workers’ self-management or workers’ control. Gas- The Limitations of the Revolution ton Leval, the French anarchist who participated in and studied by Gaston Leval . 111 the social revolution at first hand, admirably summarizes the achievements of the Spanish workers: Part Two: The Social Revolution 127 Persuaded that we were fated to lose the war un- leashed by Franco Fascism, I was determined to Chapter 5: The Economics of Revolution 129 make a detailed study of the Revolution and record Introduction . 129 for future generations the results of this unique ex- Economic Structure and Coordination perience: to study on the spot, in the village col- by Augustin Souchy . 131 lectives, in the factories, and in the socialized in- A Note on the Difficult Problems of Reconstruction dustries, the constructive work of the Spanish Rev- by Diego Abad de Santillan . 135 olution… In Spain during almost three years, de- spite a civil war that took a million lives, despite Money and Exchange the opposition of the political parties (republicans, by Sam Dolgoff . 136 left and right Catalan separatists, socialists, Com- Statistical Information on Agrarian and Indus- munists, Basque and Valencian regionalists, petty trial Socialization . 143 bourgeoisie, etc.), this idea of libertarian commu- nism was put into effect. Very quickly more than Chapter 6: Workers’ Self-Management in Industry 145 60% of the land was collectively cultivated by the Introduction . 145 peasants themselves, without landlords, without Workers’ Self-Management in Industry bosses, and without instituting capitalist compe- by Augustin Souchy . 146 tition to spur production. In almost all the indus- Workers’ Control vs Workers’ Self-Management 152 tries, factories, mills, workshops, transportation 4 53 Chapter 7: Urban Collectivization 154 Introduction . 154 Collectivizations in Catalonia by Augustin Souchy . 155 Chapter 1: The Spanish The Collectivization of the Metal and Munitions Industry Revolution by Augustin Souchy . 168 The Collectivization of the Optical Industry . 170 The Socialization of Health Services The Two Revolutions by Gaston Leval . 171 by Sam Dolgoff Industrial Collectivization in Alcoy by Gaston Leval . 175 The Spanish Revolution of 1936–1939 came closer to realiz- Control of Industries in the North ing the ideal of the free stateless society on a vast scale than by Jose Peirats . 178 any other revolution in history, including the aborted Rus- sian Revolution of 1917.1 In fact, they were two very differ- Chapter 8: The Revolution of the Land 186 ent kinds of revolution. The Spanish Revolution is an exam- Introduction . 186 ple of a libertarian social revolution where genuine workers’ The Revolution on the Land self-management was successfully tried. It represents a way by Jose Peirats . 188 of organizing society that is increasingly important today. The Bolshevik Revolution, by contrast, was controlled by an elite Chapter 9: The Coordination
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