Smart Hybridity
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SMART HYBRIDITY SMART SMART HYBRIDITY Potentials and Challenges of New Governance Arrangements Koppenjan, Karré, Termeer (Eds.) Koppenjan, Karré, Termeer Joop Koppenjan Philip Marcel Karré Katrien Termeer (Eds.) In our current society, governments face complex societal issues that cannot be tackled through traditional governance arrangements. Therefore, governments increasingly come up with smart hybrid arrange ments that transcend the boundaries of policy domains and jurisdictions, combine governance mechanisms (state, market, net- works and self-governance), and foster new forms of collaboration. HYBRIDITY SMART This book provides an overview of what smart hybridity entails and of its potentials and challenges. It includes empirical analyses of hybrid arrangements in five policy domains, and reflections upon these studies by inter nationally renowned governance scholars. They show that the smartness of the new hybrid arrangements does not lie in realizing quick fixes, but in partici pants’ capacities to learn, adapt and arrive at sustainable and legitimate solutions that balance various public values. ‘Hybridity increasingly defines the governance, structure and opera- tion of contemporary social institutions. Yet, surprisingly, there is limited insight available as to the decision-making and effectiveness of the various compositions that hybrid governance modes may take. This edited volume addresses this shortfall by way of a series of applied case studies that serve to unpack the various mixes of gover nance arrangements, their features and operating processes of hybrid arrangements across several fields. It will be particularly useful for those charged with designing, implementing and evaluat- ing the ‘smarter’ hybrid governance arrangements required for our (Eds.) Koppenjan, Karré, Termeer in creasingly complex and challenging contexts.’ Professor Robyn Keast, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, Australia. ‘Hybridity is one of the biggest challenges for public management in the modern world. In this volume an outstanding collection of col- leagues is brought together to explore the theory and practice of governance in a hybrid world. This is an important collection that I will return to, time and again.’ Professor Stephen Osborne, Uni ver si ty of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. ISBN 978-94-6236-893-4 9 789462 368934 Smart Hybridity Smart Hybridity Potentials and Challenges of New Governance Arrangements Joop Koppenjan, Philip Marcel Karré and Katrien Termeer (eds.) Published, sold and distributed by Eleven International Publishing P.O. Box 85576 2508 CG The Hague The Netherlands Tel.: +31 70 33 070 33 Fax: +31 70 33 070 30 e-mail: [email protected] www.elevenpub.com Sold and distributed in USA and Canada Independent Publishers Group 814 N. Franklin Street Chicago, IL 60610, USA Order Placement: +1 800 888 4741 Fax: +1 312 337 5985 [email protected] www.ipgbook.com Eleven International Publishing is an imprint of Boom uitgevers Den Haag. ISBN 978-94-6236-893-4 ISBN 978-94-6274-972-6 (E-book) © 2019 The authors | Eleven International Publishing This publication is protected by international copyright law. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Printed in The Netherlands Table of contents Preface 7 INTRODUCTION 9 1. New Governance Arrangements. Towards Hybrid and Smarter Government? 11 Joop Koppenjan, Philip Marcel Karré and Katrien Termeer PART 1 NEW HYBRID GOVERNANCE ARRANGEMENTS IN ACTION 29 2. Platform Governance of Self-Organized Initiatives in Response to Disasters 31 Kees Boersma, Julie Ferguson, Peter Groenewegen, Femke Mulder, Arjen Schmidt and Jeroen Wolbers 3. Towards New Ways of Governing Public-Private Partnerships in Public Infrastructure 43 Joop Koppenjan, Erik Hans Klijn, Rianne Warsen and José Nederhand* 4. Local Government and Community Engagement: Hybrid Governance in the Social Care Domain 57 Annie de Roo and Rob Jagtenberg 5. Shedding Light on Hybrid City-Region Governance: Effectiveness and Legitimacy in Four Metropolitan Areas 71 Linze Schaap, Carlo Colombo, Maaike Damen and Niels Karsten 6. The Dynamics of New Governance Arrangements for Sustainable Value Chains* 85 Katrien Termeer, Hilde Toonen, Marcel Kok and Esther Turnhout 5 PART 2 INTERNATIONAL REFLECTIONS ON SMART HYBRIDITY 99 7. Integration and Needed Capacities for Hybrid Governance Arrangements 101 Kirk Emerson 8. Collaborative Governance Arrangements in Theory and Practice 107 Michael Howlett 9. The Value Neutrality of ‘Smart’ and ‘Self’-Governance 111 Christopher Koliba 10. Organizing for Smart Practices: Out of the Silos 117 Per Lægreid 11. What Do We Talk About When We Talk About Hybrid Governance? 123 Eva Sørensen and Jacob Torfing 12. Hybrids: Smart, Dumb, Solution or Problem? 129 Janine O’Flynn CONCLUSION 133 13. Comparing New Hybrid Governance Arrangements: Better and Smarter? 135 Joop Koppenjan, Katrien Termeer and Philip Marcel Karré Contributors 159 Index 169 6 Preface The development of the public sector over the last couple of decades is often described in terms of a more or less linear shift from traditional public administration, via new public management, towards new public governance. Increasingly, governance scholars question this view and point to the emergence of hybrid governance. In dealing with the complexities of current societal problems and the high demand imposed on the delivery of public services, governments increasingly mix various gover nance modes, seeking to combine their strengths. This volume focuses on smart hybridity, hybrid arrangements not intended as comprehensive reforms through a grand design but new, innovative and tailor-made governance practices that attempt to deal with complexities within an existing governance context by combining and bridging new and already existing instruments and logics. Although this may involve the intensive use of data and new information technologies (like social media), ‘smart’ in this context refers in the first place to combining various logics and modes of coordination. These new governance practices are smart because they are hybrid; hence the concept of smart hybridity. This notion implies ambitions to realize effective, efficient and legitimate governance solutions that deal with the complexities and dynamics of the current society. Although smart hybridity tries to bypass the drawbacks of existing governance modes, it is not aimed at simply realizing quick fixes. Rather, it aims at the realization of solutions and public services that are sustainable and enhance institutional trust and the resilience of both governance structures and society as a whole. Despite these ambitions and promises, the concepts of both smartness and hybridity are weakly developed. The aim of this book is to explore the nature, dynamics and effects of new smart hybrid governance arrangements in order to increase our knowledge and understanding of these new ways of governing, thus contributing to both theory and practice. The chapters of this book report the find- ings of five research projects on smart hybrid governance practices 7 and a collection of reflections by international governance scholars based on those findings. The research projects were carried out in the context of the ‘Smart Governance and Human Capital’ research programme of the Dutch Research Council (NWO) during the period 2015-2019. We would like to thank NWO for financing the translation of the parts of the manuscript (Chapters 1-6) that were originally writ- ten in Dutch. We also would like to thank the editorial board of the Dutch public administration journal Bestuurskunde for supporting this English publication that was originally published as a special issue of their journal (Bestuurskunde, nr 2, vol 27, summer 2018). We are also grateful to our publisher, Joris Bekkers, of Eleven International Publishing, for enthusiastically supporting the initiative to trans- form the original text into an English manuscript on smart hybridity. Furthermore, we would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their critical comments on the manuscript. And, most importantly, we thank all the contributors to this book. Joop Koppenjan Philip Marcel Karré Katrien Termeer 8 INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 New Governance Arrangements. Towards Hybrid and Smarter Government? Joop Koppenjan, Philip Marcel Karré and Katrien Termeer 1.1 Introduction In this book, we study new governance arrangements that have recently developed around complex issues in the public sector – new governance arrangements that emerge in response to the increased complexity, uncertainty and volatility of the issues and societal develop ments governments are confronted with (Tollefson, Zito, & Gale, 2012; Van der Wal, 2017). Societal challenges that cannot be tackled through traditional governance methods, that is, hierarchy, market, networks and societal self-governance. These challenges include issues such as regional economic development, urban renewal, social inequality, sustainability and climate change, integral youth care, the ageing workforce in the public services sector, economic growth, the development of a future-proof infrastructure and crisis management. These problems are commonly referred to as ‘wicked’, since they are resilient and hard to solve and hold a permanent position on political agendas (Head & Asley,